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• What useful things can one add to one's .bashrc?

  - by gyaresu

  Is there anything that you can't live without and will make my life SO much easier? Here are some that I use ('diskspace' & 'folders' are particularly handy). # some more ls aliases alias ll='ls -alh' alias la='ls -A' alias l='ls -CFlh' alias woo='fortune' alias lsd="ls -alF | grep /$" # This is GOLD for finding out what is taking so much space on your drives! alias diskspace="du -S | sort -n -r |more" # Command line mplayer movie watching for the win. alias mp="mplayer -fs" # Show me the size (sorted) of only the folders in this directory alias folders="find . -maxdepth 1 -type d -print | xargs du -sk | sort -rn" # This will keep you sane when you're about to smash the keyboard again. alias frak="fortune" # This is where you put your hand rolled scripts (remember to chmod them) PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"

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• Ruby Doesn't Recognize Alias Method

  - by Jesse J

  I'm trying to debug someone else's code and having trouble figuring out what's wrong. When I run rake, one of the errors I get is: 2) Error: test_math(TestRubyUnits): NoMethodError: undefined method `unit_sin' for CMath:Module /home/user/ruby-units/lib/ruby_units/math.rb:21:in `sin' This is the function that calls the method: assert_equal Math.sin(pi), Math.sin("180 deg".unit) And this is what the class looks like: module Math alias unit_sin sin def sin(n) Unit === n ? unit_sin(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_sin(n) end alias unit_cos cos def cos(n) Unit === n ? unit_cos(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_cos(n) end ... module_function :unit_sin module_function :sin module_function :unit_cos module_function :cos ... end (The ellipsis means "more of the same"). As far as I can see, this is valid Ruby code. Is there something I'm missing here that's causing the error, or could the error be coming from something else? Update: I'm wondering if the problem has to do with namespaces. This code is attempting to extend CMath, so perhaps the alias and/or module_function isn't actually getting into CMath, or something like that....

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• Ruby Alias and module_function

  - by Jesse J

  I'm trying to debug someone else's code and having trouble figuring out what's wrong. When I run rake, one of the errors I get is: 2) Error: test_math(TestRubyUnits): NoMethodError: undefined method `unit_sin' for CMath:Module /home/user/ruby-units/lib/ruby_units/math.rb:21:in `sin' This is the function that calls the method: assert_equal Math.sin(pi), Math.sin("180 deg".unit) And this is what the class looks like: module Math alias unit_sin sin def sin(n) Unit === n ? unit_sin(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_sin(n) end alias unit_cos cos def cos(n) Unit === n ? unit_cos(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_cos(n) end ... module_function :unit_sin module_function :sin module_function :unit_cos module_function :cos ... end (The ellipsis means "more of the same"). As far as I can see, this is valid Ruby code. Is there something I'm missing here that's causing the error, or could the error be coming from something else? Update: I'm wondering if the problem has to do with namespaces. This code is attempting to extend CMath, so perhaps the alias and/or module_function isn't actually getting into CMath, or something like that....

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• SQL - table alias scope.

  - by Support - multilanguage SO

  I've just learned ( yesterday ) to use "exists" instead of "in". BAD select * from table where nameid in ( select nameid from othertable where otherdesc = 'SomeDesc' ) GOOD select * from table t where exists ( select nameid from othertable o where t.nameid = o.nameid and otherdesc = 'SomeDesc' ) And I have some questions about this: 1) The explanation as I understood was: "The reason why this is better is because only the matching values will be returned instead of building a massive list of possible results". Does that mean that while the first subquery might return 900 results the second will return only 1 ( yes or no )? 2) In the past I have had the RDBMS complainin: "only the first 1000 rows might be retrieved", this second approach would solve that problem? 3) What is the scope of the alias in the second subquery?... does the alias only lives in the parenthesis? for example select * from table t where exists ( select nameid from othertable o where t.nameid = o.nameid and otherdesc = 'SomeDesc' ) AND select nameid from othertable o where t.nameid = o.nameid and otherdesc = 'SomeOtherDesc' ) That is, if I use the same alias ( o for table othertable ) In the second "exist" will it present any problem with the first exists? or are they totally independent? Is this something Oracle only related or it is valid for most RDBMS? Thanks a lot

