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• Python: What does _("str") do?

  - by Rosarch

  I see this in the Django source code: description = _("Comma-separated integers") description = _("Date (without time)") What does it do? I try it in Python 3.1.3 and it fails: >>> foo = _("bar") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module> foo = _("bar") NameError: name '_' is not defined No luck in 2.4.4 either: >>> foo = _("bar") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in -toplevel- foo = _("bar") NameError: name '_' is not defined What's going on here?

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• python: creating a list inside a dictionary

  - by user1871081

  I just started using python and I'm trying to create a program that will read a file that looks like this: AAA x 111 AAB x 111 AAA x 112 AAC x 123 ... the file is 50 lines long and I'm trying to make the letters into keys in a dictionary and the numbers lists that correspond with the keys. I want the output to look like this: {AAA: ['111', '112'], AAB: ['111'], AAC: [123], ...} This is what I've tried file = open("filename.txt", "r") readline = file.readline().rstrip() while readline!= "": list = [] list = readline.split(" ") j = list.index("x") k = list[0:j] v = list[p + 1:] d = {} if k in d == False d[k] = [] d[k].append(v) else d[k].append(v) readline = file.readline().rstrip() I keep getting syntax errors on my if statement and I can't figure out what I've done wrong.

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• parse unformatted string into dictionary with python

  - by user553131

  I have following string. DATE: 12242010Key Type: Nod32 Anti-Vir (30d trial) Key: a5B2s-sH12B-hgtY3-io87N-srg98-KLMNO I need to create dictionary so it would be like { "DATE": "12242010", "Key Type": "Nod32 Anti-Vir (30d trial)", "Key": "a5B2s-sH12B-hgtY3-io87N-srg98-KLMNO" } The problem is that string is unformatted DATE: 12242010Key Type: Nod32 Anti-Vir (30d trial) there is no space after Date before Key Type also it would be nice to have some validation for Key, eg if there are 5 chars in each box of key and number of boxes I am a beginner in python and moreover in regular expressions. Thanks a lot.

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• Python and object/class attrs - what's going on?

  - by digitala

  Can someone explain why Python does the following? >>> class Foo(object): ... bar = [] ... >>> a = Foo() >>> b = Foo() >>> a.bar.append(1) >>> b.bar [1] >>> a.bar = 1 >>> a.bar 1 >>> b.bar [1] >>> a.bar = [] >>> a.bar [] >>> b.bar [1] >>> del a.bar >>> a.bar [1] It's rather confusing!

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• fastest way to perform string search in general and in python

  - by Rkz

  My task is to search for a string or a pattern in a list of documents that are very short (say 200 characters long). However, say there are 1 million documents of such time. What is the most efficient way to perform this search?. I was thinking of tokenizing each document and putting the words in hashtable with words as key and document number as value, there by creating a bag of words. Then perform the word search and retrieve the list of documents that contained this word. From what I can see is this operation will take O(n) operations. Is there any other way? may be without using hash-tables?. Also, is there a python library or third party package that can perform efficient searches?

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• Python - How can I make this code asynchronous?

  - by dave

  Here's some code that illustrates my problem: def blocking1(): while True: yield 'first blocking function example' def blocking2(): while True: yield 'second blocking function example' for i in blocking1(): print 'this will be shown' for i in blocking2(): print 'this will not be shown' I have two functions which contain while True loops. These will yield data which I will then log somewhere (most likely, to an sqlite database). I've been playing around with threading and have gotten it working. However, I don't really like it... What I would like to do is make my blocking functions asynchronous. Something like: def blocking1(callback): while True: callback('first blocking function example') def blocking2(callback): while True: callback('second blocking function example') def log(data): print data blocking1(log) blocking2(log) How can I achieve this in Python? I've seen the standard library comes with asyncore and the big name in this game is Twisted but both of these seem to be used for socket IO. How can I async my non-socket related, blocking functions?

