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• Why are hard drives moving to 4096 byte sectors, vs. 512 byte sectors?

  - by Chris W. Rea

  I've noticed that some Western Digital hard drives are now sporting 4K sectors, that is, the sectors are larger: 4096 bytes vs. the long-standing standard of 512 bytes. So: What's the big deal with 4K sectors? Is it marketing hype, or a real advantage? Why should somebody building a new PC care, or not, about 4K sectors? Why is this transition taking place now? Why didn't it happen sooner? Are there things to look out for when buying a 4K sector hard drive? e.g. incompatibility? Anything else we should know about 4K sectors?

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• Can Windows 7 restore itself from image to a smaller HDD than original?

  - by Borek

  I've created a full system image using the built-in Win7 utility, it was from a 300GB drive but there is only about 50GB of data. I then swapped disks in my notebook, the new one being 80GB SSD and now when I boot to the system restore applet, go through all of the settings (finding the backed up image on a network share, confirming that I'm willing to repartition my disk etc.), I get this: The system image restore failed. No disk that can be used for recovering the system disk can be found. [Details] Is this because I'm trying to restore to a smaller disk? (Even though the data should fit without any problems, there being only 50GB of it.)

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• Calculating IOPS for a single HDD - what am I doing wrong?

  - by red888

  So I know there is no standardized way of calculating IOPS for a HDD, but from everything I have read it appears one of the most accurate formulas is the following: IOP/ms = + {rotational latency} + ({block size} / {data transfer rate}) Which is IOs per millisecond or what the book I've been reading calls "Disk Service Time". Also rotational latency is calculated as half of one rotation in milliseconds. This was taken from the EMC book "Information Storage and Management" -arguably a pretty reliable source right\wrong? Putting this formula into practice consider this Seagate data sheet. I am going to calculate IOPS for the ST3000DM001 model for a block size of 4kb: Seek Average (Write) = 9.5 -I'll measuring IOPS for writes Spindle speed = 7200rpm Average Data Rate = 156MB/s So my variables are: Seek Time = 9.5ms Rotational latency = (.5 / (7200rpm / 60)) = 0.004s = 4ms Data Rate = 156MB/s = (0.156MB/ms / 0.004MB) = 39 9.5ms + 4ms + 39 = IO/ms 52.5 1 / (52.5 * 0.001) = 19 IOPS 19 IOPS for this drive clearly is not right so what am I doing wrong?

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• Operating System Not Found - BIOS recognizes, Live OS doesn't (Laptop)

  - by Klaus Borges

  Here's the deal: I have a multi-partitioned hard drive on my laptop set up with GRUB. I got a blue-screen while working on Windows 7 and when rebooting I got the Operating System Not Found error message. I rebooted the computer once again and entered the BIOS setup just to see if recognized my HDD - it did. Next step for me was booting a Live CD and seeing if I could repair GRUB or at least check if something changed on the partitions, but it doesn't seem to recognize anything there. Tried blkid, fdisk -l, not even GParted can see it. What should I do?

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• HDD bad sectors with OS

  - by Michael Z

  I wonder is that possible for OS to make bad sectors on Hard Drive? Preface: I have bought new HDD on 1Tb WB Caviar Black. I have installed new OS on ext4 partition Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS. After few days S.M.A.R.T. of the Ubuntu's Disk Utility show that my hard has bad sectors! I have checked on S.M.A.R.T. immediately after installing OS - all was OK. During new OS working I have noticed some strange with HDD - all OS was freezed from 20 sec to 1 min and I have heard like HDD's engine restarting. At the dmes I have found something like this: [40085.407947] ata1.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0

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• Easiest way to move my Windows installation to an SSD?

  - by Jon Artus

  I've taken the plunge and bought an SSD and want to move my existing Windows installation over. The current hard disk is 500Gb, but I've trimmed the contents down to about ~40Gb. I'm transferring it across to a 100Gb SSD and looking for the easiest way just to copy everything across and set the SSD up as a boot device. I've looked at a few tools like Macrium Reflect, but they don't seem able to restore to a smaller drive. Do I need to go for something like PING to do this? I'm trying to avoid scary Linux-based boot utilities if possible, does anyone know of an easier way?

