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• Python 3.2: How to pass a dictionary into str.format()

  - by Robert Dailey

  I've been reading the Python 3.2 docs about string formatting but it hasn't really helped me with this particular problem. Here is what I'm trying to do: stats = { 'copied': 5, 'skipped': 14 } print( 'Copied: {copied}, Skipped: {skipped}'.format( stats ) ) The above code will not work because the format() call is not reading the dictionary values and using those in place of my format placeholders. How can I modify my code to work with my dictionary?

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• Why python does not have a writeln() method?

  - by systempuntoout

  If we need to write a new line to a file we have to code: file_output.write('Fooo line \n') Are there any reasons why Python not has a writeln() method?

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• Python: Open() using a variable

  - by nuustik

  Good day, I've ran into a problem with opening a file with randomly generated name in Python 2.6. import random random = random.randint(1,10) localfile = file("%s","wb") % random Then I get an error message about the last line TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %: 'file' and 'int' I just couldn't figure this out by myself nor with Google, but there has to be a cure for this, I believe. Thanks.

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• python floating number

  - by zhack

  i am kind of confused why python add some additional decimal number in this case, please help to explain >>> mylist = ["list item 1", 2, 3.14] >>> print mylist ['list item 1', 2, 3.1400000000000001]

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• windows stdbool.h for python module

  - by swasheck

  I found this http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25461/stdbool-h-c as an answer to "where is stdbool.h on windows?" but now need to know what to do with it. I'm actually trying to install the lazyboy python extension on windows and this is the first error that I'm receiving. So, being completely unfamiliar with this, where do I put this header file so that it's seen?

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• python script urgent

  - by user318482

  Hi All, Please give me a python script through which i can get all the ipaddresses of the systems that are present in my local network. Thanks in advance

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• RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

  - by Bilal Basharat

  this error arises when i try to run the following test case which is written in models.py of my django app named 'administration' : from django.test import Client, TestCase from django.core import mail class ClientTest( TestCase ): fixtures = [ 'testdata.json' ] def test_get_register( self ): response = self.client.get( '/accounts/register/', {} ) self.assertEqual( response.status_code, 200 ) the error arises at this line specifically: response = self.client.get( '/accounts/register/', {} ) my django version is 1.2.1 and python 2.6 and satchmo version is 0.9.2-pre hg-unknown. I code in windows platform(xp sp2). The command to run test case is: python manage.py test administration the complete error log is as follow: site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 101, in by_host site = Site.objects.get(domain=host) File "C:\django\django\db\models\manager.py", line 132, in get return self.get_query_set().get(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 336, in get num = len(clone) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 81, in __len__ self._result_cache = list(self.iterator()) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 269, in iterator for row in compiler.results_iter(): File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 672, in results_iter for rows in self.execute_sql(MULTI): File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 717, in execute_sql sql, params = self.as_sql() File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 65, in as_sql where, w_params = self.query.where.as_sql(qn=qn, connection=self.connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 91, in as_sql sql, params = child.as_sql(qn=qn, connection=connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 94, in as_sql sql, params = self.make_atom(child, qn, connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 141, in make_atom lvalue, params = lvalue.process(lookup_type, params_or_value, connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 312, in process connection=connection, prepared=True) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\__init__.py", line 323, in get_db_prep _lookup return [self.get_db_prep_value(value, connection=connection, prepared=prepar ed)] File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 7 tests in 48.453s FAILED (errors=1) Destroying test database 'default'...

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• python blocking sockets, send returns immediately

  - by Mark

  Hi, I am writing a multithreaded socket application in Python using the socket module. the server listens for connections and when it gets one it spawns a thread for that socket. the server thread sends some data to the client. but the client is not yet ready to receive it. I thought this would have caused the server to wait until the client starts recv but instead returns immediately the client then calls recv which is blocking and no data is ever received. client socket constructor self.__clientSocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.__clientSocket.connect((server, port)) server socket constructor self.servSock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.servSock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) #self.servSock.settimeout(None) self.servSock.setblocking(1) self.servSock.bind((self.addr,self.port)) self.servSock.listen(5) listening accept thread try: (cs, address) = self.servSock.accept() except socket.timeout: return threadName = '\r\nClient %s:%s\r\n' % (cs, address) print threadName clientSocketHandler = ClientSocket() clientSocketHandler.setClientSocket(cs) self.clients.newThread(self.clientFunc, {clientSocketHandler : "1"}, threadName).start() server and clients send/rec methods from inside ClientSocket receivedData = self.__clientSocket.recv(1024*1024) self.__clientSocket.send(s) any ideas why send() is returning straight away?

