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• Why is '\x' invalid in Python?

  - by Paul McGuire

  I was experimenting with '\' characters, using '\a\b\c...' just to enumerate for myself which characters Python interprets as control characters, and to what. Here's what I found: \a - BELL \b - BACKSPACE \f - FORMFEED \n - LINEFEED \r - RETURN \t - TAB \v - VERTICAL TAB Most of the other characters I tried, '\g', '\s', etc. just evaluate to the 2-character string of a backslash and the given character. I understand this is intentional, and makes sense to me. But '\x' is a problem. When my script reaches this source line: val = "\x" I get: ValueError: invalid \x escape What is so special about '\x'? Why is it treated differently from the other non-escaped characters?

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• How to launch new Firefox window with multiple tabs using Python

  - by newbie py

  Hi, I want to create a MSWindows Python program that would launch a new Firefox window with multiple tabs each time it is run. For example if I want to search "hello", a new window pops out (even if a Firefox window is already open) and then launches a Google and Bing tabs searching for "hello". If I change the keyword to "world", a new browser pops out again with Google and Bing tabs searching for "world". I've looked at the webbrowser module but couldn't get it to: 1. Launch a new browser when a browser is already open: e.g. webbrowser.open('http://www.google.com',new=1) will instead open a new tab 2. Launch multiple tabs simultaneously in the same window Appreciate the help. Thanks.

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• How to sub with matched groups and variables in Python

  - by Syed

  Hi, new to python. This is probably simple but I haven't found an answer. rndStr = "20101215" rndStr2 = "20101216" str = "Looking at dates between 20110316 and 20110317" outstr = re.sub("(.+)([0-9]{8})(.+)([0-9]{8})",r'\1'+rndStr+r'\2'+rndStr2,str) The output I'm looking for is: Looking at dates between 20101215 and 20101216 But instead I get: P101215101216 The values of the two rndStr's doesn't really matter. Assume its random or taken from user input (I put static vals here to keep it simple). Thanks for any help.

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• Efficient way to organise data file in columns with Python

  - by user1700959

  I'm getting an output data file of a program which looks like this, with more than one line for each time step: 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.9819E-06 1.7724E-02 2.3383E-02 3.0048E-02 3.8603E-02 4.9581E-02 5.6635E-02 4.9991E-02 3.9052E-02 3.0399E-02 .... I want to arrange it in ten columns I have made a Python script, using regular expressions to delete \n in the proper lines, but I think that there should be a simpler more elegant way to do it, here is my script: import re with open('inputfile', encoding='utf-8') as file1: datai=file1.read() dataf=re.sub(r'(?P<nomb>( \d\.\d\d\d\dE.\d\d){8})\n','\g<nomb>',datai) with open('result.txt',mode='w',encoding='utf-8') as resultfile: resultfile.write(datof) Thanks in advance

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• kmeans based on mapreduce by python

  - by user3616059

  I am going to write a mapper and reducer for the kmeans algorithm, I think the best course of action to do is putting the distance calculator in mapper and sending to reducer with the cluster id as key and coordinates of row as value. In reducer, updating the centroids would be performed. I am writing this by python. As you know, I have to use Hadoop streaming to transfer data between STDIN and STOUT. according to my knowledge, when we print (key + "\t"+value), it will be sent to reducer. Reducer will receive data and it calculates the new centroids but when we print new centroids, I think it does not send them to mapper to calculate new clusters and it just send it to STDOUT and as you know, kmeans is a iterative program. So, my questions is whether Hadoop streaming suffers of doing iterative programs and we should employ MRJOB for iterative programs?

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• How to test a regex password in Python?

  - by jCuga

  Using a regex in Python, how can I verify that a user's password is: At least 8 characters Must be restricted to, though does not specifically require any of: uppercase letters: A-Z lowercase letters: a-z numbers: 0-9 any of the special characters: @#$%^&+= Note, all the letter/number/special chars are optional. I only want to verify that the password is at least 8 chars in length and is restricted to a letter/number/special char. It's up to the user to pick a stronger / weaker password if they so choose. So far what I have is: import re pattern = "^.*(?=.{8,})(?=.*\d)(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*[@#$%^&+=]).*$" password = raw_input("Enter string to test: ") result = re.findall(pattern, password) if (result): print "Valid password" else: print "Password not valid"

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• Python+suds : xsd_base64Binary type ?

