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• Graph theory in python

  - by Dan

  I was wondering how people deal with graph theory in python? How is a graph stored? Are there libraries for this? For example how would I input a graph and then find its Chromatic polynomial? Or its girth? Or the number of unique spanning trees? How about problems that involve edge weight like salesman problems? I don't need all of these answered, I'm just looking for a method or tool set that will be able to help me approach solve problems like this. Thanks, Dan

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• What does the caret operator in Python do?

  - by Fry

  I ran across the caret operator in python today and trying it out, I got the following output: >>> 8^3 11 >>> 8^4 12 >>> 8^1 9 >>> 8^0 8 >>> 7^1 6 >>> 7^2 5 >>> 7^7 0 >>> 7^8 15 >>> 9^1 8 >>> 16^1 17 >>> 15^1 14 >>> It seems to be based on 8, so I'm guessing some sort of byte operation? I can't seem to find much about this searching sites other than it behaves oddly for floats, does anybody have a link to what this operator does or can you explain it here?

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• Is TDD broken in Python?

  - by Konstantin

  Hi! Assume we have a class UserService with attribute current_user. Suppose it is used in AppService class. We have AppService covered with tests. In test setup we stub out current_user with some mock value: UserService.current_user = 'TestUser' Assume we decide to rename current_user to active_user. We rename it in UserService but forget to make change to its usage in AppService. We run tests and they pass! Test setup adds attribute current_user which is still (wrongly but successfully) used in AppService. Now our tests are useless. They pass but application will fail in production. We can't rely on our test suite == TDD is not possible. Is TDD broken in Python?

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• Usage of Python 3 super()

  - by deamon

  I wonder when to use what flavour of Python 3 super(). Help on class super in module builtins: class super(object) | super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>) | super(type) -> unbound super object | super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type) | super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type) Until now I've used super() only without arguments and it worked as expected (by a Java developer). Questions: What does "bound" mean in this context? What is the difference between bound and unbound super object? When to use super(type, obj) and when super(type, type2)? Would it be better to name the super class like in Mother.__init__(...)?

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• Python recursion , Sierpinski triangle with color at each depth

  - by ???? ???

  import turtle w=turtle.Screen() def Tri(t, order, size): if order==0: t.forward(size) t.left(120) t.forward(size) t.left(120) t.forward(size) t.left(120) else: t.pencolor('red') Tri(t, order-1, size/2, color-1) t.fd(size/2) t.pencolor('blue') Tri(t, order-1, size/2, color-1) t.fd(size/2) t.lt(120) t.fd(size) t.lt(120) t.fd(size/2) t.lt(120) t.pencolor('green') Tri(t, order-1, size/2,color-1) t.rt(120) t.fd(size/2) t.lt(120) can anyone help with this problem ? i want to a sierpinski triangle that have color at specific depth like this http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/_images/sierpinski_color.png i dont know how to make the the triangle color change at specific depth

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• Overwrite the Soap Envelope in Suds python

  - by chrissygormley

  Hello, I have a camera and I am trying to connect to it vis suds. I have tried to send raw xml and have found that the only thing stopping the xml suds from working is an incorrect Soap envelope namespace. The envelope namespace is: xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" and I want to rewrite it to: xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope" In order to add a namespace in python I try this code: message = Element('Element_name').addPrefix(p='SOAP-ENC', u='www.w3.org/ENC') But when I add the SOAP-ENV to the namespace it doesn't write as it is hardcoded into the suds bindings. Is there a way to overwrite this in suds? Thanks for any help.

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• How to implement Comet server side with Python?

  - by Morgan Cheng

  I once tried to implement Comet in PHP. Soon, I found that PHP is not suitable for Comet, since each HTTP request will occupy one process/thread. As a result, it doesn't scale well. I just installed mod_python in my XAMPP. I thought it would be easy to implement Comet with Python asynchronous programming. But still cannot get a clue how to implement it. Is there any idea how to implement Comet in mod_python?