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• Google Appengine and Python exceptions

  - by Jim

  In my Google Appengine application I have defined a custom exception InvalidUrlException(Exception) in the module 'gvu'. Somewhere in my code I do: try: results = gvu.article_parser.parse(source_url) except gvu.InvalidUrlException as e: self.redirect('/home?message='+str(e)) ... which works fine in the local GAE development server, but raises <type 'exceptions.SyntaxError'>: invalid syntax (translator.py, line 18) when I upload it. (line 18 is the line starting with 'except') The problem seems to come from the 'as e' part: if I remove it I don't get this exception anymore. However I would like to be able to access the raised exception. Have you ever encountered this issue? Is there an alternative syntax?

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• python: how to convert list of lists into a single nested list

  - by Bhuski

  I have a python list of lists as shown below: mylist=[ [['orphan1', ['some value1']]], [['parent1', ['child1', ['child', ['some value2']]]]], [['parent1', ['child2', ['child', ['some value3']]]]] ] I need to convert the above list to some thing like this: result=[ ['orphan1', ['some value1']], ['parent1', ['child1', ['child', ['some value2']]], ['child2', ['child', ['some value3']]]] ] Kindly help me approach this problem. I have given only simple list. In actual scenario here, in my list, even grand parents/grand childs are there. How much ever deep the input nested list is, I need to convert it to a single nested list, with common list elements (parents and grand parents) appearing only once. (but the next to innermost list element('child' in above example) should appear as many times it occurs in the input list. I have been trying to do this last two days, but did not end up with working solution :(. I need to use the output in django template filter: unordered_list so that the resultant nested list appears as a nested unordered list in my html page ..

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• Run Python CGI Script on Windows XP

  - by daveywc

  I have a Windows XP machine that has Apache installed via a VisualSVNServer installation. I am . trying to get a simple python cgi script to run in my browser e.g. http://build.procepts.com.au:8080/hg/cgi-bin/test.cgi. However despite trying all the recommended approaches the browser only ever displays the plain text from the cgi script. Amongst many other attempted solutions I have followed the instructions contained here. My ultimate aim is to be able to use the Apache web server to serve repositories from a new Mercurial installation. Seeing as Apache is already installed from VisualSVNServer I thought I might as well make use of it. Is there some other trick to get this working?

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• problem with hierarchical clustering in Python

  - by user248237

  I am doing a hierarchical clustering a 2 dimensional matrix by correlation distance metric (i.e. 1 - Pearson correlation). My code is the following (the data is in a variable called "data"): from hcluster import * Y = pdist(data, 'correlation') cluster_type = 'average' Z = linkage(Y, cluster_type) dendrogram(Z) The error I get is: ValueError: Linkage 'Z' contains negative distances. What causes this error? The matrix "data" that I use is simply: [[ 156.651968 2345.168618] [ 158.089968 2032.840106] [ 207.996413 2786.779081] [ 151.885804 2286.70533 ] [ 154.33665 1967.74431 ] [ 150.060182 1931.991169] [ 133.800787 1978.539644] [ 112.743217 1478.903191] [ 125.388905 1422.3247 ]] I don't see how pdist could ever produce negative numbers when taking 1 - pearson correlation. Any ideas on this? thank you.