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• Inexpensive degaussers or HDD shredders?

  - by Nicholas Knight

  I do a lot of work for a small cash-strapped business that has a lot of active hard drives, most are consumer-grade SATA of about five years of age, and predictably they are dying at an increasing rate, and a lot of the time they can't even be detected, let alone complete a zero-out cycle. Right now those drives are just being stored, but that can't continue forever. We've got a couple bad LTO tapes it'd be nice to deal with, too. There are very real security and legal issues that make dropping them off with someone who claims they'll be properly destroyed a gamble. I've looked around at degaussers and HDD shredders, and the ones that don't look like they come from some guy in his basement all seem to be $3000+, which is hard to swallow right now. Is there anything out there in the $500-1500 range that you would recommend? (Speed isn't a big issue, if it takes several minutes or even hours per drive, that's completely OK, we've only got 10 or so thus far.)

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• ASUS EeePC 1001PX, hard disk clicking in Ubuntu Maverick

  - by MeanEYE

  I just received my new Asus EeePC 1001px netbook. After installing Ubuntu 10.10 on it, I've noticed that my hard drive is making a clicking noise. Now this is not a loud clicking noise nor it's constant (only sounds occasionally and when hard disk is not writing or reading anything). Another strange thing is, this only happens when netbook is using battery power, the moment I plug in AC power clicking stops. Additionally I noticed that when I go into BIOS I can hear the click only once, same thing happens if I boot Ubuntu from USB. That led me to believe the problem is within operating system. I did all the surface scans and SMART tests and everything seems to be fine. Now noise sounds like heads are trying to "park" themselves so I tried disabling "spin down" option in Power Management but it didn't help. Any idea?

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• Take Complete Image of CRM Server Application

  - by nicorellius

  I have heard of snapshots or ghost images like this. But I have never used this kind of tool to actually clone a piece of hard drive. I think Norton Partition Magic can do something like this as well, but haven't tried it. So my question is this: How can I duplicate a CRM server application exactly so that I can transfer it to another system? I have a CRM server running LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) and I urgently need to transfer these data to another system without actually installing, configuring the dependencies and then doing the same for the software itself. Has anyone done this or does anyone know how to do this?

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• Is SATA bandwith per Port or per Controller?

  - by instanceofTom

  I always assumed that it was per Controller channel, and that If I have 4xSATA 3.0Gb/s ports on my Motherboard then I should have a potential 12.0Gb/s of bandwith. However, after doing some searching I found conflicting information suggesting that if I had 4xSATA drives connected to my MB and were using them simultaneously each drive would get only 3.0Gb/s /4 = 768 Mb/s max bandwith. So I wanted to clear up my understanding. Side question: Are there other hdd/ssd bandwith bottlenecks to be aware of? (Links to already answered questions are more than welcome)

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• Disadvantages of enabling AHCI after Win7 install

  - by Mario De Schaepmeester

  I've formatted my notebook that has a 5400RPM HDD with ~500GB capacity. After installing Windows 7 and about half the drivers (including chipset) I began to doubt whether to go for IDE or AHCI mode for my hard drive. There used to be a lot of discussion on the internet which is better and so far I understood it was particularly helpful on SSDs. Now the general consensus seems to be that AHCI mode is best for most hard drives. I have thus enabled AHCI in the middle of configuring my notebook (rest of the drivers, necessary software etc...) Two questions: considering my HDD's spec above, should I leave it on? Is there any disadvantage of enabling it after Windows 7 and chipset drivers installation? Windows 7 version is 64 bit Home Premium.

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• fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

  - by Chris

  I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks

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• DDRescue on Windows or another options like DDRescue for Windows

  - by Frank Thornton

  I have a drive with failed sectors ect... I can't image it with Acronis as it hangs. I can't with Knoppiz it hangs. CHKDSK hangs. I want to use DDRescure but I don't have any Linux boxes running at the moment. I could do is in a VM but that seems like it would be slow and problematic? Are there any ways I can data recovery this disk from my Windows machine or is there an ideal way to work with DDRescue on Windows?

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• Start a ZFS RAIDZ zpool with two discs then add a third?

  - by Doug S.

