operator module - Page 108

python modules difference: .c/.h vs. .py

- by bijan

I'm very new to python, as i'm embedding it (in form of a static lib) in an ios project. It's not possible for me to dynamically load python modules, so i would like to compile my modules along with python. For modules shipped with the python source this works (by modifying setup.py or Module/Setup), but when i downloaded a third party module i noticed, i don't fully understand the mechanism. The modules shipped with python come with a .c file in the Modules dir as well as a .py file in the Lib dir. My third party module just comes with .py files. 1.Why do those modules have different file extensions? 2.How to integrate a module coming with .py files in an embedded python version? Obviously pasting them in Modules/Setup does require some .c files. 3.Do these .c files have something to do with the Python C-Api? I guess i'm missing something essential :) Help is much appreciated.

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Node.js fetching Twitter Streaming API - EADDRNOTAVAIL

- by Jordan Scales

I have the following code written in node.js to access to the Twitter Streaming API. If I curl the URL below, it works. However, I cannot get it to work with my code. var https = require('https'); https.request('https://USERNAME:[email protected]/1.1/statuses/sample.json', function(res) { res.on('data', function(chunk) { var d = JSON.parse(chunk); console.log(d); }); }); But I receive the following node.js:201 throw e; // process.nextTick error, or 'error' event on first tick ^ Error: connect EADDRNOTAVAIL at errnoException (net.js:642:11) at connect (net.js:525:18) at Socket.connect (net.js:589:5) at Object.<anonymous> (net.js:77:12) at new ClientRequest (http.js:1073:25) at Object.request (https.js:80:10) at Object.<anonymous> (/Users/jordan/Projects/twitter-stream/app.js:3:7) at Module._compile (module.js:441:26) at Object..js (module.js:459:10) at Module.load (module.js:348:31) If anyone can offer an alternative solution, or explain to me why this doesn't work, I would be very grateful.

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jQuery Delay Question

- by Fuego DeBassi

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groovy (java) error grabbing files

- by senzacionale

i can not grab files. I get: java.lang.RuntimeException: Error grabbing Grapes -- [unresolved dependency: org.apache.ivy#ivy;2.1.0: not found start of script which grab files import groovy.text.SimpleTemplateEngine import java.security.MessageDigest import org.apache.commons.cli.OptionBuilder import org.apache.commons.cli.Options import org.apache.commons.cli.PosixParser import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils import org.apache.ivy.core.settings.IvySettings import org.apache.ivy.plugins.parser.m2.PomModuleDescriptorParser import org.apache.tools.ant.Project import org.apache.tools.ant.ProjectHelper import org.apache.tools.ant.types.Path import org.apache.commons.cli.HelpFormatter //First grab the grapes we need for the script and create a few beans to hold some values @Grab(group = 'org.apache.ant', module = 'ant', version = '1.7.1') @Grab(group = 'commons-io', module = 'commons-io', version = '1.4') @Grab(group = 'commons-cli', module = 'commons-cli', version = '1.2') @Grab(group = 'org.apache.ivy', module = 'ivy', version = '2.1.0')

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How can I reverse a stack?

- by come pollinate me

I need to write a VB.NET code to reverse the given characters using a stack. Input: 'S','T','A','C','K' So far I have input the letters, but I don't know how to get the console to reverse it. I'm a beginner to programming so please excuse my ignorance. An explanation as to how it's done would also be greatly appreciated. What I got so far. Module Module1 Sub Main() Dim StackObject As New Stack StackObject.Push("S") Console.WriteLine(StackObject.Peek) StackObject.Push("T") Console.WriteLine(StackObject.Peek) StackObject.Push("A") Console.WriteLine(StackObject.Peek) StackObject.Push("C") Console.WriteLine(StackObject.Peek) StackObject.Push("K") Console.WriteLine(StackObject.Peek) End Sub End Module I just need it to be reversed. I got it!! Module Module1 Sub Main() Dim StackObject As New Stack StackObject.Push("S") StackObject.Push("T") StackObject.Push("A") StackObject.Push("C") StackObject.Push("K") For Each cur As String In StackObject Console.WriteLine(cur) Next End Sub End Module That's how it's done.

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python NameError: name '<anything>' is not defined (but it is!)