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• Rename Files in Python

  - by Jeff

  Hi all, Im trying to rename some files in a directory using python. I've looked around the forums here, and because i'm a noob, I cant adapt what I need from what is out there. Say I have a file called CHEESE_CHEESE_TYPE.*** and want to remove "Cheese_" so my resulting filename would be "CHEESE_TYPE" Im trying to use the os.path.split but it's not working properly. I have also considered using string manipulations, but have not been successful with that either. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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• How python logging get it's configuration

  - by Andrew_1510

  I used to Python logging, it works fine. The logging.basicConfig(...) set in one module (a some.py file), then we can use logging every where. Obviously, logging is global. The question is how logging find it's settings, when we not call the module where basicConfig(...) appeared (in some.py file )? Is logging scan all the packages? Even the logging.basicConfig(...) put into an any.py and the module (any.py) never get imported, or not used anywhere, the logging setting take effect!

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• Putting a variable inside a string (python)

  - by Gish

  Hi I am quite new to python and this is probably quite a basic question but the help would be much appreciated. I would like to put an int within a string. This is what I am doing at the moment.. end = smooth(data,window_len=40) plot.plot(time[0:len(end)],end) plot.savefig('hanning(40).pdf') #problem line I have to run the program for several different numbers instead of the two 40's. So I'd like to do a loop but inserting the variable like this doesn't work: plot.savefig('hanning',num,'.pdf') Thanks!

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• Python finding index in a array

  - by NIH

  I am trying to see if a company from a list of companies is in a line in a file. If it is I utilize the index of that company to increment a variable in another array. The following is my python code. I keep getting the following error: AttributeError: 'set' object has no attribute 'index'. I cannot figure out what is going wrong and think the error is the line that is surrounded by **. companies={'white house black market', 'macy','nordstrom','filene','walmart'} positives=[0 for x in xrange(len(companies))] negatives=[0 for x in xrange(len(companies))] for line in f: for company in companies: if company in line.lower(): words=tokenize.word_tokenize(line) bag=bag_of_words(words) classif=classifier.classify(bag) if classif=='pos': **indice =companies.index(company)** positives[indice]+=1 elif classif=='neg': **indice =companies.index(company)** negatives[indice]+=1

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• Way to kill python thread from inside thread?

  - by user859434

  I have some python code that currently performs expensive computation by performing the computation in parallel through many threads. For a given time period, many threads are created and started on the fly that share the same code which is explicitly stated within the run method of the thread. My question is how do I stop/kill a thread at the end of its run method? (the run is only called once) I need to do this in order to create more threads for the next batch of computation. #Example class someThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): #some init code def run(self): #Explicitly Stated Code without constant loops #Something performed to stop/kill this thread

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• Learning Python Basics

  - by StaticExtasy

  So I'm trying to learn python better and i've been using this website http://www.learnpython.org/ I'm on to functions right now, heres the code #Add your functions here (before the existing functions) def list_benefits(): myList = ['More organized code','More readable code','Easier code reuse','Allowing programmers to share and connect code together'] return myList def build_sentence(info): addMe = " is a benefit of functions!" for i in info: meInfo = i + addMe return meInfo def name_the_benefits_of_functions(): list_of_benefits = list_benefits() for benefit in list_of_benefits: print build_sentence(benefit) name_the_benefits_of_functions() the output being e is a benefit of functions! e is a benefit of functions! e is a benefit of functions! r is a benefit of functions! What am i missing to return the whole scentence

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• Python Code Creation

  - by user3677715

  I've been trying to make a simple code where a = e, b = z, and so forth. This is what I have in python so far: done = False while not done: Letter = input("Letter:") if Letter == "a": print("e") if Letter == "e": print("a") if Letter == "b": print("z") if Letter == "z": print("b") if Letter == "c": print("x") if Letter == "x": print("c") if Letter == "d": print("w") if Letter == "w": print("d") if Letter == "f": print("v") if Letter == "v": print("f") input = input("Start over? Y/N :") if input == "N": done = True With this, I can put in only letters, not words. How can I string together multiple letters to create a word? Thanks

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• Python unicode Decode Error SUDs