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• In GNU Screen, Recalled bash history command displays one character position to the left of actual location

  - by vergueishon

  I am running Red Hat 5 32-bit (2.6.18-194.26.1.el5). The issue is that when I recall any previous command in bash's history, the first character in the command is displayed immediately after the shell prompt, without any intervening space, likeso: \[me@mymachine tmp]$man mysql If I enter a Ctrl-C, and retype the command, it looks likeso: \[me@mymachine tmp]$ man mysql This makes recalling a command and editing it before re-entering a real pain. Basically, if I try to edit a recalled command, my changes occur one character position to the left (I believe) of what I see on the screen. It's a bit tedious to describe, and appears to only happen with commands with a large number of arguments. UPDATE: The contents of /etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-screen, 1 #!/bin/bash 2 echo -n $'\033'"_${USER}@${HOSTNAME%%.*}:${PWD/#$HOME/~}"$'\033\\\\' and the contents of /etc/bashrc, 24 screen) 25 if [ -e /etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-screen ]; then 26 PROMPT_COMMAND=/etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-screen 27 else 28 PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne "\033_${USER}@${HOSTNAME%%.*}:${PWD/#$HOME/~}"; echo -ne "\033\\"' 29 fi 30 ;; I've disable bash-prompt-screen by renaming it--this fixed it. It's entirely possible that there is a fix to the bash-prompt-screen prompt line in the latest version of screen for RHEL 5. The error is seen under Screen version 4.00.03 (FAU) 23-Oct-06. (I noticed an update in the queue, which is installing as I write this.)

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• Proper way to let user enter password for a bash script using only the GUI (with the terminal hidden)

  - by MountainX

  I have made a bash script that uses kdialog exclusively for interacting with the user. It is launched from a ".desktop" file so the user never sees the terminal. It looks 100% like a GUI app (even though it is just a bash script). It runs in KDE only (Kubuntu 12.04). My only problem is handling password input securely and conveniently. I can't find a satisfactory solution. The script was designed to be run as a normal user and to prompt for the password when a sudo command is first needed. In this way, most commands, those not requiring sudo rights, are run as the normal user. What happens (when the script is run from the terminal) is that the user is prompted for their password once and the default sudo timeout allows the script to finish, including any additional sudo commands, without prompting the user again. This is how I want it to work when run behind the GUI too. The main problem is that using kdesudo to launch my script, which is the standard GUI way, means that the entire script is executed by the root user. So file ownerships get assigned to the root user, I can't rely upon ~/ in paths, and many other things are less than ideal. Running the entire script as the root user is just a very unsatisfactory solution and I think it is a bad practice. I appreciate any ideas for letting a user enter the sudo password just once via GUI while not running the whole script as root. Thanks.

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• getting bash to load my PATH over SSH

  - by Eli Bendersky

  This problem comes up with me trying to make svnserve (Subversion server) available on a server through SSH. I compiled SVN and installed it in $HOME/bin. Local access to it (not through SSH) works fine. Connections to svn+ssh fail due to: bash: svnserve: command not found Debugging this, I've found that: ssh user@server "which svnserve" says: which: no svnserve in (/usr/bin:/bin) This is strange, because I've updated the path to $HOME/bin in my .bashrc, and also added it in ~/.ssh/environment. However, it seems like the SSH doesn't read it. Although when I run: ssh user@server "echo $PATH" It does print my updated path! What's going on here? How can I make SSH find my svnserve? Thanks in advance

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• CentOS Backup BASH Script

  - by user1062058

  I just wrote this script for backing up everything into a tar.gz file. Does it look okay? How can I get the tar file to transfer itself over to another server after executing? FTP from itself? I'm going to put this script into a weekly cron. #!/bin/bash rm ~/backup.tar.gz #removes old backup BACKUP_DIRS=$HOME #$HOME is builtin, it goes to /home/ and all child dirs tar -cvzf backup.tar.gz $BACKUP_DIRS # run tar -zxvf to extract backup.tar.gz Thanks.