  Let's say I have two 2TB HDDs and I want to start my first ZFS zpool. Is it possible to create a RAIDZ with just those two discs, giving me 2TB of usable storage (if I understand it right) and then later add another 2TB HDD bringing the total to 4TB of usable storage. Am I correct or does there need to be three HDDs to start with? The reason I ask is I already have one 2TB drive I'm using that's full of files. I want to transition to a zpool but I'd rather only buy two more 2TB drives if I can. From what I understand, RAIDZ behaves similarly to RAID5 (with some major differences, I know, but in terms of capacity). However, RAID5 requires 3+ drives. I was wondering if RAIDZ has the same requirement. If I have to, I can buy the three drives and just start there, later adding the fourth, but if I could start with two and move to three that would save me $80.

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• Need hard disk recommendation for linux home server.

  - by neotracker

  Hello, I'm planing to build a little linux homeserver. It will mainly be used for storage and maybe as an media pc. I plan to build a software raid5 with 4 1.5TB or 2TB hard drives. I already decided to use the Western Digital Caviar Green 1.5 TB drive, but then I read about some problems with the WD green series about many drives failing and that they are not recommended for raid anyway. Of course, I couldn't find much facts on the issues so I thought I just ask here ;-) What hard drives would you recommended for a software raid5 setup? As I only need it for storage, the whole thing doesn't have to be too fast. So I prefer a cheap price and silence to great performance.

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• Problem with running a flash Program from flashdrive

  - by rajivpradeep

  Hi, I have a USB drive with two partitions in it. one hidden and the other normal. i have an application which swaps the memory and runs the flash application in hidden zone. The problem is that the application works fine on windows7 and when run on WINXp, it swaps the partitions but doesn't run the flash applications but just keeps running in the background. I can see it in task manager. But, when i copy the application to desktop and run , it runs with no glitch I was facing the same problem on WIN7 too , but it was running as required when i ran it using "Run in Xp mode" and then i applied a SHIM and is running since then as required. the application is built using VC++ 2008 , What might be the problem.

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• How to create a filesystem mountable by windows in linux?

  - by wcoenen

  I have attached an external USB disk to my debian gnu/linux system. The disk showed up as device /dev/sdc, and I prepared it like this: created a single partition with fdisk /dev/sdc (and some more commands in the interactive session that follows) formatted the partition with mkfs.msdos /dev/sdc1 If I then attach the USB disk to a Windows XP or Vista system, then no new drive becomes available. The disk and its partition show up fine in the disk managment tool under "computer management", but apparently the file system in the partition is not recognized. How do I create a FAT32 file system which can actually be used in windows? edit: I've given up on this and went with a NTFS file system created by windows. In debian lenny this can be mounted read-write but apparently it requires you to install the "ntfs-3g" package and explicitly pass the -t ntfs-3g option to the mount command.

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• Certain drives in RAID 5 set intermittently are not recognized

  - by hydroparadise

  I have a curious problem in that 1 (sometimes 2) drives do not get recognized in a RAID 5 set. The server is getting rather old at 5 to 6 years, but still seems to function well once the machine sees all drives. So that leaves me with three areas to consider: the motherboard, the SATA RAID card, or the individual hard drives themselves. I am leaning toward the RAID card, but have not had much dealings with RAID cards. What would cause individual drives not to be recognized in the set? If it was the card, I would think that it would be all or nothing. If it were a single drive, is it possible that it would only work sometimes? The only other thing to consider is that that they are different drives (Seagate and Western Digital) but all around 80 GB. SATA RAID controller is 3ware Escalade 8506-4LP Motherboard is a SuperMicro P4SPA+ Am open and available for more details if needed...

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• "System volume folder" always appearing in USB storage stick

  - by ?????? Oyewole

  Whenever I move or copy video files from the PC (Windows 8.1) to my USB storage device and plug it into my TV, I always see a system volume folder on the USB device. This folder can be seen on the PC also, if I choose "view protected system files". My flash drive is formatted with a FAT32 file system. The question is, why is this happening on Windows 8.1, since I never had this problem on Windows 8 before upgrading, and how can I disable this feature?    OK, that's two questions.