  - by n1r3

  Hi, I'm trying to attach some files to a Jira using the Soap API. I have python 2.6 and SOAPpy isn't working any more, so, I'm using suds. Everything is fine except for the attachements ... I don't know how to rewrite this piece of code : http://confluence.atlassian.com/display/JIRA/Creating+a+SOAP+Client?focusedCommentId=180943#comment-180943 Any clue ? I don't know how to deal with complex type like this one : <complexType name="ArrayOf_xsd_base64Binary"> <complexContent> <restriction base="soapenc:Array"> <attribute ref="soapenc:arrayType" wsdl:arrayType="xsd:byte[][]"/> </restriction> </complexContent> </complexType> thanks a lot n.

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• How do I protect python code?

  - by Jordfräs

  I am developing a piece of software in python that will be distributed to my employer's customers. My employer wants to limit the usage of the software with a time restricted license file. If we distribute the .py files or even .pyc files it will be easy to (decompile), and remove the code that checks the license file. Another aspect is that my employer do not want the code to be read by our customers, fearing that the code may be stolen or at least the "novel ideas". Is there a good way to handle this problem? Preferably with an off-the-shelf solution. The software will run on Linux systems (so I don't think py2exe will do the trick)

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• Writing Strings to files in python

  - by Leif Andersen

  I'm getting the following error when trying to write a string to a file in pythion: Traceback (most recent call last): File "export_off.py", line 264, in execute save_off(self.properties.path, context) File "export_off.py", line 244, in save_off primary.write(file) File "export_off.py", line 181, in write variable.write(file) File "export_off.py", line 118, in write file.write(self.value) TypeError: must be bytes or buffer, not str I basically have a string class, which contains a string: class _off_str(object): __slots__ = 'value' def __init__(self, val=""): self.value=val def get_size(self): return SZ_SHORT def write(self,file): file.write(self.value) def __str__(self): return str(self.value) Furthermore, I'm calling that class like this: def write(self, file): for variable in self.variables: variable.write(file) I have no idea what is going on. I've seen other python programs writing strings to files, so why can't this one? Thank you very much for your help.

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• crc24 from c to python

  - by biiiiiaw

  can someone please translate this code to python? i have tried and tried again, but have not managed it: #define CRC24_INIT 0xB704CEL #define CRC24_POLY 0x1864CFBL typedef long crc24; crc24 crc_octets(unsigned char *octets, size_t len) { crc24 crc = CRC24_INIT; int i; while (len--) { crc ^= (*octets++) << 16; for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) { crc <<= 1; if (crc & 0x1000000) crc ^= CRC24_POLY; } } return crc & 0xFFFFFFL; } i have the rotate left function (ROL24(value,bits_to_rotate_by)), which i know works since i got it from a source code of a reputable programmer, but i dont get the * and ++ on octet. i only sort of understand how ++ works in c++, and i dont know what * is at all

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• python filter can't output

  - by Jesse Siu

  i create filter by python to the log file like Sat Jun 2 03:32:13 2012 [pid 12461] CONNECT: Client "66.249.68.236" Sat Jun 2 03:32:13 2012 [pid 12460] [ftp] OK LOGIN: Client "66.249.68.236", anon password "[email protected]" Sat Jun 2 03:32:14 2012 [pid 12462] [ftp] OK DOWNLOAD: Client "66.249.68.236", "/pub/10.5524/100001_101000/100022/readme.txt", 451 bytes, 1.39Kbyte/sec the script is import time lines=[] f= open("/opt/CLiMB/Storage1/log/vsftp.log") line = f.readline() lines=[line for line in f] def OnlyRecent(line): if time.strptime(line.split("[")[0].strip(),"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y") < time.time()-(60*60*24*2): return True return False print"\n".join(filter(OnlyRecent,lines)) f.close() but when i run this script, it continue running but didn't show anything until i stop it. Why it can't shows records happened in 2 days.

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• problem reading a csv file in python

  - by Hossein

  Hi, I am trying to read a very simple but somehow large(800Mb) csv file using the csv library in python. The delimiter is a single tab and each line consists of some numbers. Each line is a record, and I have 20681 rows in my file. I had some problems during my calculations using this file,it always stops at a certain row. I got suspicious about the number of rows in the file.I used the code below to count the number of row in this file: tfdf_Reader = csv.reader(open('v2-host_tfdf_en.txt'),delimiter=' ') c = 0 for row in tfdf_Reader: c = c + 1 print c To my surprise c is printed with the value of 61722!!! Why is this happening? What am I doing wrong?