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• Improper output in SSH session on OSX using FreeSSHd on Windows with cygwin bash/sh shell

  - by Tyler Clendenin

  I am testing out running an SSH server on a local Windows VM. I have installed FreeSSHd and set the command shell to "c:\cygwin\bin\sh --login -i" (bash as well) with "Use new console engine" unchecked. (When it was enabled no output would show through the ssh connection anyway) The shell seems to work, but when connecting from my OS-X terminal using ssh all of the shell results comes out ill formatted. $ ls -al total 17 drwxr-xr-x+ 1 SYSTEM Administrators 4096 Feb 2 01:00 . drwxrwxrwt+ 1 Administrator Administrators 0 Feb 2 01:01 .. -rw------- 1 SYSTEM Administrators 128 Feb 2 01:30 .bash_history -rwxr-xr-x 1 SYSTEM Administrators 1150 Feb 2 00:55 .bash_profile -rwxr-xr-x 1 SYSTEM Administrators 3754 Feb 2 00:55 .bashrc -rwxr-xr-x 1 SYSTEM Administrators 1461 Feb 2 00:55 .inputrc Any ideas on why this is happening, how I can fix this?

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• Bash - read as a fallback to $@

  - by user137369

  I have a working bash script (working on OSX) that takes files and directories as input and does something like for inputFile in $@ do [someStuff] done but I want to provide a “fallback”, meaning, if the script is started with no arguments (double-clicked, for example), it can take input at that time, by letting the user drop the files directly on the terminal (possibly through read but not mandatory, I'm open to better/different solutions). I'm guessing I should use some kind of if statement, but I'm not sure how. I'd like to not have to essentially duplicate the script's size by two by repeating [someStuff] for each case. Thank you.

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• Bash color prompt and long commands

  - by Eric J.

  I'm colorizing parts of my bash prompt using ANSI escape sequences. This works great, until the command I'm currently typing in is long enough that it has to wrap. Instead of the rest of the command displaying on the next line, it wraps back to column 1 of the current line, overwriting the beginning of the prompt. I get that behavior with this prompt: export PS1="[\u][\033[0;32;40mdemo \033[0;33;40m1.5.40.b\033[0;37;40m] \w> \033[0m" but it works correctly with the same prompt, ANSI sequences remove: export PS1="[\u][demo 1.5.40.b] \w> " I'm connecting using the current version of Putty, with default Putty settings. The OS is Ubuntu 8.10.

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• (svh+ssh) getting bash to load my PATH over SSH

  - by Eli Bendersky

  This problem comes up with me trying to make svnserve (Subversion server) available on a server through SSH. I compiled SVN and installed it in $HOME/bin. Local access to it (not through SSH) works fine. Connections to svn+ssh fail due to: bash: svnserve: command not found Debugging this, I've found that: ssh user@server "which svnserve" says: which: no svnserve in (/usr/bin:/bin) This is strange, because I've updated the path to $HOME/bin in my .bashrc, and also added it in ~/.ssh/environment. However, it seems like the SSH doesn't read it. Although when I run: ssh user@server "echo $PATH" It does print my updated path! What's going on here? How can I make SSH find my svnserve? Thanks in advance

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• (svn+ssh) getting bash to load my PATH over SSH

  - by Eli Bendersky

  This problem comes up with me trying to make svnserve (Subversion server) available on a server through SSH. I compiled SVN and installed it in $HOME/bin. Local access to it (not through SSH) works fine. Connections to svn+ssh fail due to: bash: svnserve: command not found Debugging this, I've found that: ssh user@server "which svnserve" says: which: no svnserve in (/usr/bin:/bin) This is strange, because I've updated the path to $HOME/bin in my .bashrc, and also added it in ~/.ssh/environment. However, it seems like the SSH doesn't read it. Although when I run: ssh user@server "echo $PATH" It does print my updated path! What's going on here? How can I make SSH find my svnserve? Thanks in advance

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• Improper output in SSH session on OSX using FreeSSHd on Windows with cygwin bash/sh shell