  - by PylonsN00b

  OK so I have # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- at the top of my script and it worked for being able to pull data from the database that had funny chars(Ñ ,Õ,é,—,–,’,…) in it and store that data into variables...but I have run into other problems, see I pull my data, organize it, and then dump it into a variables like so: title = product[1] Where product[1] is from my database result set Then I load it up for Suds like so: array_of_inventory_item_submit = ca_client_inventory.factory.create('ArrayOfInventoryItemSubmit') for product in products: inventory_item_submit = ca_client_inventory.factory.create('InventoryItemSubmit') inventory_item_list = get_item_list(product) inventory_item_submit = [inventory_item_list] array_of_inventory_item_submit.InventoryItemSubmit.append(inventory_item_submit) #Call that service baby! ca_client_inventory.service.SynchInventoryItemList(accountID, array_of_inventory_item_submit) Where get_item_list sets product[1] to title and (including a whole bunch of other nodes): inventory_item_submit.Title = title So everything runs fine until I call ca_client_inventory.service.SynchInventoryItemList that contains array_of_inventory_item_submit which contains the title w/ the funky char...here is the error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "upload_all_inventory_ebay.py", line 421, in <module> ca_client_inventory.service.SynchInventoryItemList(accountID, array_of_inventory_item_submit) File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/client.py", line 539, in __call__ File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/client.py", line 592, in invoke File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/bindings/binding.py", line 118, in get_message File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/bindings/document.py", line 63, in bodycontent File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/bindings/document.py", line 105, in mkparam File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/bindings/binding.py", line 260, in mkparam File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/core.py", line 62, in process File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/core.py", line 75, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 102, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 243, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 182, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/core.py", line 75, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 102, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 298, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 182, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/core.py", line 75, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 102, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 298, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 182, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/core.py", line 75, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 102, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 243, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 182, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/core.py", line 75, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 102, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/mx/appender.py", line 198, in append File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/sax/element.py", line 251, in setText File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-i386/egg/suds/sax/text.py", line 43, in __new__ UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 116: ordinal not in range(128) Now what? My guess is my script can take in these funky chars because I have # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- at the top but Suds does NOT have that at the top of its files. Do I really want to go and change the Suds files...we all know this is the least desired last possible solution...what can I do?

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• Does Ctypes Structures and POINTERS automatically free the memory when the Python object is deleted?

  - by jsbueno

  When using Python CTypes there are the Structures, that allow you to clone c-structures on the Python side, and the POINTERS objects that create a sofisticated Python Object from a memory address value and can be used to pass objects by reference back and forth C code. What I could not find on the documentation or elsewhere is what happens when a Python object containing a Structure class that was de-referenced from a returning pointer from C Code (that is - the C function alocated memory for the structure) is itself deleted. Is the memory for the original C structure freed? If not how to do it? Furthermore -- what if the Structure contains Pointers itself, to other data that was also allocated by the C function? Does the deletion of the Structure object frees the Pointers onits members? (I doubt so) Else - -how to do it? Trying to call the system "free" from Python for the Pointers in the Structure is crashing Python for me. In other words, I have this structure filled up by a c Function call: class PIX(ctypes.Structure): """Comments not generated """ _fields_ = [ ("w", ctypes.c_uint32), ("h", ctypes.c_uint32), ("d", ctypes.c_uint32), ("wpl", ctypes.c_uint32), ("refcount", ctypes.c_uint32), ("xres", ctypes.c_uint32), ("yres", ctypes.c_uint32), ("informat", ctypes.c_int32), ("text", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char)), ("colormap", ctypes.POINTER(PIXCOLORMAP)), ("data", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32)) ] And I want to free the memory it is using up from Python code.

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• python Requests login to website returns 403

