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• Is it possible to be a professional studying on your own?

  - by Marc Jr

  I read economics at university(nothing to see with linux, isn't it? :P). I have some basic knowledge about booting process, Linux Kernel compiling from source and stuff like that. But of course I have still much to learn sometimes some errors appears and "voila" I am lost. I had: Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSuse, Arch.. using Gentoo now. I'd like to know what you linux users, professionals, administrators... would think it is the best way to learn linux in a professional way. Is it worth studying it and passing the LPIC test enough to work in the linux world? or do I need going to IT uni? I've heard LFS is a good way of learning about linux, is that real? I've been thinking about getting to LFS learn about more deeply about the linux process and learning scripts. It is possible to do this way? if anyone has a tip or a good way of doing, maybe someone did it. Any tip is very welcome. Words from a person in love with linux. :D The best, Marc

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• Linux not buffering block I/O when the device is not "in use" (i.e. mounted)

  - by Radek Hladík

  I am installing new server and I've found an interesting issue. The server is running Fedora 19 (3.11.7-200.fc19.x86_64 kernel) and is supposed to host a few KVM/Qemu virtual servers (mail server, file server, etc..). The HW is Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU 5160 @ 3.00GHz with 16GB RAM. One of the most important features will be Samba server and we have decided to make it as virtual machine with almost direct access to the disks. So the real HDD is cached on SSD (via bcache) then raided with md and the final device is exported into the virtual machine via virtio. The virtual machine is again Fedora 19 with the same kernel. One important topic to find out is whether the virtualization layer will not introduce high overload into disk I/Os. So far I've been able to get up to 180MB/s in VM and up to 220MB/s on real HW (on the SSD disk). I am still not sure why the overhead is so big but it is more than the network can handle so I do not care so much. The interesting thing is that I've found that the disk reads are not buffered in the VM unless I create and mount FS on the disk or I use the disks somehow. Simply put: Lets do dd to read disk for the first time (the /dev/vdd is an old Raptor disk 70MB/s is its real speed): [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 36.8038 s, 71.2 MB/s Buffers: 14444 kB Rereading the data shows that they are cached somewhere but not in buffers of the VM. Also the speed increased to "only" 500MB/s. The VM has 4GB of RAM (more that the test file) [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 5.16016 s, 508 MB/s Buffers: 14444 kB [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 5.05727 s, 518 MB/s Buffers: 14444 kB Now lets mount the FS on /dev/vdd and try the dd again: [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdd /mnt/tmp [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 4.68578 s, 559 MB/s Buffers: 2574592 kB [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 1.50504 s, 1.7 GB/s Buffers: 2574592 kB While the first read was the same, all 2.6GB got buffered and the next read was at 1.7GB/s. And when I unmount the device: [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/tmp [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers Buffers: 14452 kB [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/vdd of=/dev/null bs=256k count=10000 ; cat /proc/meminfo | grep Buffers 2621440000 bytes (2.6 GB) copied, 5.10499 s, 514 MB/s Buffers: 14468 kB The bcache was disabled while testing and the results are same on faster (newer) HDDs and on SSD (except for the initial read speed of course). To sum it up. When I read from the device via dd first time, it gets read from the disk. Next time I reread it gets cached in the host but not in the guest (thats actually the same issue, more on that later). When I mount the filesystem but try to read the device directly it gets cached in VM (via buffers). As soon as I stop "using" it, buffers are discarded and the device is not cached anymore in the VM. When I looked into buffers value on the host I realized that the situation is the same. The block I/O gets buffered only when the disk is in use, in this case it means "exported to a VM". On host, after all the measurement done: 3165552 buffers On the host, after the VM shutdown: 119176 buffers I know it is not important as the disks will be mounted all the time but I am curious and I would like to know why it is working like this.

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• Why am I seeing MailSlot Browse messages on unrouted ports of my Linux box?

  - by nmichaels

  I have a Linux box (Debian squeeze) with several NICs. The ones of interest are: eth3 - my main link to the network (dhcp on 10.20.30.0/24) eth0 - the first connection to my test network (static: 192.168.1.2) eth4 - the second connection to my test network (static: 192.168.1.1) My routing table looks like this: $ sudo route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.20.30.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth3 default 10.20.30.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth3 I have the 2 test net ports connected to each other with a crossover cable and an instance of wireshark running on each port. Every once in a while, I'll see a packet like the following show up. Who could be doing this, and how do I convince them to stop? I do have Samba running on the machine (for a cifs mount) but don't see why it would be sending packets out to unrouted ports. I had a Windows VM running in VMWare Client and thought that might be causing it, but it still happens without it. What I want is totally silent interfaces so I can run some tests with Scapy over them.