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• Parent Thread exiting before Child Threads [python]

  - by crgwbr

  I'm using Python in a webapp (CGI for testing, FastCGI for production) that needs to send an occasional email (when a user registers or something else important happens). Since communicating with an SMTP server takes a long time, I'd like to spawn a thread for the mail function so that the rest of the app can finish up the request without waiting for the email to finish sending. I tried using thread.start_new(func, (args)), but the Parent return's and exits before the sending is complete, thereby killing the sending process before it does anything useful. Is there anyway to keep the process alive long enough for the child process to finish?

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• Parsing a string representing a float *with an exponent* in Python

  - by Lucas

  Hi, I have a large file with numbers in the form of 6,52353753563E-7. So there's an exponent in that string. float() dies on this. While I could write custom code to pre-process the string into something float() can eat, I'm looking for the pythonic way of converting these into a float (something like a format string passed somewhere). I must say I'm surprised float() can't handle strings with such an exponent, this is pretty common stuff. I'm using python 2.6, but 3.1 is an option if need be.

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• How to get REALLY fast python over a simple loop

  - by totallymike

  I'm working on a spoj problem, INTEST. The goal is to specify the number of test cases (n) and a divisor (k), then feed your program n numbers. The program will accept each number on a newline of stdin and after receiving the nth number, will tell you how many were divisible by k. The only challenge in this problem is getting your code to be FAST because it k can be anything up to 10^7 and the test cases can be as high as 10^9. I'm trying to write it in python and having trouble speeding it up. Any ideas? import sys first_in = raw_input() thing = first_in.split() n = int(thing[0]) k = int(thing[1]) total = 0 i = 0 for line in sys.stdin: t = int(line) if t % k == 0: total += 1 print total

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• python how to put data on y-axis when plotting histogram

  - by user3041107

  I don't quite understand how to control y - axis when using plt.hist plot in python. I read my .txt data file - it contains 10 columns with various data. If I want to plot distribution of strain on x axis I take column n.5. But what kind of value appears on y axis ??? Don't understand that. here is the code: import numpy import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from pylab import * from scipy.stats import norm import sys strain = [] infile = sys.argv[1] for line in infile: ret = numpy.loadtxt(infile) strain += list(ret[:,5]) fig = plt.figure() plt.hist(strain, bins = 20) plt.show() Thanks for help!

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• python writing a list to a file

  - by gfar90

  I need to write a list to a file in python. I know the list should be converted to a string with the join method, but since I have a tuple I got confused. I tried a lot to change my variables to strings etc, this is one of my first attempts: def perform(text): repository = [("","")] fdist = nltk.FreqDist(some_variable) for c in some_variable: repository.append((c, fdist[c])) return ' '.join(repository) but it gives me the following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in qe = perform(entfile2) File "", line 14, in perform return ' '.join(repository) TypeError: sequence item 0: expected string, tuple found any ideas how to write the list 'repository' to a file? Thanks!

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• % confuses python raw sql query

  - by Jonathan

  Following this SO question, I'm trying to "truncate" all tables related to a certain django application using the following raw sql commands in python: cursor.execute("set foreign_key_checks = 0") cursor.execute("select concat('truncate table ',table_schema,'.',table_name,';') as sql_stmt from information_schema.tables where table_schema = 'my_db' and table_type = 'base table' AND table_name LIKE 'some_prefix%'") for sql in [sql[0] for sql in cursor.fetchall()]: cursor.execute(sql) cursor.execute("set foreign_key_checks = 1") Alas I receive the following error: C:\dev\my_project>my_script.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\dev\my_project\my_script.py", line 295, in <module> cursor.execute(r"select concat('truncate table ',table_schema,'.',table_name,';') as sql_stmt from information_schema.tables where table_schema = 'my_db' and table_type = 'base table' AND table_name LIKE 'some_prefix%'") File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\util.py", line 18, in execute sql = self.db.ops.last_executed_query(self.cursor, sql, params) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\__init__.py", line 216, in last_executed_query return smart_unicode(sql) % u_params TypeError: not enough arguments for format string Is the % in the LIKE making trouble? How can I workaround it?