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• Problem with running a program from flashdrive

  - by rajivpradeep

  I have a USB drive with two partitions in it, one hidden and one normal. I have an application which swaps the memory and runs the flash application in hidden zone. The problem is that the application works fine on Windows 7 and when run on Win XP, it swaps the partitions but doesn't run the flash applications but just keeps running in the background. I can see it in task manager. But, when I copy the application to desktop and run, it runs with no glitch. I was facing the same problem on Win 7 too, but it was running as required when I ran it using "Run in XP mode" and then I applied a SHIM and is running since then as required. The application is built using VC++ 2008. What might be the problem?

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• Windows XP, USB-Stick and multiple Partitions

  - by Bobby

  Hello. I've got an USB-Stick with multiple Partitions on it (FAT32 (active), FAT32, Ext2 <-- that's another story) and it seems like that my Windows XP can only mount the first partition of the stick. If I try to mount the second one using the volume manager it tells me that I need to make it active and reboot...is it really that limited or am I just missing something here? Partitions: FAT32, System Rescue CD, bootable and active FAT32, some tools ext2, some data (I know that I need extra drivers etc., but that's not asked here. Edit (Solution): Thanks to the answer with the RMB (ReMoveable Bit) I was able to dig up a solution described at this site (Section: On flash drive only the first partition works). Basically, there's an Hitachi Driver available which filters the RMB on Driver-Level, which just needs to be a little modified to function with basically every USB-Stick. All you need to do is adding the "Device Instance ID" to the driver and then use this driver.

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• How to slave a 3.5" 500gb sata external hdd(Western Digital) to my dell Inspiron laptop

  - by AJ HDD

  i have a 3.5" western digital my book 500gb external hdd....i gave it to a friend of mine and he broke the usb port in it...i went to a nearby comp repair shop and had him solder the thing...it didnt detect when i plugged it in my dell inspiron laptop........i recently saw about the 3.5" sata to usb enclosure, so i went to check it....strangely when its placed in the enclosure, its not detecting in windows...also when it was put as secondary(im guessing slave) to the shop fellow's desktop it shows up in the bios and starting, but then again doesnt show in windows 7, and the guy told me i need to data recovery to get teh data back p.s.the wd hdd doesnt have os, just data, soo my question is: can i slave the drive to my dell laptop and try to recover the data....if so how? please i would really appreciate it...thanks in advance

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• Install Windows XP using USB

  - by AmanBe

  How to install windows xp from usb ? I have the iso image. My cdrom is not working. I read up something on internet about this issue but all the articles are just way too complex and big + they are all different so don't know which one to try. I want to know if someone has tried something like this and to tell me what's the best and easiest way, like some tool that will automatically write the iso file onto the flash drive and make it bootable or smth. Thank you in advance.

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• CPU and HD degradation on sourced based Linux distribution

  - by danilo2

  I was wondering for a long time if source based Linux distributions, like Gentoo or Funtoo are "destroying" your system faster than binary ones (like Fedora or Debian). I'm talking about CPU and hard drive degradation. Of course, when you're updating your system, it has to compile everything from source, so it takes longer and your CPU is used at hard conditions (it is warmer and more loaded). Such systems compile hundreds of packages weekly, so does it really matter? Does such a system degrade faster than binary based ones?

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• Why some recovery tools are still able to find deleted files after I purge Recycle Bin, defrag the disk and zero-fill free space?

  - by Ivan

  As far as I understand, when I delete (without using Recycle Bin) a file, its record is removed from the file system table of contents (FAT/MFT/etc...) but the values of the disk sectors which were occupied by the file remain intact until these sectors are reused to write something else. When I use some sort of erased files recovery tool, it reads those sectors directly and tries to build up the original file. In this case, what I can't understand is why recovery tools are still able to find deleted files (with reduced chance of rebuilding them though) after I defragment the drive and overwrite all the free space with zeros. Can you explain this? I thought zero-overwritten deleted files can be only found by means of some special forensic lab magnetic scan hardware and those complex wiping algorithms (overwriting free space multiple times with random and non-random patterns) only make sense to prevent such a physical scan to succeed, but practically it seems that plain zero-fill is not enough to wipe all the tracks of deleted files. How can this be?

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