  - by Tyler Clendenin

  I am testing out running an SSH server on a local Windows VM. I have installed FreeSSHd and set the command shell to "c:\cygwin\bin\sh --login -i" (bash as well) with "Use new console engine" unchecked. (When it was enabled no output would show through the ssh connection anyway) The shell seems to work, but when connecting from my OS-X terminal using ssh all of the shell results comes out ill formatted. $ ls -al total 17 drwxr-xr-x+ 1 SYSTEM Administrators 4096 Feb 2 01:00 . drwxrwxrwt+ 1 Administrator Administrators 0 Feb 2 01:01 .. -rw------- 1 SYSTEM Administrators 128 Feb 2 01:30 .bash_history -rwxr-xr-x 1 SYSTEM Administrators 1150 Feb 2 00:55 .bash_profile -rwxr-xr-x 1 SYSTEM Administrators 3754 Feb 2 00:55 .bashrc -rwxr-xr-x 1 SYSTEM Administrators 1461 Feb 2 00:55 .inputrc Any ideas on why this is happening, how I can fix this?

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• How to batch rename files using bash

  - by Alex Popov

  I know there are lots of such questions, but I couldn't find one (or a combination of several), which describes the things I want to do. I think I need to use regular expressions, but I am not very good with that. I use zsh. I have a folder with files, which I want to rename: I want the files challenge1.rb, challenge2.rb, challenge3.rb, etc. to be renamed to c1.rb, c2.rb etc. Similarly task1.rb and similar must be renamed to t1.rb etc. sample_spec_c1.rb, sample_spec_c2.rb etc. must be renamed to c1_spec.rb, c2_spec.rb etc. So I guess I need some combination of regular expressions and iteration, but I don't know how to write the bash script.

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• Bash delete file when variable = x

  - by twigg

  I'm creating a bash script which reboots the system at each reboot it adds a new line to a text file, I then read the text file before each reboot. Once the variable holding the number of lines reaches say 10 I want the script to delete the text file (at which point on the next reboot it will see the file isn't there, brake the loop and promote the user to start again). I tried this: exec < text.txt nol=0 while read line do nol=`expr $nol + 1` done reboot_count=10 if ["$nol" == "$reboot_count"]; then rm text.txt fi but this doesn't seem to be working, all help is appreciated :)

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• How can I do `dir *.mp3` in bash?

  - by Andy

  Hi all, On Windows I used to quickly run a dir *.mp3 to find all files with an mp3 extension in the current directory. Is there a similarly quick way to do it with bash? The ls command seems to have a way to ignore a pattern, but not to show only the pattern. I can do find . -maxdepth 1 -iname '*.mp3' or ls|grep -i '\.mp3$' but neither of these flow out of my fingers in half a second or less;) Any quicker alternatives? TIA Andy

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• About rw init=/bin/bash

  - by triedtoomuck

  I am a linux newbie so excuse me if I ask silly things. I recently find out that if I edit GRUB before booting and I add rw init=/bin/bash I end up with a root shell. Being in a condition that I want to understand everything I would like to know why this happens. I mean is it a bug? is it a feature? is it there to help admins to fix things as it only works if you have physical access to a computer? Which part are we exploiting? GRUB or the actual kernel? Sorry for asking a lot of things.

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• How to use HTML markup tags inside Bash script

  - by CONtext

  I have crontab and a simple bash script that sends me emails every often containing PHP, NGINX, MYSQL errors from their log files. This is a simplified example. #/home/user/status.sh [email protected] PHP_ERROR=`tail -5 /var/log/php-fpm/error.log` NGINX_ERROR=`tail -5 /var/log/nginx/error.log` MYSQL_ERROR=`tail /var/log/mysqld.log` DISK_SPACE=`df -h` echo " Today's, server report:: ================================== DISK_SPACE: $DISK_SPACE --------------------------------- MEMORY_USAGE: $MEMORY_USAGE ----------------------------------- NGINX ERROR: $NGINX_ERROR ----------------------------------- PHP ERRORS: $PHP_ERROR ------------------------------------ MYSQL_ERRORS: $MYSQL_ERROR ------------------------------------- " | mail -s "Server reports" $EMAIL I know this is a very basic usage, but as you can see, I am trying to separate the errors, but not of the html tags including \n are working. So, my question is, is it possible to use HTML tags to format the text, if not .. then what are the alternatives.