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• Problem with literal arguments in the PATTERN string for a python 2to3 fixer

  - by Zxaos

  Hi folks. I'm writing a fixer for the 2to3 tool in python. In my pattern string, I have a section where I'd like to match an empty string as an argument, or an empty unicode string. The relevant chunk of my pattern looks like: (args='""' | args='u""') My issue is the second option never matches. Even if it's alone, it won't match. However, if I simply say args=any and then output args, I can catch cases where args is exactly equal to the second option. Is there some weird unicode handling thing going on? Why won't the second literal option ever match?

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• I have a very long and repetitive python path, where do I look to correct this?

  - by ninja123

  I know it is probably not necessary to paste the whole path, but just for the record I have done so below. Whenever I run a python command, it takes a long time to load this path I suppose. I have checked in .bash_profile and only have these two lines: export PATH=/Users/username/bin:/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/bin:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/opt/local/apache2/bin:$PATH export PYTHONPATH=/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/ And my python path as outputed by Django's debug is: Python path : ['/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/ipython-0.10-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/South-0.6.1-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/django_markitup-0.5.2-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/DateTime-2.12.0-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/Markdown-2.0.3-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/PIL-1.1.7-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/djangorecipe-0.20-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/zc.recipe.egg-1.2.3b2-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/zc.buildout-1.5.0b2-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/pytz-2010h-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/zope.interface-3.6.1-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/eggs/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/parts/django', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster', '/Users/username/Sites/videocluster/bin', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools_git-0.3.3-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pysqlite-2.5.5-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/CouchDB-0.5-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/httplib2-0.4.0-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/PyYAML-3.08-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/simple_db_migrate-1.2.8-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/PyDispatcher-2.0.1-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.9-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/greenlet-0.2-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Supay-0.0.2-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/configobj-4.6.0-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Fabric-0.9b1-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/fudge-0.9.3-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pydelicious-0.5.3-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/feedparser-4.1-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/github_cli-0.2.5.2-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/simplejson-2.0.9-py2.5-macosx-10.5-i386.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.5.egg', ......(repeating)....... 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'/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', ......(repeating)....... '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0', '/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/site-packages/gtk-2.0'] Someone, please tell me where I can go to correct this. Thanks