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• Why is my filesystem being mounted read-only in linux?

  - by Tim

  I am trying to set up a small linux system based on Gentoo on a VirtualBox machine, as a step towards deploying the same system onto a low-spec Single Board Computer. For some reason, my filesystem is being mounted read-only. In my /etc/fstab, I have: /dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults 0 0 none /proc proc defaults 0 0 none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 However, once booted /proc/mounts shows rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 /dev/root / ext3 ro,relatime,errors=continue,barrier=0,data=writeback 0 0 proc /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 udev /dev tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,size=10240k,mode=755 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs rw,relatime 0 0 usbfs /proc/bus/usb usbfs rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,devgid=85,devmode=664 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 (the above may contain errors: there's no practical way to copy and paste) The partition at /dev/hda1 is clearly being mounted OK, since I can read all the data, but it's not being mounted as described in fstab. How might I go about diagnosing / resolving this? Edit: I can remount with mount -o remount,rw / and it works as expected, except that /proc/mounts reports /dev/root mounted at / rather than /dev/sda1 as I'd expect. If I try to remount with mount -a I get mount: none already mounted or /sys busy mount: according to mtab, sysfs is already mounted on /sys Edit 2: I resolved the problem with mount -a (the same error was occuring during startup, it turned out) by changing the sysfs and proc lines to proc /proc proc [...] sysfs /sys sysfs [...] Now mount -a doesn't complain, but it doesn't result in a read-write root partition. mount -o remount / does cause the root partition to be remounted, however.

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• Simple Linux program that takes any HTTP/HTTPS request and returns a single page?

  - by ultrasawblade

  I have a Linux box operating as router. There's a NIC that's connected to the internet (WAN), a NIC connected to an 8-port GbE switch (LAN), and a NIC connected to a Linksys wireless N-router (WLAN). Routing between everything is working perfectly. I have security completely disabled on the wireless router, but the WLAN NIC is firewalled such that it will only accept DNS queries and PPTP VPN connections. Currently HTTP/HTTPS traffic and everything else is blocked. I would like to run something that listens on port 80/443 of the WLAN NIC, and, for non VPN'ed connections, given any HTTP/HTTPS request it will return a single webpage saying "Unauthenticated" and explain how to sign into the VPN. A transparent proxy seems to be what I need, but my searches all seem to direct me to Squid, which is already running on my server and seems overkill for this simple task. Is there a simpler, lightweight program out there that does just this or should I just suck it up and run two instances of Squid (or figure out how to configure it)? Or, is this entire VPN thing I'm doing complete nonsense and I should just enable encryption on the wireless router?

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• How can I set the CD audio volume in Linux?

  - by user1296362

  In Windows 7 Control Panel - Sound - Sound Properties window there's an slider for setting CD Audio volume: And it's pretty strange that I can't find corresponding one in generic Linux mixers: alsamixer or amixer. I connected a CD drive to try to set CD audio volume with cdcd (CD Player): $ cdcd setvol 0 Invalid volume It isn't actually an invalid volume, it is because ioctl() call fails. I found that out after searching and changing a bit the source code of this utility (in the libcdaudio): --- cdaudio.c.orig 2004-09-09 06:26:20.000000000 +0600 +++ cdaudio.c 2012-05-30 21:34:34.167915521 +0600 @@ -578,8 +578,10 @@ cdvol_data.CDVOLCTRL_BACK_RIGHT_SELECT = CDAUDIO_MAX_VOLUME; #endif - if(ioctl(cd_desc, CDAUDIO_SET_VOLUME, &cdvol) < 0) - return -1; + if(ioctl(cd_desc, CDAUDIO_SET_VOLUME, &cdvol) < 0) { + printf("*** cd_set_volume: ioctl() returned error\n"); + return -1; + } return 0; } By the way cdcd's get volume command yields rather weird output: Left Right Front 1281734864 32767 Back 0 0 Also I tried aumix: $ aumix -c 0 But all with no success. I read from this manual — http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Alsa-sound-6.html (section 6.2 The mixer) that CD channel can present in amixer output. Maybe some drivers for sound card are missing in my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS installation. Though I don't think it's the case: $ lsmod | grep snd snd_mixer_oss 22602 0 snd_hda_codec_hdmi 32474 1 snd_hda_codec_realtek 223867 1 snd_hda_intel 33773 4 snd_hda_codec 127706 3 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel snd_hwdep 13668 1 snd_hda_codec snd_pcm 97188 3 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec snd_seq_midi 13324 0 snd_rawmidi 30748 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq_midi_event 14899 1 snd_seq_midi snd_seq 61896 2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event snd_timer 29990 2 snd_pcm,snd_seq snd_seq_device 14540 3 snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq snd 78855 19 snd_mixer_oss,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hwdep ,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device soundcore 15091 1 snd snd_page_alloc 18529 2 snd_hda_intel,snd_pcm All I need is just mute or set to 0 volume level of CD Audio channel, like I did in Windows 7, to get rid of sibilant noise in the speakers.