- by BenjaminGolder

Note: Solved. It turned out that I was importing a previous version of the same module. It is easy to find similar topics on StackOverflow, where someone ran into a NameError. But most of the questions deal with specific modules and the solution is often to update the module. In my case, I am trying to import a function from a module that I wrote myself. The module is named InfraPy, and it is definitely on sys.path. One particular function (called listToText) in InfraPy returns a NameError, but only when I try to import it into another script. Inside InfraPy, under if __name__=='__main__':, the listToText function works just fine. From InfraPy I can import other functions with no problems. Including from InfraPy import * in my script does not return any errors until I try to use the listToText function. How can this occur? How can importing one particular function return a NameError, while importing all the other functions in the same module works fine? Using python 2.6 on MacOSX 10.6, also encountered the same error running the script on Windows 7, using IronPython 2.6 for .NET 4.0 Thanks. If there are other details you think would be helpful in solving this, I'd be happy to provide them. As requested, here is the function definition inside of InfraPy: def listToText(inputList, folder=None, outputName='list.txt'): ''' Creates a text file from a list (with each list item on a separate line). May be placed in any given folder, but will otherwise be created in the working directory of the python interpreter. ''' fname = outputName if folder != None: fname = folder+'/'+fname f = open(fname, 'w') for file in inputList: f.write(file+'\n') f.close() This function is defined above and outside of if __name__=='__main__': I've tried moving InfraPy around in relation to the script. The most baffling situation is that when InfraPy is in the same folder as the script, and I import using from InfraPy import listToText, I receive this error: NameError: name listToText is not defined. Again, the other functions import fine, they are all defined outside of if __name__=='__main__': in InfraPy.

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How to build Android for Samsung Galaxy Note

- by Tr?n Ð?i

I'd like to modify and build my own Android for my Samsung Galaxy Note I've downloaded Android 4.1.2 from http://source.android.com and Samsung open source for my Samsung Galaxy Note. After extract Samsung open source, I get 2 folders: Kernel and Platform, and 2 README text file README_Kernel.txt 1. How to Build - get Toolchain From android git server , codesourcery and etc .. - arm-eabi-4.6 - edit build_kernel.sh edit "CROSS_COMPILE" to right toolchain path(You downloaded). EX) CROSS_COMPILE= $(android platform directory you download)/android/prebuilts/gcc/linux-x86/arm/arm-eabi-4.6/bin/arm-eabi- Ex) CROSS_COMPILE=/usr/local/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.6/bin/arm-eabi- // check the location of toolchain - execute Kernel script $ ./build_kernel.sh 2. Output files - Kernel : arch/arm/boot/zImage - module : drivers/*/*.ko 3. How to Clean $ make clean README_Platform.txt [Step to build] 1. Get android open source. : version info - Android 4.1 ( Download site : http://source.android.com ) 2. Copy module that you want to build - to original android open source If same module exist in android open source, you should replace it. (no overwrite) # It is possible to build all modules at once. 3. You should add module name to 'PRODUCT_PACKAGES' in 'build\target\product\core.mk' as following case. case 1) bluetooth : should add 'audio.a2dp.default' to PRODUCT_PACKAGES case 2) e2fsprog : should add 'e2fsck' to PRODUCT_PACKAGES case 3) libexifa : should add 'libexifa' to PRODUCT_PACKAGES case 4) libjpega : should add 'libjpega' to PRODUCT_PACKAGES case 5) KeyUtils : should add 'libkeyutils' to PRODUCT_PACKAGES case 6) bluetoothtest\bcm_dut : should add 'bcm_dut' to PRODUCT_PACKAGES ex.) [build\target\product\core.mk] - add all module name for case 1 ~ 6 at once PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \ e2fsck \ libexifa \ libjpega \ libkeyutils \ bcm_dut \ audio.a2dp.default 4. In case of 'bluetooth', you should add following text in 'build\target\board\generic\BoardConfig.mk' BOARD_HAVE_BLUETOOTH := true BOARD_HAVE_BLUETOOTH_BCM := true 5. excute build command ./build.sh user What I need to do after followed 2 above files

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lightweight webserver to integrate on client end.