  Read the article

• Python: Improving long cumulative sum

  - by Bo102010

  I have a program that operates on a large set of experimental data. The data is stored as a list of objects that are instances of a class with the following attributes: time_point - the time of the sample cluster - the name of the cluster of nodes from which the sample was taken code - the name of the node from which the sample was taken qty1 = the value of the sample for the first quantity qty2 = the value of the sample for the second quantity I need to derive some values from the data set, grouped in three ways - once for the sample as a whole, once for each cluster of nodes, and once for each node. The values I need to derive depend on the (time sorted) cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2: the maximum value of the element-wise sum of the cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2, the time point at which that maximum value occurred, and the values of qty1 and qty2 at that time point. I came up with the following solution: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) # For the whole set sys_qty1 = 0 sys_qty2 = 0 sys_combo = 0 sys_max = 0 # For the cluster grouping cluster_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cluster_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cluster_combo = defaultdict(int) cluster_max = defaultdict(int) cluster_peak = defaultdict(int) # For the node grouping node_qty1 = defaultdict(int) node_qty2 = defaultdict(int) node_combo = defaultdict(int) node_max = defaultdict(int) node_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: # For the whole system ###################################################### sys_qty1 += t.qty1 sys_qty2 += t.qty2 sys_combo = sys_qty1 + sys_qty2 if sys_combo > sys_max: sys_max = sys_combo # The Peak class is to record the time point and the cumulative quantities system_peak = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=sys_qty1, qty2=sys_qty2) # For the cluster grouping ################################################## cluster_qty1[t.cluster] += t.qty1 cluster_qty2[t.cluster] += t.qty2 cluster_combo[t.cluster] = cluster_qty1[t.cluster] + cluster_qty2[t.cluster] if cluster_combo[t.cluster] > cluster_max[t.cluster]: cluster_max[t.cluster] = cluster_combo[t.cluster] cluster_peak[t.cluster] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=cluster_qty1[t.cluster], qty2=cluster_qty2[t.cluster]) # For the node grouping ##################################################### node_qty1[t.node] += t.qty1 node_qty2[t.node] += t.qty2 node_combo[t.node] = node_qty1[t.node] + node_qty2[t.node] if node_combo[t.node] > node_max[t.node]: node_max[t.node] = node_combo[t.node] node_peak[t.node] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[t.node], qty2=node_qty2[t.node]) This produces the correct output, but I'm wondering if it can be made more readable/Pythonic, and/or faster/more scalable. The above is attractive in that it only loops through the (large) dataset once, but unattractive in that I've essentially copied/pasted three copies of the same algorithm. To avoid the copy/paste issues of the above, I tried this also: def find_peaks(level, dataset): def grouping(object, attr_name): if attr_name == 'system': return attr_name else: return object.__dict__[attrname] cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cuml_combo = defaultdict(int) level_max = defaultdict(int) level_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty1 cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty2 cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] = (cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] + cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) if cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] > level_max[grouping(t, level)]: level_max[grouping(t, level)] = cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] level_peak[grouping(t, level)] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[grouping(t, level)], qty2=node_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) return level_peak system_peak = find_peaks('system', dataset) cluster_peak = find_peaks('cluster', dataset) node_peak = find_peaks('node', dataset) For the (non-grouped) system-level calculations, I also came up with this, which is pretty: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) def cuml_sum(seq): rseq = [] t = 0 for i in seq: t += i rseq.append(t) return rseq time_get = operator.attrgetter('time_point') q1_get = operator.attrgetter('qty1') q2_get = operator.attrgetter('qty2') timeline = [time_get(t) for t in dataset] cuml_qty1 = cuml_sum([q1_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_qty2 = cuml_sum([q2_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_combo = [q1 + q2 for q1, q2 in zip(cuml_qty1, cuml_qty2)] combo_max = max(cuml_combo) time_max = timeline.index(combo_max) q1_at_max = cuml_qty1.index(time_max) q2_at_max = cuml_qty2.index(time_max) However, despite this version's cool use of list comprehensions and zip(), it loops through the dataset three times just for the system-level calculations, and I can't think of a good way to do the cluster-level and node-level calaculations without doing something slow like: timeline = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) #...etc. for c in cluster_list: timeline[c] = [time_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] cuml_qty1[c] = [q1_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] #...etc. Does anyone here at Stack Overflow have suggestions for improvements? The first snippet above runs well for my initial dataset (on the order of a million records), but later datasets will have more records and clusters/nodes, so scalability is a concern. This is my first non-trivial use of Python, and I want to make sure I'm taking proper advantage of the language (this is replacing a very convoluted set of SQL queries, and earlier versions of the Python version were essentially very ineffecient straight transalations of what that did). I don't normally do much programming, so I may be missing something elementary. Many thanks!

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• Python dictionary key missing