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• How do I set up a shared directory on Linux?

  - by JR Lawhorne

  I have a linux server I want to use to share files between users in my company. Users will access the machine with sftp or secure shell. Here is what I have: cd /home ls -l drwxrwsr-x 5 userA staff 4096 Jul 22 15:00 shared (other listings omitted) I want all users in the staff group to be able to create, modify, delete any file and/or directory in the shared folder. I don't want anyone else to have access to the folder at all. I have: Added the users to the staff group by modifying /etc/group and running grpconv to update /etc/gshadow Run chown -R userA.staff /home/shared Run chmod -R 2775 /home/shared Now, users in the staff group can create new files but they aren't allowed to open the existing files in the directory for edit. I suspect this is due to the primary group id associated with each user which is still set to be the group created when the user was created. So, the PGID of user 'userA' is 'userA'. I'd rather not change the primary group of the users to 'staff' if I can help it but if it is the easiest option, I would consider it. And, a variation on a theme, I'd like to do this same thing with another directory but also allow the apache user to read files in the directory and serve them. What's the best way to set this up?

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• Backup solution to backup terabytes and lots of static files on linux server?

  - by user28679

  Which backup tool or solution would you use to backup terabytes and lots of files on a production linux server ? Note that the files are all different and almost never modified, and usage is mostly adding files, so data volume is today 3TB growing all the time at around +15GB/day. Please do not reply rsync. Basic unix tools are not enough, rsync does not keep history, rdiff-backup miserably fails from time to time and screw the history. Moreover these are all file based backup, which put a lot of IOwait just to browse directories and query stat(). But i guess, except R1Soft CDP, there is no way around that. We tried R1Soft CDP backup, which is block level backup, and it proved good and efficient for all our other servers, but systematically fails on the server with 3 terabytes and gazillions of files. That is already more than 2 months that the engineers of R1Soft and datacenter are playing a hot ball game... and still no backup except regular rsync We never tried big commercial solutions, except R1Soft CDP since it was provided as an optional service by the datacented hosting our servers.

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• Is there any way to force my Linux box to always boot up with a self-assigned IP address?

  - by Jeremy Friesner

  This is perhaps an unusual request: I'm trying to get a Debian Linux box to always give itself a self-assigned IP address (i.e. 169.254.x.y) on boot. In particular, I want it to do that even when there is a DHCP server present on the LAN. That is, it should not request an IP address from the DHCP server. From what I can see in the "man interfaces" text, there is an option for "manual", and an option for "dhcp". Manual assignment won't do, since I need multiple boxes to work on the same LAN without requiring any manual configuration... and "dhcp" does what I want, but only if there is no DHCP server on the LAN. (A requirement is that the functionality of these boxes should not be affected by the presence or absence of a DHCP server). Is there a trick that I can use to get this behavior? EDIT: By "no manual configuration", I mean that I should be able to take this box (headless) to any LAN anywhere, plug in the Ethernet cable, and have it do its thing. I shouldn't have to ssh to the box and edit files to get it working each time it is moved to a different LAN.

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• Tools required for a Web Development Project..

  - by RBA

  Hi, I wanted to design a project in linux which could contain programming languages(C, perl, PHP, HTML, XML etc) basically a web based project. Why i have chosen to build on Linux is because it is Open Source, and lot many things can be automated through scripting languages, which in windows i don't know. So, i have installed linux on a virtual machine(Host-Windows 2007 & Guest Linux CentOS), CentOS(command line interface). Since i am a beginner, so I want to know what all tools can be used to facilitate and ease my development process. Some which i know are listed below, and request you to please share your experience on this. 1) Using Putty so that can access the Linux machine from anywhere within the network. 2) Since i want to develop on Linux, but want to use windows as developing platform. So have downloaded Eclipse Editor (C/PHP) on windows. But want to know how can i access linux files from here?? 3) Installed Samba, and still trying to figure out how can i access linux files remotely on Windows. 4) Please share your experience, as how can i ease my development process. and what all tools i can use..?? Please let me know if you need any other clarification..

