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  • python socket.recv/sendall call blocking

    - by fsm
    Hi everyone. This post is incorrectly tagged 'send' since I cannot create new tags. I have a very basic question about this simple echo server. Here are some code snippets. client while True: data = raw_input("Enter data: ") mySock.sendall(data) echoedData = mySock.recv(1024) if not echoedData: break print echoedData server while True: print "Waiting for connection" (clientSock, address) = serverSock.accept() print "Entering read loop" while True: print "Waiting for data" data = clientSock.recv(1024) if not data: break clientSock.send(data) clientSock.close() Now this works alright, except when the client sends an empty string (by hitting the return key in response to "enter data: "), in which case I see some deadlock-ish behavior. Now, what exactly happens when the user presses return on the client side? I can only imagine that the sendall call blocks waiting for some data to be added to the send buffer, causing the recv call to block in turn. What's going on here? Thanks for reading!

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  • Django/Python best practice template_dict

    - by fredrik
    Hi, After just been coding for about 6-9 months. I probably changed my coding style a number of times after reading some code or read best practices. But one thing I haven't yet come a cross is a good why to populate the template_dict. As of now I pass the template_dict across a number of methods (that changes/modifies it) and returns is. The result is that every methods takes template_dict as first argument and the returns it and this in my eyes doesn't seems to be the best solution. An idea is to have a method that handles all the changes. But I'm curios if there's a best practice for this? Or is it "do what you feel like"-type of thing? The 2 things I think is pretty ugly is to send as an argument and return it in all methods. And the just the var name is written xxx number of times in the code :) ..fredrik

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  • Web-based game in Python + Django and client browser polling

    - by ty
    I am creating a text-based game that implements a basic model in which multiple (10+) players interact with data and one moderator watches them and sets certain environmental statistics that affect gameplay. Recently I have begun to familiarize myself with Django. It seems to me that it would be an excellent tool for creating a game quickly, particularly because the nature of my game depends largely on sets of data (which lends itself quite well to a database). I am wondering how to "push" changes made by the game moderator to the players (for example, the moderator can decide to display an image to all players). The game is turn-based, not real-time, but certain messages need to be pushed out in roughly real-time. My thoughts: I could have each player's browser poll a status periodically (say, every 30 seconds) to see if there is a message from a moderator. But this forces a lag and means different players might receive it at different times. And reducing this interval to <10 seems like a bad idea for the server. Is there a better way to inform clients of changes? Would you suggest something other than using a web framework like Django? Thanks!

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  • Python Mechanize select a form with no name

    - by mvid
    I am attempting to have mechanize select a form from a page, but the form in question has no "name" attribute in the html. What should I do? when I try to use br.select_form(name = "") i get errors that no form is declared with that name, and the function requires a name input. There is only one form on the page, is there some other way I can select that form?

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  • python regular expression for domain names

    - by user230911
    I am trying use the following regression to extract domain name from a text, but it just produce nothing, what's wrong with it? I don't know if this is suitable to ask this "fix code" question, maybe I should read more. I just want to save some time. Thanks pat_url = re.compile(r''' (?:https?://)* (?:[\w]+[\-\w]+[.])* (?P<domain>[\w\-]*[\w.](com|net)([.](cn|jp|us))*[/]*) ''') print re.findall(pat_url,"http://www.google.com/abcde") I want the output to be google.com

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  • python: sorting

    - by nabizan
    hi im doing a loop so i could get dict of data, but since its a dict it's sorting alphabetical and not as i push it trought the loop ... is it possible to somehow turn off alphabetical sorting? here is how do i do that data = {} for item in container: data[item] = {} ... for key, val in item_container.iteritems(): ... data[item][key] = val whitch give me something like this data = { A : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 }, B : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 }, C : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 } } and i want it to be as i was going throught the loop, e.g. data = { B : {K2 : V2, K3 : V3, K1 : V1}, A : {K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3}, C : {K3 : V3, K1 : V1, K2 : V2} }