- by Gopal

Hi ,... I need to create a python module that will be installed on end-user machines. One of the scripts in that module should be able to receive http POSTS (usually with some JSON formatted data in the body) and then pass on that data to an appropriate python script. I can think of two ways to do this: a) Open a listening server socket on port 80, wait for that http request to come in, parse it and then pass that data to another python script depending on the url that arrived. This method will not require the end-user to install a webserver. End user only has to install the python module. b) Have a mini-webserver installed along with the python module. The webserver will do the same job as [a] via CGI without me requiring to write the CGI functionality. But then the user will have to install the web-server (ie., the hassle of yet another install). Would like to avoid that if possible. IF [b] is the easier option, what is the smallest simplest webserver there is (preferably one that can be packaged as part of the python module itself so that it does not have to be separately installed). Must be opensource of course. regards Gopal

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Why is this the output of this python program?

- by Andrew Moffat

Someone from #python suggested that it's searching for module "herpaderp" and finding all the ones listed as its searching. If this is the case, why doesn't it list every module on my system before raising ImportError? Can someone shed some light on what's happening here? import sys class TempLoader(object): def __init__(self, path_entry): if path_entry == 'test': return raise ImportError def find_module(self, fullname, path=None): print fullname, path return None sys.path.insert(0, 'test') sys.path_hooks.append(TempLoader) import herpaderp output: 16:00:55 $> python wtf.py herpaderp None apport None subprocess None traceback None pickle None struct None re None sre_compile None sre_parse None sre_constants None org None tempfile None random None __future__ None urllib None string None socket None _ssl None urlparse None collections None keyword None ssl None textwrap None base64 None fnmatch None glob None atexit None xml None _xmlplus None copy None org None pyexpat None problem_report None gzip None email None quopri None uu None unittest None ConfigParser None shutil None apt None apt_pkg None gettext None locale None functools None httplib None mimetools None rfc822 None urllib2 None hashlib None _hashlib None bisect None Traceback (most recent call last): File "wtf.py", line 14, in <module> import herpaderp ImportError: No module named herpaderp

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How can I use Django with MySQL in MAMP stack?

- by Robert A Henru

Hi all, I have difficulty especially in installing MySQLdb module (MySQL-python-1.2.3c1), to connect to the MySQL in MAMP stack. I've done a number of things such as copying the mysql include directory and library (including plugin) from a fresh installation of mysql (version 5.1.47) to the one inside MAMP (version 5.1.37). Now, the MySQLdb module build and install doesnt give me error. The error happens when I'm calling 'import MySQLdb' from python shell (version 2.6). Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-universal/egg/MySQLdb/__init__.py", line 19, in <module> File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-universal/egg/_mysql.py", line 7, in <module> File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-universal/egg/_mysql.py", line 6, in __bootstrap__ ImportError: dlopen(/Users/rhenru/.python-eggs/MySQL_python-1.2.3c1-py2.6-macosx-10.6-universal.egg-tmp/_mysql.so, 2): Symbol not found: _mysql_affected_rows Referenced from: /Users/rhenru/.python-eggs/MySQL_python-1.2.3c1-py2.6-macosx-10.6-universal.egg-tmp/_mysql.so Expected in: flat namespace in /Users/rhenru/.python-eggs/MySQL_python-1.2.3c1-py2.6-macosx-10.6-universal.egg-tmp/_mysql.so Any idea, what else do I need to do to make it works? Thanks a bunch, Robert

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Reliable UDP

- by suresh

How can I develop a Linux kernel module in order to make UDP reliable? This is my college assignment and I don't how to proceed. how to do change the default UDP behaviour in linux kernel by loading a new kernel module? and how to program such kernel module?

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How to run unittest under pydev for Django?

- by photon

I configured properties for my django project under pydev. I can run the django app under pydev or under console window. I can also run unittest for app under console window. But I have problems to run unittest under pydev. I guess it's something related to run configurations of pydev, so I made several trials, but with no success. Once I got messages like this: ImportError: Could not import settings 'D:\django_projects\MyProject' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named D:\django_projects\MyProject ERROR: Module: MyUnittestFile could not be imported. Another time I got messages like this: ImportError: Could not import settings 'MyProject.settngs' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named settngs 'ERROR: Module: MyUnittestFile could not be imported. I use pydev 1.5.6 on eclipse and windows xp. Any ideas for this problem?