  - by Jeff

  I'm trying to use requests to login to a website but as you can guess I'm having a problem here's the the code that I'm using import requests EMAIL = '***' PASSWORD = '***' URL = 'https://portal.bitcasa.com/login' client = requests.session(config={'verbose': sys.stderr}) login_data = {'username': EMAIL, 'password': PASSWORD,} r = client.post(URL, data=login_data, headers={"Referer": "foo"}) print r and if I print out r.text I get <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript">var NREUMQ=NREUMQ||[];NREUMQ.push(["mark","firstbyte",new Date().getTime()])</script> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="robots" content="NONE,NOARCHIVE"> <title>403 Forbidden</title> <style type="text/css"> html * { padding:0; margin:0; } body * { padding:10px 20px; } body * * { padding:0; } body { font:small sans-serif; background:#eee; } body>div { border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; } h1 { font-weight:normal; margin-bottom:.4em; } h1 span { font-size:60%; color:#666; font-weight:normal; } #info { background:#f6f6f6; } #info ul { margin: 0.5em 4em; } #info p, #summary p { padding-top:10px; } #summary { background: #ffc; } #explanation { background:#eee; border-bottom: 0px none; } </style> </head> <body> <div id="summary"> <h1>Forbidden <span>(403)</span></h1> <p>CSRF verification failed. Request aborted.</p> </div> <div id="explanation"> <p><small>More information is available with DEBUG=True.</small></p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if(!NREUMQ.f){NREUMQ.f=function(){NREUMQ.push(["load",new Date().getTime()]);var e=document.createElement("script");e.type="text/javascript";e.src=(("http:"===document.location.protocol)?"http:":"https:")+"//"+"d1ros97qkrwjf5.cloudfront.net/42/eum/rum.js";document.body.appendChild(e);if(NREUMQ.a)NREUMQ.a();};NREUMQ.a=window.onload;window.onload=NREUMQ.f;};NREUMQ.push(["nrfj","beacon-1.newrelic.com","0e859e0620",778660,"ZAZRbUcHWBAHURFYX11MdUxbBUIKCVxKVVpSDVRWGwtfBwJeAEZRQQYdWkYUUFklQRdXZloGRHRcAlIPA0UEQ1UdE0FWVgNFEDlEDFRH",0,7,new Date().getTime(),"","","","",""])</script></body> </html> They're using a combination of django and pyramid. I've been playing around with this for about two days now but, obviously, have gotten nowhere. Thanks for your help.

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• Cannot run Python script on Windows with output redirected??

  - by Wai Yip Tung

  This is running on Windows 7 (64 bit), Python 2.6 with Win32 Extensions for Python. I have a simple script that just print "hello world". I can launch it with python hello.py. In this case I can redirect the output to a file. But if I run it by just typing hello.py on the command line and redirect the output, I get an exception. C:> python hello.py hello world C:> python hello.py >output C:> type output hello world C:> hello.py hello world C:> hello.py >output close failed in file object destructor: Error in sys.excepthook: Original exception was: I think I first get this error after upgrading to Windows 7. I remember it should work in XP. I have seen people talking about this bug python-Bugs-1012692 | Can't pipe input to a python program. But that was long time ago. And it does not mention any solution. Have anyone experienced this? Anyone can help?

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• Discussion of a Distributed Data Storage implementation

  - by fegol

  I want to implement a distributed data storage using a client/server architecture. Each data item will be stored persistently in disk in one of several remote servers. The client uses a library to update and query the data, shielding the client from its actual location. This should allow a client to associate keys (String) to values(byte[]), much as a Map does. The system must ensure that the amount of data stored in each server is approximately the same. The set of servers is known beforehand by other servers and clients. Both the client and the server will be written in Java, using sockets, threads, and files. I open this topic with the objective of discussing the best way to implement this idea, assuming simplicity, what are the issues of this implementation, performance measurements and discussion of the limitations.

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• Installed mountain lion, getting a python virtual env error?

  - by user27449

  I recently installed mountain lion (10.8) and when I open up my terminal I get this message: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader virtualenvwrapper.sh: There was a problem running the initialization hooks. If Python could not import the module virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader, check that virtualenv has been installed for VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python and that PATH is set properly. Before I try and fix this, I was hoping someone could guide me as I haven't touched python in a while and I don't want to mess up this installation.

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• OpenVPN Client timing out

  - by Austin

  I recently installed OpenVPN on my Ubuntu VPS. Whenenver I try to connect to it, I can establish a connection just fine. However, everything I try to connect to times out. If I try to ping something, it will resolve the IP, but will time out after resolving the IP. (So DNS Server seems to be working correctly) My server.conf has this relevant information (At least I think it's relevant. I'm not sure if you need more or not) # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local a.b.c.d # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh dh1024.pem # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" # Uncomment this directive to allow different # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nogroup # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I've tried on multiple computers by the way. The same result on all of them. What could be wrong? Thanks in advance, and if you need other information I'll gladly post it. Information for new comments root@vps:~# iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 862K packets, 51M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 382 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 4641 298K ACCEPT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1671K packets, 2378M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination And root@vps:~# iptables -t nat -L -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 17937 packets, 2013K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 8975 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1579 103K SNAT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 to:SERVERIP Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 8972 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

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• When a python process is killed on OSX, why doesn't it kill the child processes?