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• Parse an HTTP request Authorization header with Python

  - by Kris Walker

  I need to take a header like this: Authorization: Digest qop="chap", realm="[email protected]", username="Foobear", response="6629fae49393a05397450978507c4ef1", cnonce="5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41" And parse it into this using Python: {'protocol':'Digest', 'qop':'chap', 'realm':'[email protected]', 'username':'Foobear', 'response':'6629fae49393a05397450978507c4ef1', 'cnonce':'5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41'} Is there a library to do this, or something I could look at for inspiration? I'm doing this on Google App Engine, and I'm not sure if the Pyparsing library is available, but maybe I could include it with my app if it is the best solution. Currently I'm creating my own MyHeaderParser object and using it with reduce() on the header string. It's working, but very fragile. Brilliant solution by nadia below: import re reg = re.compile('(\w+)[=] ?"?(\w+)"?') s = """Digest realm="stackoverflow.com", username="kixx" """ print str(dict(reg.findall(s)))

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• Python regular expressions matching variables to end of line

  - by None

  When you use variables (is that the correct word?) in python regular expressions like this: "blah (?P\w+)" ("value" would be the variable), how could you make the variable's value be the text after "blah " to the end of the line or to a certain character not paying any attention to the actual content of the variable. For example, this is pseudo-code for what I want: >>> import re >>> p = re.compile("say (?P<value>continue_until_text_after_assignment_is_recognized) endsay") >>> m = p.match("say Hello hi yo endsay") >>> m.group('value') 'Hello hi yo' Note: The title is probably not understandable. That is because I didn't know how to say it. Sorry if I caused any confusion.

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• Reordering matrix elements to reflect column and row clustering in naiive python

  - by bgbg

  Hello, I'm looking for a way to perform clustering separately on matrix rows and than on its columns, reorder the data in the matrix to reflect the clustering and putting it all together. The clustering problem is easily solvable, so is the dendrogram creation (for example in this blog or in "Programming collective intelligence"). However, how to reorder the data remains unclear for me. Eventually, I'm looking for a way of creating graphs similar to the one below using naive Python (with any "standard" library such as numpy, matplotlib etc, but without using R or other external tools).

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• python variable scope

  - by Oscar Reyes

  I'm teaching my self python and I was translating some sample class Student: def __init__( self, name, a,b,c ): self.name = name self.a = a self.b = b self.c = c def average(self): return ( a+b+c ) / 3.0 Which is pretty much my intended class definition Later in the main method I create an instance and call it a if __name__ == "__main__" : a = Student( "Oscar", 10, 10, 10 ) That's how I find out that the variable a declared in main is available to the method average and that to make that method work , I have to type self.a + self.b + self.c instead What's the rationale of this? I found related questions, but I don't really know if they are about the same

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• Python (pdb) - Queueing up commands to execute

  - by kpatelPro

  I am implementing a "breakpoint" system for use in my Python development that will allow me to call a function that, in essence, calls pdb.set_trace(); Some of the functionality that I would like to implement requires me to control pdb from code while I am within a set_trace context. Example: disableList = [] def breakpoint(name=None): def d(): disableList.append(name) #**** #issue 'run' command to pdb so user #does not have to type 'c' #**** if name in disableList: return print "Use d() to disable breakpoint, 'c' to continue" pdb.set_trace(); In the above example, how do I implement the comments demarked by the #**** ? In other parts of this system, I would like to issue an 'up' command, or two sequential 'up' commands without leaving the pdb session (so the user ends up at a pdb prompt but up two levels on the call stack. Thanks!

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• Database entries existence depends on time / boolean value of a field changed automatically

  - by lisak

  Hey, I have this situation here. An auction system listing orders that are "active" (their deadline didn't occur yet) There is a lot of orders so it is better to have a field "active" instead of listing them based on time queries I'm not a database expert, just a user. What is the best way to implement this scenario ? Do I have to manually check the "deadLine" field and change "active" status every once in a while ? Is Mysql able to change the field automatically ? How demanding are queries of type "select orders where "deadline" has passed " Do I need to use TIMESTAMP (long data type of number of milisecond since UTC epoch time or DATETIME for the queries to the database to be more efficient ? Finally I have to move old order entries to a different backup table .

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• do-while loop in Python?