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  • Sorting objects in Python

    - by Curious2learn
    I want to sort objects using by one of their attributes. As of now, I am doing it in the following way USpeople.sort(key=lambda person: person.utility[chosenCar],reverse=True) This works fine, but I have read that using operator.attrgetter() might be a faster way to achieve this sort. First, is this correct? Assuming that it is correct, how do I use operator.attrgetter() to achieve this sort? I tried, keyFunc=operator.attrgetter('utility[chosenCar]') USpeople.sort(key=keyFunc,reverse=True) However, I get an error saying that there is no attribute 'utility[chosenCar]'. The problem is that the attribute by which I want to sort is in a dictionary. For example, the utility attribute is in the following form: utility={chosenCar:25000,anotherCar:24000,yetAnotherCar:24500} I want to sort by the utility of the chosenCar using operator.attrgetter(). How could I do this? Thanks in advance.

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  • unevenly centered subplots in matplotlib in Python?

    - by user248237
    I am plotting a simple pair of subplots in matplotlib that are for some reason unevenly centered. I plot them as follows: plt.figure() # first subplot s1 = plt.subplot(2, 1, 1) plt.bar([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]) # second subplot s2 = plt.subplot(2, 1, 2) plt.pcolor(rand(5,5)) # add colorbar plt.colorbar() # square axes axes_square(s1) axes_square(s2) where axes_square is simply: def axes_square(plot_handle): plot_handle.axes.set_aspect(1/plot_handle.axes.get_data_ratio()) The plot I get is attached. The top and bottom plots are unevenly centered. I'd like their yaxis to be aligned and their boxes to be aligned. If I remove the plt.colorbar() call, the plots become centered. How can I have the plots centered while the colorbar of pcolor is still shown? I want the axes to be centered and have the colorbar be outside of that alignment, either to the left or to the right of the pcolor matrix. image of plots link thanks.

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  • python urllib2 thread safety

    - by jldupont
    Is urllib2 thread safe? I find that using urllib2.urlopen sometimes results in the thread issuing the call to stop functioning. Yes I have used the timeout option to no avail. Is there a thread safe HTTP GET functionality I could use? NOTE: I am not interested in using Twisted to solve this problem. I have used Twisted in the past and I love it but this time I need a simpler solution. NOTE2: I also tried httplib with the same result (blocking).

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  • Simplest way to handle and display errors in a Python Pylons controller without a helper class

    - by ensnare
    I have a class User() that throw exceptions when attributes are incorrectly set. I am currently passing the exceptions from the models through the controller to the templates by essentially catching exceptions two times for each variable. Is this a correct way of doing it? Is there a better (but still simple) way? I prefer not to use any third party error or form handlers due to the extensive database queries we already have in place in our classes. Furthermore, how can I "stop" the chain of processing in the class if one of the values is invalid? Is there like a "break" syntax or something? Thanks. >>> u = User() >>> u.name = 'Jason Mendez' >>> u.password = '1234' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "topic/model/user.py", line 79, in password return self._password ValueError: Your password must be greater than 6 characters In my controller "register," I have: class RegisterController(BaseController): def index(self): if request.POST: c.errors = {} u = User() try: u.name = c.name = request.POST['name'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['name'] = error try: u.email = c.email = request.POST['email'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['email'] = error try: u.password = c.password = request.POST['password'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['password'] = error try: u.commit() except ValueError, error: pass return render('/register.mako')

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  • Python - How to pickle yourself?

    - by Mark
    I want my class to implement Save and Load functions which simply do a pickle of the class. But apparently you cannot use 'self' in the fashion below. How can you do this? self = cPickle.load(f) cPickle.dump(self,f,2)

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  • Converting python objects for rpy2

    - by bgbg
    The following code is supposed to created a heatmap in rpy2 import numpy as np from rpy2.robjects import r data = np.random.random((10,10)) r.heatmap(data) However, it results in the following error Traceback (most recent call last): File "z.py", line 8, in <module> labRow=rowNames, labCol=colNames) File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\rpy2\robjects\__init__.py", line 418, in __call__ new_args = [conversion.py2ri(a) for a in args] File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\rpy2\robjects\__init__.py", line 93, in default_py2ri raise(ValueError("Nothing can be done for the type %s at the moment." %(type(o)))) ValueError: Nothing can be done for the type <type 'numpy.ndarray'> at the moment. From the documentation I learn that r.heatmap expects "a numeric matrix". How do I convert np.array to the required data type?