  - by Hugh

  I found myself getting very confused a while back by some changes that I found when moving Python scripts from Linux over to OSX... On Linux, if a python script has called os.system(), and the calling process is killed, the called process will be killed at the same time. On OSX, however, if the main process is killed, anything that it launched is left behind. Is there something somewhere in OSX/Python where I can change this behaviour? This is causing problems on our render farm, where the processes can be killed from the management GUI, but the top level process is really just a wrapper, so, while the render farm management might think that the process has gone and the machine is freed up for another task, the actual processor-intensive task is still running, which can lead to huge blockages. I know that I could write more logic to catch the kill signal and pass it on to the child processes, but I was hoping that it might be something that could be enabled at a lower level.

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• How to choose a web server for a Python application?

  - by Phil

  Information and prerequisites: I have a project which is, at its core, a basic CRUD application. It doesn't have long running background processes which it forks at the beginning and talks to later on, nor does it have long running queries or kept alive connection requirements. It receives a request, makes some queries to the database and then responds. In order to serve static files and cachable files fast, I am going to use Varnish in all cases. Here is my question: After reading about various Python web application servers, I have seen that they all have their "fans" for certain, usually "personal" reasons, which got me confused since each usecase differs from the next. How can I learn about the core differentiating factors of Python web servers (in order) to decide how suitable they are for my project and if one would be better than the other? What are your (technically provable) thoughts on the matter? How should I choose a Python web server? Thank you.

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• How do I get `set show-all-if-ambiguous on` in my .inputrc to play nice with the Python interpreter?

  - by ysim

  I noticed that after I added the set show-all-if-ambiguous on line to my ~/.inputrc, whenever I pressed tab to indent a block, it would show me the bash Display all ... possibilities? (y or n) prompt, and leave me unable to indent the actual code. Is there any way to keep that line in my .inputrc but still have the tab key work as expected in the Python interpreter? This is in my VirtualBox Ubuntu 12.04 VM, if it matters. EDIT: Curiously, I now have a different issue with the Python shell that comes with Django -- when I press tab, I get Python tab completion, but only with one Tab press. I've opened a separate question here for it.

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• Koans, now available in Python flavor

  - by Greg Malcolm

  Recently a Python developer friend with whom I was pair programming with suggested that I show him how to write a little Ruby. I responded by telling him to check out Ruby Koans as a starting point. However I wanted to try that in reverse at the same time with me learning some Python. I did a bit of googling, and sure enough someone had started writing some Python Koans. It just needed finishing... So, a few weeks later Python Koans is now complete and ready for action! It is available through Mercurial on Bitbucket: http://bitbucket.org/gregmalcolm/python_koans/wiki/Home It is also mirrored on Github: http://wiki.github.com/gregmalcolm/python_koans/ Converting it was fairly easy. Aside from the differing philosophical approaches behind the two languages, Ruby and Python are fairly similar. We had to come up with completely new material for a few subjects like multiple inheritance and decorators, but for most features in Ruby there is something roughly comparable in Python. I highly recommend writing tests (or koans) as a means to lean a new language or framework. I've learned a lot from doing this.

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• Twisted Python getPage

  - by David Dixon II

  I tried to get support on this but I am TOTALLY confused. Here's my code: from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.web.client import getPage from twisted.web.error import Error from twisted.internet.defer import DeferredList from sys import argv class GrabPage: def __init__(self, page): self.page = page def start(self, *args): if args == (): # We apparently don't need authentication for this d1 = getPage(self.page) else: if len(args) == 2: # We have our login information d1 = getPage(self.page, headers={"Authorization": " ".join(args)}) else: raise Exception('Missing parameters') d1.addCallback(self.pageCallback) dl = DeferredList([d1]) d1.addErrback(self.errorHandler) dl.addCallback(self.listCallback) def errorHandler(self,result): # Bad thingy! pass def pageCallback(self, result): return result def listCallback(self, result): print result a = GrabPage('http://www.google.com') data = a.start() # Not the HTML I wish to get the HTML out which is given to pageCallback when start() is called. This has been a pita for me. Ty! And sorry for my sucky coding.

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