  - by Eye of Hell

  I need to emulate a do-while loop in a python. But, unfortunately, following straightforward code does not work: l = [ 1, 2, 3 ] i = l.__iter__() s = None while True : if s : print s try : s = i.next() except StopIteration : break print "done" Instead of "1,2,3,done" I have the following output: [stdout:]1 [stdout:]2 [stdout:]3 None['Traceback (most recent call last): ', ' File "test_python.py", line 8, in <module> s = i.next() ', 'StopIteration '] What can I do in order to catch 'stop iteration' excepton and break a while loop properly? Example why such thing may be needed. State machine: s = "" while True : if state is STATE_CODE : if "//" in s : tokens.add( TOKEN_COMMENT, s.split( "//" )[1] ) state = STATE_COMMENT else : tokens.add( TOKEN_CODE, s ) if state is STATE_COMMENT : if "//" in s : tokens.append( TOKEN_COMMENT, s.split( "//" )[1] ) else state = STATE_CODE # re-evaluate same line continue try : s = i.next() except StopIteration : break

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• python blocking sockets, send returns immediately

  - by Mark

  Hi, I am writing a multithreaded socket application in Python using the socket module. the server listens for connections and when it gets one it spawns a thread for that socket. the server thread sends some data to the client. but the client is not yet ready to receive it. I thought this would have caused the server to wait until the client starts recv but instead returns immediately the client then calls recv which is blocking and no data is ever received. client socket constructor self.__clientSocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.__clientSocket.connect((server, port)) server socket constructor self.servSock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.servSock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) #self.servSock.settimeout(None) self.servSock.setblocking(1) self.servSock.bind((self.addr,self.port)) self.servSock.listen(5) listening accept thread try: (cs, address) = self.servSock.accept() except socket.timeout: return threadName = '\r\nClient %s:%s\r\n' % (cs, address) print threadName clientSocketHandler = ClientSocket() clientSocketHandler.setClientSocket(cs) self.clients.newThread(self.clientFunc, {clientSocketHandler : "1"}, threadName).start() server and clients send/rec methods from inside ClientSocket receivedData = self.__clientSocket.recv(1024*1024) self.__clientSocket.send(s) any ideas why send() is returning straight away?

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• Python Tkinter - Edit external object within event handler?

  - by M3RPHY

  Hey all, As the title says, I'm grabbing the cursor location within a motion triggered event handler in Tkinter. I'd like to update an existing label widget with the location, however I cannot for the life of me figure out how to edit the label's text field (or any external object for that matter) within the event handler. From what I understand, event is the only argument passed to the handler, which means I can't pass the label object. How do I access objects outside of the handler? Apologize for the noobish question as I'm a C programmer new to Python. Thanks!

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• Desktop Application Development with Javascript, Python / Ruby

  - by Chris

  Hello, Besides using Appcelerator's Titanium Desktop, are there other approaches to integrating Javascript and Ruby/Python into cross-platform desktop applications? Just trying to get a sense of the landscape here. From searching the web, it seems Titanium may be leading the charge in terms of this type of integration. I wasn't able to find references that suggest you can do something similar in Adobe AIR. I am interested in building desktop applications that exploit Protovis and possibly other Javascript interactive vis packages for the UI. At the end of the day, I can go the web app route if need be, but being able to develop desktop apps is helpful. Would appreciate your perspective on this... Chris

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• Using Moq at Blend design time

  - by adrian hara

  This might be a bit out there, but suppose I want to use Moq in a ViewModel to create some design time data, like so: public class SomeViewModel { public SomeViewModel(ISomeDependency dependency) { if (IsInDesignMode) { var mock = new Mock<ISomeDependency>(); dependency = mock.Object; // this throws! } } } The mock could be set up to do some stuff, but you get the idea. My problem is that at design-time in Blend, this code throws an InvalidCastException, with the message along the lines of "Unable to cast object of type 'Castle.Proxies.ISomeDependencyProxy2b3a8f3188284ff0b1129bdf3d50d3fc' to type 'ISomeDependency'." While this doesn't necessarily look to be Moq related but Castle related, I hope the Moq example helps ;) Any idea why that is? Thanks!

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• python urllib post question

  - by paul

  hello ALL im making some simple python post script but it not working well. there is 2 part to have to login. first login is using 'http://mybuddy.buddybuddy.co.kr/userinfo/UserInfo.asp' this one. and second login is using 'http://user.buddybuddy.co.kr/usercheck/UserCheckPWExec.asp' i can login first login page, but i couldn't login second page website. and return some error 'illegal access' such like . i heard this is related with some cooke but i don't know how to implement to resolve this problem. if anyone can help me much appreciated!! Thanks! import re,sys,os,mechanize,urllib,time import datetime,socket params = urllib.urlencode({'ID':'ph896011', 'PWD':'pk1089' }) rq = mechanize.Request("http://mybuddy.buddybuddy.co.kr/userinfo/UserInfo.asp", params) rs = mechanize.urlopen(rq) data = rs.read() logged_fail = r';history.back();</script>' in data if not logged_fail: print 'login success' try: params = urllib.urlencode({'PASSWORD':'pk1089'}) rq = mechanize.Request("http://user.buddybuddy.co.kr/usercheck/UserCheckPWExec.asp", params ) rs = mechanize.urlopen(rq) data = rs.read() print data except: print 'error'