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• is counter has certain value inside a class in python

  - by mazlor

  i am learning classes in python and when i was reading the documentation i found this example that i didn't understand : class MyClass: """A simple example class""" def __init__(self): self.data = [] i = 12345 def f(self): return 'hello world' then if we assign : x = MyClass() x.counter = 1 now if we implement while loop : while x.counter < 10: x.counter = x.counter * 2 so the value of x.counter will be : 16 while for example if we have a variable y : y = 1 while y < 1 : y = y *2 then if we look for the value of y we find it 1 so i don't know how is the value of counter became 16 . thanks

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• Python design mistakes

  - by Andrea

  A while ago, when I was learning Javascript, I studied Javascript: the good parts, and I particularly enjoyed the chapters on the bad and the ugly parts. Of course, I did not agree with everything, as summing up the design defects of a programming language is to a certain extent subjective - although, for instance, I guess everyone would agree that the keyword with was a mistake in Javascript. Nevertheless, I find it useful to read such reviews: even if one does not agree, there is a lot to learn. Is there a blog entry or some book describing design mistakes for Python? For instance I guess some people would count the lack of tail call optimization a mistake; there may be other issues (or non-issues) which are worth learning about.

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• Python - Create a list with initial capacity

  - by Claudiu

  Code like this often happens: l = [] while foo: #baz l.append(bar) #qux This is really slow if you're about to append thousands of elements to your list, as the list will have to constantly be re-initialized to grow. (I understand that lists aren't just wrappers around some array-type-thing, but something more complicated. I think this still applies, though; let me know if not). In Java, you can create an ArrayList with an initial capacity. If you have some idea how big your list will be, this will be a lot more efficient. I understand that code like this can often be re-factored into a list comprehension. If the for/while loop is very complicated, though, this is unfeasible. Is there any equivalent for us python programmers?

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• Convert Python 3.x snippet to C#/LINQ.

  - by Hamish Grubijan

  I want to sort elements of a HashSet<string> and join them by a ; character. Python interpreter version: >>> st = {'jhg', 'uywer', 'nbcm', 'utr'} >>> strng = ';'.join(sorted(s)) >>> strng 'ASD;anmbh;ashgg;jhghjg' C# signature of a method I seek: private string getVersionsSorted(HashSet<string> versions); I can do this without using Linq, but I really want to learn it better. Many thanks!

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• File/module structure in Python

  - by keithjgrant

  So I'm just getting started with Python, and currently working my way through diveintopython.org. The code examples are nice, but the vast majority of them are little four-line snippets, and I want to see a little more of the big picture. As I understand it--and correct me if I'm wrong--each '.py' file becomes a "module", and a group of modules in a directory becomes a "package" (at least, it does if I create a __init__.py file in that directory). What is it if I don't have a __init__.py file? So what does each "module" file look like? Do I generally define only one class in the file? Does anything else go in that file besides the class definition and maybe a handful of import commands?

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• python: find and replace numbers < 1 in text file

  - by hjp

  I'm pretty new to Python programming and would appreciate some help to a problem I have... Basically I have multiple text files which contain velocity values as such: 0.259515E+03 0.235095E+03 0.208262E+03 0.230223E+03 0.267333E+03 0.217889E+03 0.156233E+03 0.144876E+03 0.136187E+03 0.137865E+00 etc for many lines... What I need to do is convert all the values in the text file that are less than 1 (e.g. 0.137865E+00 above) to an arbitrary value of 0.100000E+01. While it seems pretty simple to replace specific values with the 'replace()' method and a while loop, how do you do this if you want to replace a range? thanks

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• Finding the most similar numbers across multiple lists in Python

  - by new_sysadmin

  In Python, I have 3 lists of floating-point numbers (angles), in the range 0-360, and the lists are not the same length. I need to find the triplet (with 1 number from each list) in which the numbers are the closest. (It's highly unlikely that any of the numbers will be identical, since this is real-world data.) I was thinking of using a simple lowest-standard-deviation method to measure agreement, but I'm not sure of a good way to implement this. I could loop through each list, comparing the standard deviation of every possible combination using nested for loops, and have a temporary variable save the indices of the triplet that agrees the best, but I was wondering if anyone had a better or more elegant way to do something like this. Thanks!

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