  - by Greg K

  I thought I'd put together a quick script to consolidate the CSS rules I have distributed across multiple CSS files, then I can minify it. I'm new to Python but figured this would be a good exercise to try a new language. My main loop isn't parsing the CSS as I thought it would. I populate a list with selectors parsed from the CSS files to return the CSS rules in order. Later in the script, the list contains an element that is not found in the dictionary. for line in self.file.readlines(): if self.hasSelector(line): selector = self.getSelector(line) if selector not in self.order: self.order.append(selector) elif selector and self.hasProperty(line): # rules.setdefault(selector,[]).append(self.getProperty(line)) property = self.getProperty(line) properties = [] if selector not in rules else rules[selector] if property not in properties: properties.append(property) rules[selector] = properties # print "%s :: %s" % (selector, "".join(rules[selector])) return rules Error encountered: $ css-combine combined.css test1.css test2.css Traceback (most recent call last): File "css-combine", line 108, in <module> c.run(outfile, stylesheets) File "css-combine", line 64, in run [(selector, rules[selector]) for selector in parser.order], KeyError: 'p' Swap the inputs: $ css-combine combined.css test2.css test1.css Traceback (most recent call last): File "css-combine", line 108, in <module> c.run(outfile, stylesheets) File "css-combine", line 64, in run [(selector, rules[selector]) for selector in parser.order], KeyError: '#header_.title' I've done some quirky things in the code like sub spaces for underscores in dictionary key names in case it was an issue - maybe this is a benign precaution? Depending on the order of the inputs, a different key cannot be found in the dictionary. The script: #!/usr/bin/env python import optparse import re class CssParser: def __init__(self): self.file = False self.order = [] # store rules assignment order def parse(self, rules = {}): if self.file == False: raise IOError("No file to parse") selector = False for line in self.file.readlines(): if self.hasSelector(line): selector = self.getSelector(line) if selector not in self.order: self.order.append(selector) elif selector and self.hasProperty(line): # rules.setdefault(selector,[]).append(self.getProperty(line)) property = self.getProperty(line) properties = [] if selector not in rules else rules[selector] if property not in properties: properties.append(property) rules[selector] = properties # print "%s :: %s" % (selector, "".join(rules[selector])) return rules def hasSelector(self, line): return True if re.search("^([#a-z,\.:\s]+){", line) else False def getSelector(self, line): s = re.search("^([#a-z,:\.\s]+){", line).group(1) return "_".join(s.strip().split()) def hasProperty(self, line): return True if re.search("^\s?[a-z-]+:[^;]+;", line) else False def getProperty(self, line): return re.search("([a-z-]+:[^;]+;)", line).group(1) class Consolidator: """Class to consolidate CSS rule attributes""" def run(self, outfile, files): parser = CssParser() rules = {} for file in files: try: parser.file = open(file) rules = parser.parse(rules) except IOError: print "Cannot read file: " + file finally: parser.file.close() self.serialize( [(selector, rules[selector]) for selector in parser.order], outfile ) def serialize(self, rules, outfile): try: f = open(outfile, "w") for rule in rules: f.write( "%s {\n\t%s\n}\n\n" % ( " ".join(rule[0].split("_")), "\n\t".join(rule[1]) ) ) except IOError: print "Cannot write output to: " + outfile finally: f.close() def init(): op = optparse.OptionParser( usage="Usage: %prog [options] <output file> <stylesheet1> " + "<stylesheet2> ... <stylesheetN>", description="Combine CSS rules spread across multiple " + "stylesheets into a single file" ) opts, args = op.parse_args() if len(args) < 3: if len(args) == 1: print "Error: No input files specified.\n" elif len(args) == 2: print "Error: One input file specified, nothing to combine.\n" op.print_help(); exit(-1) return [opts, args] if __name__ == '__main__': opts, args = init() outfile, stylesheets = [args[0], args[1:]] c = Consolidator() c.run(outfile, stylesheets) Test CSS file 1: body { background-color: #e7e7e7; } p { margin: 1em 0em; } File 2: body { font-size: 16px; } #header .title { font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 1.9em; } #header .title a, #header .title a:hover { color: #f5f5f5; border-bottom: none; text-shadow: 2px 2px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); } Thanks in advance.

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• globals and locals in python exec()

  - by hawkettc

  Hi, I'm trying to run a piece of python code using exec. my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(object): a_ref = A """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env which results in the following output locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 16, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 8, in <module> File "My Code", line 9, in B NameError: name 'A' is not defined However, if I change the code to this - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(A): pass """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env then it works fine - giving the following output - locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> {'A': <class 'A'>, 'B': <class 'B'>} Clearly A is present and accessible - what's going wrong in the first piece of code? I'm using 2.6.5, cheers, Colin * UPDATE 1 * If I check the locals() inside the class - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(object): print locals() a_ref = A """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env Then it becomes clear that locals() is not the same in both places - locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> {'__module__': '__builtin__'} Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 16, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 8, in <module> File "My Code", line 10, in B NameError: name 'A' is not defined However, if I do this, there is no problem - def f(): class A(object): pass class B(object): a_ref = A f() print 'Finished OK' * UPDATE 2 * ok, so the docs here - http://docs.python.org/reference/executionmodel.html 'A class definition is an executable statement that may use and define names. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution. The namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary of the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in methods.' It seems to me that 'A' should be made available as a free variable within the executable statement that is the definition of B, and this happens when we call f(), but not when we use exec(). This can be more easily shown with the following - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals in body: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A def f(): print 'A in f: %s' % A f() class B(object): a_ref = A """ which outputs locals in body: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 20, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 11, in <module> File "My Code", line 9, in f NameError: global name 'A' is not defined So I guess the new question is - why aren't those locals being exposed as free variables in functions and class definitions - it seems like a pretty standard closure scenario.