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ASP.NET application developed in 32 bit environment not working in 64 bit environment

- by jgonchik

We have developed an ASP.NET website on a Windows 7 - 32 bit platform using Visual Studio 2008. This website is being hosted at a hosting company where we share a server with hundreds of other ASP.NET websites. We are in the process of changing our hosting to a dedicated Windows 2008 - 64 bit server. We have installed Visual Studio on this new server in order to debug our application. If we try to start the application on this new server using Visual Studios 2008's own web server (not IIS 7) we get the error below. We have tried to compile the application in both 32 as well as 64 bit mode. We also tried to compile to "Any CPU". But nothing helps. We also tried running Visual Studio as an administrator but without success. We get the following error: Server Error in '/' Application. The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E) Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code. Exception Details: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E) Source Error: An unhandled exception was generated during the execution of the current web request. Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below. Stack Trace: [FileNotFoundException: The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E)] System.Reflection.Assembly._nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, Assembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection) +0 System.Reflection.Assembly.nLoad(AssemblyName fileName, String codeBase, Evidence assemblySecurity, Assembly locationHint, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean throwOnFileNotFound, Boolean forIntrospection) +43 System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(AssemblyName assemblyRef, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) +127 System.Reflection.Assembly.InternalLoad(String assemblyString, Evidence assemblySecurity, StackCrawlMark& stackMark, Boolean forIntrospection) +142 System.Reflection.Assembly.Load(String assemblyString) +28 System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) +46 [ConfigurationErrorsException: The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E)] System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssemblyHelper(String assemblyName, Boolean starDirective) +613 System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAllAssembliesFromAppDomainBinDirectory() +203 System.Web.Configuration.CompilationSection.LoadAssembly(AssemblyInfo ai) +105 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.GetReferencedAssemblies(CompilationSection compConfig) +178 System.Web.Compilation.BuildProvidersCompiler..ctor(VirtualPath configPath, Boolean supportLocalization, String outputAssemblyName) +54 System.Web.Compilation.ApplicationBuildProvider.GetGlobalAsaxBuildResult(Boolean isPrecompiledApp) +232 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.CompileGlobalAsax() +51 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.EnsureTopLevelFilesCompiled() +337 [HttpException (0x80004005): The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E)] System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.ReportTopLevelCompilationException() +58 System.Web.Compilation.BuildManager.EnsureTopLevelFilesCompiled() +512 System.Web.Hosting.HostingEnvironment.Initialize(ApplicationManager appManager, IApplicationHost appHost, IConfigMapPathFactory configMapPathFactory, HostingEnvironmentParameters hostingParameters) +729 [HttpException (0x80004005): The specified module could not be found. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x8007007E)] System.Web.HttpRuntime.FirstRequestInit(HttpContext context) +8897659 System.Web.HttpRuntime.EnsureFirstRequestInit(HttpContext context) +85 System.Web.HttpRuntime.ProcessRequestInternal(HttpWorkerRequest wr) +259 Does anyone know why this error appears and how to solve it?

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In .NET when Aborting Thread, can this piece of code get corrupted?

- by bosko

Little intro: In complex multithreaded aplication (enterprise service bus EBS), I need to use Thread.Abort, because this EBS accepts user written modules which communicates with hardware security modules. So if this module gets deadlocked or hardware stops responding - i need to just unload this module and rest of this server aplication must keep runnnig. So there is abort sync mechanism which ensures that code can be aborted only in user section and this section must be marked as AbortAble. If this happen there is possibility that ThreadAbortException will be thrown in this pieace of code: public void StopAbortSection() { var id = Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId; lock (threadIdMap[id]) { .... } } If module is on AbortSection and Aplication decides to abort module, but after this decision but before actual Thread.Abort, module enters NonAbortableSection by calling this method, but lock is actualy taken on that locking object. So lock will block until Abort or abort can be executed before reaching this block by this code. But Object with this method is essential and i need to be sure that this pieace of code is safe to abort in any moment. Probably i have to mention that threadIdMap is Dictionary(int,ManualResetEvent), so locking object is instance of ManualResetEvent. I hope you now understad my question. Sorry for its largeness.