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• selective backup script in bash

  - by Sake

  Hi, I've been using this simple command (that's all I can do :) to backup the whole tree from my user data in NAS server for a year. cp -r /STORAGE /BACKUP-STORAGE/YYYY-MM-DD Unfortunately, after a year of service. My user start filling the spaces with lot of photo and cliparts (jpg, gif, bmp) And that start to make my backup process get much slower. The space is also a big issue. Now I no longer have enough space for a week-long daily backup set. I think I want to change from backup everything to backup only non-image data. How can I exclude jpg, gif, and bmp from the backup ? It's quite easy with DOS XCOPY command, but I really have no idea how to do that in bash. Thanks

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• execute a command in all subdirectories bash

  - by Luigi R. Viggiano

  I have a directory structure composed by: iTunes/Music/${author}/${album}/${song.mp3} I implemented a script to strip my mp3 bitrate to 128 kbps using lame (which works on a single file at time). My script looks like this 'normalize_mp3.sh': #!/bin/bash SAVEIFS=$IFS IFS=$(echo -en "\n\b") for f in *.mp3 do lame --cbr $f __out.mp3 mv __out.mp3 $f done IFS=$SAVEIFS This works fine, if I go folder by folder and execute this command. But I'd like to have a "global" command, like in 4DOS so I can run: $ cd iTunes/Music $ global normalize_mp3.sh and the global command would traverse all subdirs and execute the normalize_mp3.sh to strip all my mp3 in all subfolders. Anyone knows if there is a unix equivalent to the 4dos global command? I tried to play with find -exec but I just managed to get an headache.

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• Implementing dry-run in bash scripts

  - by Apikot

  How would one implement a dry-run option in a bash script? I can think of either wrapping every single command in an if and echoing out the command instead of running it if the script is running with dry-run. Another way would be to define a function and then passing each command call through that function. Something like: function _run () { if [[ "$DRY_RUN" ]]; then echo $@ else $@ fi } _run mv /tmp/file /tmp/file2 DRY_RUN=true _run mv /tmp/file /tmp/file2 Is this just wrong and there is a much better way of doing it?

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• Mac OS X bash: uninstall all apache and PHP occurences

  - by fireeyedboy

  Hi all, How do I find all installed apache and PHP occurences on a Mac OS X system in bash and uninstall them? My motivation: I've managed to install multiple apache and PHP packages (I believe it's called packages in Unix terms, correct?) at some point, and I'ld like to start out fresh again, without completely re-installing Mac OS X again. Also, I'ld like to install suPHP along with apache this time, and I believe I need to compile apache with some additional stuff for that. But that is a challenge I'll deal with later, and probably ask a question about then. :) Thank you in advance for your info.

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• Displaying what `history` line is current in bash prompt

  - by warren

  What formatting character needs to be added to a bash prompt to indicate the most recent history item run (or the current command number if 1 could be added to the last history entry)? My prompt string is this: \[\033[33m\][\u@\[\033[1;31m\]\h]\]\033[0m {\W}\n\033[1;34m\]\w\]\033[0m > Gives me the following display: [user@host] {~} ~ > User is in yellow, and the host is in red. The entry in brackets is the current directory, and the entry before the greater-than sign is the full pwd. Can I append to the first line the current command number so I would have something like the following: [user@host] {~} (nnn) ~ > where (nnn) is the current (or just processed) command number, as shown when running history?

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• How to interpret the bash command "usage" syntax?

  - by raoulsson

  How exactly do you have to interpret the output of a commands "usage" output, in bash for example. For example, on my OS X, cp gives me usage: cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file target_file cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file ... target_directory What does the nested options, like -H within -R, indicate? Does upper and lower case have any meaning? When is an argument optional, required? I need to implement a telnet command line against a program of mine and I would like to get this straight.

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