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• Problem using easy_install on Windows 7, 64 bit. (cannot find python.exe)

  - by Rune

  Hi, I have just now installed Python 2.6 on my Windows 7 (64 bit) Lenovo t61p laptop. I have downloaded Sphinx and nose and apparently installed them correctly using python setup.py install (at least no errors were reported during the installation). Now I am trying to install pymongo using easy_install but I am not having much success. It seems that easy_install isn't working at all. I execute easy_install as administrator: C:\>easy_install Cannot find Python executable C:\Program Files\Python26\python.exe The path C:\Program Files\Python26\python.exe is correct. I have found this bug report on bugs.python.org which seems to be related, although its status is 'Resolved'. Do you have any ideas as to what may be wrong? Any pointers, hints or tips for diagnosing the problem further would be greatly appreciated. EDIT: This is the stacktrace I receive when trying to install pymongo: C:\Users\Rune Ibsen\Documents\Downloads\pymongo-1.4>python setup.py install running install running bdist_egg running egg_info writing pymongo.egg-info\PKG-INFO writing top-level names to pymongo.egg-info\top_level.txt writing dependency_links to pymongo.egg-info\dependency_links.txt reading manifest file 'pymongo.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in' writing manifest file 'pymongo.egg-info\SOURCES.txt' installing library code to build\bdist.win-amd64\egg running install_lib running build_py running build_ext building 'pymongo._cbson' extension Traceback (most recent call last): File "setup.py", line 166, in <module> "doc": doc}) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\core.py", line 152, in setup dist.run_commands() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 975, in run_commands self.run_command(cmd) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\install.py", line 76, in run File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\install.py", line 96, in do_egg_install File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\bdist_egg.py", line 174, in run File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\bdist_egg.py", line 161, in call_command File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\site-packages\setuptools-0.6c9-py2.6.egg\setuptools\command\install_lib.py", line 20, in run File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\install_lib.py", line 113, in build self.run_command('build_ext') File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\cmd.py", line 333, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\dist.py", line 995, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "setup.py", line 107, in run build_ext.run(self) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 340, in run self.build_extensions() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 449, in build_extensions self.build_extension(ext) File "setup.py", line 117, in build_extension build_ext.build_extension(self, ext) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 499, in build_extension depends=ext.depends) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 448, in compile self.initialize() File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 358, in initialize vc_env = query_vcvarsall(VERSION, plat_spec) File "C:\Program Files\Python26\lib\distutils\msvc9compiler.py", line 274, in query_vcvarsall raise ValueError(str(list(result.keys()))) ValueError: [u'path'] C:\Users\Rune Ibsen\Documents\Downloads\pymongo-1.4> PS.: I previously installed Python 3.1 but later installed 2.6 because I am not sure whether pymongo supports 3.1. PPS.: I have tried installing pymongo using the python setup.py install approach, but this resulted in a nasty-looking stack trace, so I thought I would try to let easy_install take care of it for me. PPPS.: I am completely new to Python, easy_install, eggs etc.