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Drupal permissions not showing for custom content type

- by Tim Whitlock

I have a custom content type in Drupal which was created using CCK. The create/edit permissions for this type are not showing up in the node module permissions, although other cck types are. This content type is also bound to a module, but this module doesn't have any admin screens, all node creation is done through the standard cck interface. any ideas? I have tried rebuilding the permissions cache

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On reference_wrapper and callable objects

- by Nicola Bonelli

Given the following callable object: struct callable : public std::unary_function <void, void> { void operator()() const { std::cout << "hello world" << std::endl; } }; a std::tr1::reference_wrapper< calls through it: callable obj; std::tr1::ref(obj)(); Instead, when the operator() accepts an argument: struct callable : public std::unary_function <int, void> { void operator()(int n) const { std::cout << n << std::endl; } }; std::tr1::bind accepts a reference_wrapper to it as a callable wrapper... callable obj; std::tr1::bind( std::tr1::ref(obj), 42 )(); but what's wrong with this? std::tr1::ref(obj)(42);

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Is it possible to temporarily disable Python's string interpolation?

- by dangerouslyfacetious

I have a python logger set up, using python's logging module. I want to store the string I'm using with the logging Formatter object in a configuration file using the ConfigParser module. The format string is stored in a dictionary of settings in a separate file that handles the reading and writing of the config file. The problem I have is that python still tries to format the file and falls over when it reads all the logging-module-specific formatting flags. { "log_level":logging.debug, "log_name":"C:\\Temp\\logfile.log", "format_string": "%(asctime)s %(levelname)s: %(module)s, line %(lineno)d - %(message)s" } My question is simple: how can I disable the formatting functionality here while keeping it elsewhere. My initial reaction was copious use of the backslash to escape the various percent symbols, but that of course permanently breaks the formatting such that it wont work even when I need it to. Also, general pointers on good settings-file practices would be nice. This is the first time I've done anything significant with ConfigParser (or logging for that matter). Thanks in advance, Dominic

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php using wamp server start up error

- by mathirengasamy

i try to install moodle web software...i m using wamp server and sqlserver 2005 version. i install php driver for php5.3.0 thread safe version..i just paste that php_sqlsrv_ts.dll driver file into my php ext directory...i include this line extension=php_sqlsrv_ts.dll in my php.ini file... now i restart my wampserver...i m getting this error... PHP Startup: sqlsrv: Unable to initialize module Module compiled with module API=20060613 PHP compiled with module API=20090626 These options need to match get this error also in my apache log file ADODB Error: [Microsoft][ODBC Driver Manager] Data source name not found and no default driver specified please anybody help me..

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gwt compiling error

- by Hoax

Compiling module com.sem.Sem10 Finding entry point classes [ERROR] Unable to find type 'com.sem.client.Sem10' [ERROR] Hint: Previous compiler errors may have made this type unavailable [ERROR] Hint: Check the inheritance chain from your module; it may not be inheriting a required module or a module may not be adding its source path entries properly My package structure is com.sem com.sem.client com.sem.schema com.sem.server inherits name='com.google.gwt.user.User' inherits name='com.google.gwt.user.theme.standard.Standard' inherits name='com.google.gwt.maps.GoogleMaps' script src="http://maps.google.com/maps?gwt=1&file=api&amp.... entry-point class='com.sem.client.Sem10' source path='com.sem.schema' I have googled this thing for quite a while and could not find a solution...? any help appreciated

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[Hibernate Mapping] relationship set between table and mapping table to use joins.

- by Matthew De'Loughry

Hi guys, I have two table a "Module" table and a "StaffModule" I'm wanting to display a list of modules by which staff are present on the staffmodule mapping table. I've tried from Module join Staffmodule sm with ID = sm.MID with no luck, I get the following error Path Expected for join! however I thought I had the correct join too allow this but obviously not can any one help StaffModule HBM <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">  <hibernate-mapping> <class name="Hibernate.Staffmodule" schema="WALK" table="STAFFMODULE"> <composite-id class="Hibernate.StaffmoduleId" name="id"> <key-many-to-one name="mid" class="Hibernate.Module"> <column name="MID"/> </key-many-to-one> <key-property name="staffid" type="int"> <column name="STAFFID"/> </key-property> </composite-id> </class> </hibernate-mapping> and Module.HBM <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">  <hibernate-mapping> <class name="Hibernate.Module" schema="WALK" table="MODULE"> <id name="id" type="int"> <column name="ID"/> <generator class="assigned"/> </id> <property name="modulename" type="string"> <column length="50" name="MODULENAME"/> </property> <property name="teacherid" type="int"> <column name="TEACHERID" not-null="true"/> </property> </class> hope thats enough information! and thanks in advance.