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  • Xml comparison in Python

    - by Gregg Lind
    Building on another SO question, how can one check whether two well-formed XML snippets are semantically equal. All I need is "equal" or not, since I'm using this for unit tests. In the system I want, these would be equal (note the order of 'start' and 'end'): <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats start="1275955200" end="1276041599"> </Stats> # Reodered start and end <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats end="1276041599" start="1275955200" > </Stats> I have lmxl and other tools at my disposal, and a simple function that only allows reordering of attributes would work fine as well!

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  • How to display locale sensitive time format without seconds in python

    - by Tim Kersten
    I can output a locale sensitive time format using strftime('%X'), but this always includes seconds. How might I display this time format without seconds? >>> import locale >>> import datetime >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12:22:43 >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'zh_TW.utf-8') 'zh_TW.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12?22?58? The only way I can think of doing this is attempting to parse the output of locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) and strip out the seconds bit, but that brings it's own trickery. >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %H?%M?%S? >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %T

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  • Python key word arguments

    - by pythonic metaphor
    I have several layers of function calls, passing around a common dictionary of key word arguments: def func1(**qwargs): func2(**qwargs) func3(**qwargs) I would like to supply some default arguments in some of the subsequent function calls, something like this: def func1(**qwargs): func2(arg = qwargs.get("arg", default), **qwargs) func3(**qwargs) The problem with this approach is that if arg is inside qwargs, a TypeError is raised with "got multiple values for keyword argument". I don't want to set qwargs["arg"] to default, because then func3 gets this argument without warrant. I could make a copy.copy of the qwargs and set "arg" in the copy, but qwargs could have large data structures in it and I don't want to copy them (maybe copy.copy wouldn't, only copy.deepcopy?). What's the pythonic thing to do here?

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  • Threading in python: retrieve return value when using target=

    - by Philipp Keller
    I want to get the "free memory" of a bunch of servers like this: def get_mem(servername): res = os.popen('ssh %s "grep MemFree /proc/meminfo | sed \'s/[^0-9]//g\'"' % servername) return res.read().strip() since this can be threaded I want to do something like that: import threading thread1 = threading.Thread(target=get_mem, args=("server01", )) thread1.start() But now: how can I access the return value(s) of the get_mem functions? Do I really need to go the full fledged way creating a class MemThread(threading.Thread) and overwriting __init__ and __run__?

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  • Python: How efficient is subtring extraction?

    - by Cameron
    I've got the entire contents of a text file (at least a few KB) in string myStr. Will the following code create a copy of the string (less the first character) in memory? myStr = myStr[1:] I'm hoping it just refers to a different location in the same internal buffer. If not, is there a more efficient way to do this? Thanks!

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  • python duration of a file object in an argument list

    - by msw
    In the pickle module documentation there is a snippet of example code: reader = pickle.load(open('save.p', 'rb')) which upon first read looked like it would allocate a system file descriptor, read its contents and then "leak" the open descriptor for there isn't any handle accessible to call close() upon. This got me wondering if there was any hidden magic that takes care of this case. Diving into the source, I found in Modules/_fileio.c that file descriptors are closed by the fileio_dealloc() destructor which led to the real question. What is the duration of the file object returned by the example code above? After that statement executes does the object indeed become unreferenced and therefore will the fd be subject to a real close(2) call at some future garbage collection sweep? If so, is the example line good practice, or should one not count on the fd being released thus risking kernel per-process descriptor table exhaustion?