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• Python-daemon doesn't kill its kids

  - by Brian M. Hunt

  When using python-daemon, I'm creating subprocesses likeso: import multiprocessing class Worker(multiprocessing.Process): def __init__(self, queue): self.queue = queue # we wait for things from this in Worker.run() ... q = multiprocessing.Queue() with daemon.DaemonContext(): for i in xrange(3): Worker(q) while True: # let the Workers do their thing q.put(_something_we_wait_for()) When I kill the parent daemonic process (i.e. not a Worker) with a Ctrl-C or SIGTERM, etc., the children don't die. How does one kill the kids? My first thought is to use atexit to kill all the workers, likeso: with daemon.DaemonContext(): workers = list() for i in xrange(3): workers.append(Worker(q)) @atexit.register def kill_the_children(): for w in workers: w.terminate() while True: # let the Workers do their thing q.put(_something_we_wait_for()) However, the children of daemons are tricky things to handle, and I'd be obliged for thoughts and input on how this ought to be done. Thank you.

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• Translate Java to Python -- signing strings with PEM certificate files

  - by erikcw

  I'm trying to translate the follow Java into its Python equivalent. // certificate is contents of https://fps.sandbox.amazonaws.com/certs/090909/PKICert.pem // signature is a string that I need to verify. CertificateFactory factory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509"); X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) factory.generateCertificate(new ByteArrayInputStream(certificate.getBytes())); Signature signatureInstance = Signature.getInstance(signatureAlgorithm); signatureInstance.initVerify(x509Certificate.getPublicKey()); signatureInstance.update(stringToSign.getBytes(UTF_8_Encoding)); return signatureInstance.verify(Base64.decodeBase64(signature.getBytes())); This is for the PKI signature verification used by AWS FPS. http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonFPS/latest/FPSAccountManagementGuide/VerifyingSignature.html Thanks for your help!

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• Python Instance Variable as Default Parameter

  - by DuneBug

  Hello, I have am writing a Python function that takes a timeout value as a parameter. Normally, the user will always use the same timeout value, but on occasion he may want to wait slightly longer. The timeout value is stored as a class instance variable. I want to use the class' timeout instance variable as the default parameter. Currently, I am implementing this as follows: def _writeAndWait (self, string, timeout = -1): if (timeout == -1): timeout = self._timeout I was just wondering, is the proper way to use an instance variable as a default parameter? Or is there a better way that would avoid the "if" check? Thanks, Ryan

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• Which Python API should be used with Mongo DB and Django

  - by Thomas

  I have been going back and forth over which Python API to use when interacting with Mongo. I did a quick survey of the landscape and identified three leading candidates. PyMongo MongoEngine Ming If you were designing a new content-heavy website using the django framework, what API would you choose and why? MongoEngine looks like it was built specifically with Django in mind. PyMongo appears to be a thin wrapper around Mongo. It has a lot of power, though loses a lot of the abstractions gained through using django as a framework. Ming represents an interesting middle ground between PyMongo and MongoEngine, though I haven't had the opportunity to take it for a test drive.

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• Assignment in python for loop possible?

  - by flyingcrab

  I have a dictionary d (and a seperate sorted list of keys, keys). I wanted the loop to only process entries where the value is False - so i tried the following: for key in keys and not d[key]: #do foo I suppose my understanding of python sytax is not what i thought it was - because the assignment doesnt suppose to have happened above, and a i get an instanciation error. The below works of course, but I'd really like to be able to use something like the code above.. possible? for key in keys: if d[key]: continue #foo time! Thanks!

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• using a "temporary files" folder in python

  - by zubin71

  I recently wrote a script which queries PyPI and downloads a package; however, the package gets downloaded to a user defined folder. I`d like to modify the script in such a way that my downloaded files go into a temporary folder, if the folder is not specified. The temporary-files folder in *nix machines is "/tmp" ; would there be any Python method I could use to find out the temporary-files folder in a particular machine? If not, could someone suggest an alternative to this problem?

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