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How to include css in a hmvc setup in codeigniter

- by tariq

I have setup the combination Codeigniter + HMVC + Twitter Bootstrap using this tutorial. I have created two modules named app and session. The app module contains the twitter bootstrap sample. When I click on About link, a new login page is displayed which is the session module configured using <?php echo Modules::run('session/session/index'); ?> The problem I am facing is that when I include the twitter bootstrap in both the views, the app module gets realigned and corousal doesnt work. How do I get the CSS to work with the session module ?

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BOOST.FIBER build error

- by paxerus

Error in build BOOST.FIBER rule PYTON_IMPORT_RULE unknown in module pyutils pyton will be installed

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packaging and distributing Python code as executables

- by user248237

How can I compile my python module into an executable, and distribute it in a way that doesn't require the user to download all the external Python packages that the module I wrote uses? Aside from that, is there a general guy on packaging and distributing python code? i.e. going from a script/module to someone that's user-friendly and can be run, ideally cross-platform (at least between unix and mac). thanks.

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Python: circular imports needed for type checking

- by phild

First of all: I do know that there are already many questions and answers to the topic of the circular imports. The answer is more or less: "Design your Module/Class structure properly and you will not need circular imports". That is true. I tried very hard to make a proper design for my current project, I in my opinion I was successful with this. But my specific problem is the following: I need a type check in a module that is already imported by the module containing the class to check against. But this throws an import error. Like so: foo.py: from bar import Bar class Foo(object): def __init__(self): self.__bar = Bar(self) bar.py: from foo import Foo class Bar(object): def __init__(self, arg_instance_of_foo): if not isinstance(arg_instance_of_foo, Foo): raise TypeError() Solution 1: If I modified it to check the type by a string comparison, it will work. But I dont really like this solution (string comparsion is rather expensive for a simple type check, and could get a problem when it comes to refactoring). bar_modified.py: from foo import Foo class Bar(object): def __init__(self, arg_instance_of_foo): if not arg_instance_of_foo.__class__.__name__ == "Foo": raise TypeError() Solution 2: I could also pack the two classes into one module. But my project has lots of different classes like the "Bar" example, and I want to seperate them into different module files. After my own 2 solutions are no option for me: Has anyone a nicer solution for this problem?

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globals and locals in python exec()

- by hawkettc

Hi, I'm trying to run a piece of python code using exec. my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(object): a_ref = A """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env which results in the following output locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 16, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 8, in <module> File "My Code", line 9, in B NameError: name 'A' is not defined However, if I change the code to this - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(A): pass """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env then it works fine - giving the following output - locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> {'A': <class 'A'>, 'B': <class 'B'>} Clearly A is present and accessible - what's going wrong in the first piece of code? I'm using 2.6.5, cheers, Colin * UPDATE 1 * If I check the locals() inside the class - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A class B(object): print locals() a_ref = A """ global_env = {} local_env = {} my_code_AST = compile(my_code, "My Code", "exec") exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) print local_env Then it becomes clear that locals() is not the same in both places - locals: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> {'__module__': '__builtin__'} Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 16, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 8, in <module> File "My Code", line 10, in B NameError: name 'A' is not defined However, if I do this, there is no problem - def f(): class A(object): pass class B(object): a_ref = A f() print 'Finished OK' * UPDATE 2 * ok, so the docs here - http://docs.python.org/reference/executionmodel.html 'A class definition is an executable statement that may use and define names. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution. The namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary of the class. Names defined at the class scope are not visible in methods.' It seems to me that 'A' should be made available as a free variable within the executable statement that is the definition of B, and this happens when we call f(), but not when we use exec(). This can be more easily shown with the following - my_code = """ class A(object): pass print 'locals in body: %s' % locals() print 'A: %s' % A def f(): print 'A in f: %s' % A f() class B(object): a_ref = A """ which outputs locals in body: {'A': <class 'A'>} A: <class 'A'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "python_test.py", line 20, in <module> exec(my_code_AST, global_env, local_env) File "My Code", line 11, in <module> File "My Code", line 9, in f NameError: global name 'A' is not defined So I guess the new question is - why aren't those locals being exposed as free variables in functions and class definitions - it seems like a pretty standard closure scenario.

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