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  • Passing list and dictionary type parameter with Python

    - by prosseek
    When I run this code def func(x, y, *w, **z): print x print y if w: print w if z: print z else: print "None" func(10,20, 1,2,3,{'k':'a'}) I get the result as follows. 10 20 (1, 2, 3, {'k': 'a'}) None But, I expected as follows, I mean the list parameters (1,2,3) matching *w, and dictionary matching **z. 10 20 (1,2,3) {'k':'a'} Q : What went wrong? How can I pass the list and dictionary as parameters? Added func(10,20, 10,20,30, k='a') seems to be working

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  • python object AttributeError: type object 'Track' has no attribute 'title'

    - by ccwhite1
    I apologize if this is a noob question, but I can't seem to figure this one out. I have defined an object that defines a music track (NOTE: originally had the just ATTRIBUTE vs self.ATTRIBUTE. I edited those values in to help remove confusion. They had no affect on the problem) class Track(object): def __init__(self, title, artist, album, source, dest): """ Model of the Track Object Contains the followign attributes: 'Title', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Source', 'Dest' """ self.atrTitle = title self.atrArtist = artist self.atrAlbum = album self.atrSource = source self.atrDest = dest I use ObjectListView to create a list of tracks in a specific directory ....other code.... self.aTrack = [Track(sTitle,sArtist,sAlbum,sSource, sDestDir)] self.TrackOlv.AddObjects(self.aTrack) ....other code.... Now I want to iterate the list and print out a single value of each item list = self.TrackOlv.GetObjects() for item in list: print item.atrTitle This fails with the error AttributeError: type object 'Track' has no attribute 'atrTitle' What really confuses me is if I highlight a single item in the Object List View display and use the following code, it will correctly print out the single value for the highlighted item list = self.TrackOlv.GetSelectedObject() print list.atrTitle

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  • How to read a string one letter at a time in python

    - by dan
    I need to convert a string inputed by a user into morse code. The way our professor wants us to do this is to read from a morseCode.txt file, seperate the letters from the morseCode into two lists, then convert each letter to morse code (inserting a new line when there is a space). I have the beginning. What it does is reads the morseCode.txt file and seperates the letters into a list [A, B, ... Z] and the codes into a list ['– – . . – –\n', '. – . – . –\n'...]. We haven't learned "sets" yet, so I can't use that. How would I then take the string that they inputed, go through letter by letter, and convert it to morse code? I'm a bit caught up. Here's what I have right now (not much at all...) morseCodeFile = open('morseCode.txt', 'r') letterList = [] codeList = [] line = morseCodeFile.readline() while line != '': letterList.append(line[0]) codeList.append(line[2:]) line = morseCodeFile.readline() morseCodeFile.close() userInput = input("Enter a string to be converted to morse code or press <enter> to quit ")

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  • Fast iterating over first n items of an iterable in python

    - by martinthenext
    Hello! I'm looking for a pythonic way of iterating over first n items of a list, and it's quite important to do this as fast as possible. This is how I do it now: count = 0 for item in iterable: do_somethin(item) count += 1 if count >= n: break Doesn't seem neat to me. Another way of doing this is: for item in itertools.islice(iterable, n): do_something(item) This looks good, the question is it fast enough to use with some generator(s)? For example: pair_generator = lambda iterable: itertools.izip(*[iter(iterable)]*2) for item in itertools.islice(pair_generator(iterable), n): so_something(item) Will it run fast enough as compared to the first method? Is there some easier way to do it?

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  • Accessing Class Variables from a List in a nice way in Python

    - by Dennis
    Suppose I have a list X = [a, b, c] where a, b, c are instances of the same class C. Now, all these instances a,b,c, have a variable called v, a.v, b.v, c.v ... I simply want a list Y = [a.v, b.v, c.v] Is there a nice command to do this? The best way I can think of is: Y = [] for i in X Y.append(i.v) But it doesn't seem very elegant ~ since this needs to be repeated for any given "v" Any suggestions? I couldn't figure out a way to use "map" to do this.

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