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• Python XLWT attempt to overwrite cell workaround

  - by PPTim

  Hi, Using the python module xlwt, writing to the same cell twice throws an error: Message File Name Line Position Traceback <module> S:\******** write C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\xlwt\Worksheet.py 1003 write C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\xlwt\Row.py 231 insert_cell C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\xlwt\Row.py 150 Exception: Attempt to overwrite cell: sheetname=u'Sheet 1' rowx=1 colx=12 with the code snippet def insert_cell(self, col_index, cell_obj): if col_index in self.__cells: if not self.__parent._cell_overwrite_ok: msg = "Attempt to overwrite cell: sheetname=%r rowx=%d colx=%d" \ % (self.__parent.name, self.__idx, col_index) raise Exception(msg) #row 150 prev_cell_obj = self.__cells[col_index] sst_idx = getattr(prev_cell_obj, 'sst_idx', None) if sst_idx is not None: self.__parent_wb.del_str(sst_idx) self.__cells[col_index] = cell_obj Looks like the code 'raise'es an exception which halts the entire process. Is removing the 'raise' term enough to allow for overwriting cells? I appreciate xlwt's warning, but i thought the pythonic way is to assume "we know what we're doing". I don't want to break anything else in touching the module.

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• Usabe of Python 3 super()

  - by deamon

  I wonder when to use what flavour of Python 3 super(). Help on class super in module builtins: class super(object) | super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>) | super(type) -> unbound super object | super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type) | super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type) Until now I've used super() only without arguments and it worked as expected (by a Java developer). Questions: What does "bound" mean in this context? What is the difference between bound and unbound super object? When to use super(type, obj) and when super(type, type2)? Would it be better to name the super class like in Mother.__init__(...)?

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• Python: split files using mutliple split delimiters

  - by donalmg

  Hi, I have multiple CSV files which I need to parse in a loop to gather information. The problem is that while they are the same format, some are delimited by '\t' and others by ','. After this, I want to remove the double-quote from around the string. Can python split via multiple possible delimiters? At the minute, I can split the line with one by using: f = open(filename, "r") fields = f.readlines() for fs in fields: sf = fs.split('\t') tf = [fi.strip ('"') for fi in sf] Any suggestions are welcome.

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• Python script repeated auto start up.

  - by Ali

  I am designing a python web app, where people can have an email sent to them on a particular day. So a user puts in his emai and date in a form and it gets stored in my database. My script would then search through the database looking for all records of todays date, retrive the email, sends them out and deletes the entry from the table. Is it possible to have a setup, where the script starts up automatically at a give time, say 1 pm everyday, sends out the email and then quits? If I have a continuously running script, i might go over the CPU limit of my shared web hosting. Or is the effect negligible? Ali

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• Doxygen C++ comment string parser in python?

  - by Sebastian

  Does anybody know of a python module to parse a doxygen style C++ comment string? I mean a string like this (simple example): /** * A constructor. * A more elaborate description of the constructor. * @param param1 test1 * @param param2 test2 */ and I would like to extract the brief, the long description, the parameters, the return value etc. I'm currently doing this using string methods and regular expressions but my solution is not very robust. Alternatively does anybody know an easy to use parser lib that I can set up quickly? Thanks in advance

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• Open payment gateway libraries for Java, Python, Ruby, and PHP

  - by Tauren

  I'm looking for generic and open source payment libraries that support many different payment processor APIs. In other words, I'd like to develop an application using a single payment processing API, but be able to easily switch between payment gateways, such as Authorize.Net, Payflow Pro, Braintree, PayPal, Google, Amazon, etc. This question gives some Java solutions, but the suggestions all look horrible. Isn't there anything more like ActiveMerchant for Java? I really need a good Java solution, to the point of building my own if necessary. But I don't want to reinvent the wheel if it exists. Are there any solutions for Python or PHP? Ideally, I'd like to find something similar to Ruby's ActiveMerchant, which looks exceptionally complete. Are there any other Ruby solutions?

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• What does the caret operator in Python do?

  - by Fry

  I ran across the caret operator in python today and trying it out, I got the following output: >>> 8^3 11 >>> 8^4 12 >>> 8^1 9 >>> 8^0 8 >>> 7^1 6 >>> 7^2 5 >>> 7^7 0 >>> 7^8 15 >>> 9^1 8 >>> 16^1 17 >>> 15^1 14 >>> It seems to be based on 8, so I'm guessing some sort of byte operation? I can't seem to find much about this searching sites other than it behaves oddly for floats, does anybody have a link to what this operator does or can you explain it here?

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