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• Backup files from Linux client to Windows Server

  - by Andrew

  I'm trying to backup my files from my Linux box to my Windows Server 2008 as a push, and when I delete them from my Linux box, they remain on my Windows Server. I've found lots of sources that are similar, but most results were from Windows to Linux. I managed to find slightly more similar cases like Using rsync and cygwin to Sync Files from a Linux Server to a Windows Notebook PC, and rsync from Windows PC to remote Linux server, with the most similar being a backup from Linux to Windows Server, but through a pull from the Windows Server. Initially, I used Unison because I thought having the 2-way capability would come in handy, and I would just have to set some configurations to make it 1-way. Unfortunately, I couldn't find the right configuration, and only managed to synchronize using the command unison "profile" -ui text -auto -silent. When I deleted the files on my Linux box, the files in the Server got deleted too, which of course, isn't what I want. When I tried to find any options for Unison, I only discovered the -force option, which didn't help, since what I wanted was an incremental update to the Server. I found out I could achieve this from using rsync and the -a option (archive), which would keep adding files even if I deleted them from my Linux box. I installed Cygwin on my Windows Server, configured an SSH daemon, but I can't seem to get it working. I've also already configured Windows Firewall to open port 22 (both inbound and outbound). I used the following command from my Linux box: rsync -avrzn /folder/to/be/backed/up/ [email protected]:/cygdrive/c/place/to/store/backed/up/files (a - archive, v - verbose, r - recurse into subdirectories, z - compress, n - dryrun) but it just won't work. Can anyone help me out? I don't mind using either Unison or rsync, as long as it achieves what I want.

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• Having trouble with a workaround, for booting from a usb stick, using grub and a minimal linux kernel to load usb drivers

  - by s hanley

  I'm trying to boot from a usb stick. I formatted it to fat32, and later to ext2, and installed dsl on it using unetbootin, and later the usb install guide on dsl wiki (http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/Install_to_USB_From_within_Linux). The bios doesn't have a setting for booting from usb. Grub doesn't "see" the usb drive when I use the root and find commands, explained in (http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/USB_Booting). This happens even when I set boot from floppy at the top of the boot order. However, my usb keyboard is recognised by the bios and by grub. How can it recognise the keyboard but not the usb drive? Also, the usb led does flash even before grub starts up, so surely something must be happening usb-wise? I am now following an ubuntu guide to booting from a USB stick, using a hdd-based, minimal linux kernel to supply the usb drivers. But I'm having difficulty adapting it to other OSes (slax/dsl/aptosid). I believe I have to alter the initrd.gz file to include usb drivers and then copy that file along with vmlinuz to a partition on my hdd. But, what's the grub command for the kernel line supposed to look like? From the ubuntu example it's: title USB FLASH DRIVE root (hd0,6) kernel /boot/usb-boot/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper noprompt cdrom-detect/try-usb=true persistent initrd /boot/usb-boot/initrd.lz boot Should mine just be: title USB FLASH DRIVE root (hd0,6) kernel /boot/usb-boot/vmlinuz cdrom-detect/try-usb=true initrd /boot/usb-boot/initrd.lz boot

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• Migrating from one linux install to another: How to keep the second disk around?

  - by Jim Miller

  I've got a linux box running Fedora 19 that I want to move to CentOS 6.4. Rather than trying to do something fancy with the current disk (which has also accumulated a lot of sludge over the years), I'm going to get a new disk, put CentOS on that, and then move the to-be-preserved bits of stuff from the old disk to the new one. I haven't done this yet, but I presume it should be semi-straightforward -- do the CentOS install on the new disk, mount the old disk on /olddisk or somesuch, and start copying. However, I'm not sure how to handle getting the machine to recognize the new empty disk as the target of the CentOS install (I suppose I can just pull the old disk during the installation), remember that this is the intended boot disk once the install has happened), and tweak /etc/fstab (right?) to set up the old disk on the desired mount point. (Both disks are, or will be, SATA.) I could probably hack it together without losing too much hair or doing too much damage, but could anyone offer some advice that would get/keep me on the right track? Thanks!

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• What to do after a fresh Linux install in a production server?

  - by Rhyuk

  I havent had previous experience with the 'serious' IT scene. At work I've been handed a server that will host an application and MYSQL (I will install and configure everything), this will be a productive server. Soon I will be installing RHEL5 to it but I would like to know like, if you get a new production server, what would be the first 5 things you would do after you do a fresh Linux install? (configuration/security/reliability wise) EDIT: Added more information regarding the server enviroment and server roles: -The server will be inside my company's intranet/firewall. -The server will receive files (GBs) in binary code from another internal server. The application installed in this server is in charge of "translating" all that binary into human readable input. Server will get queried to get this information. -Only 2-3(max) users will be logging in. -(2) 145GB HDs in RAID1 for the OS and (2) 600GB HDs in RAID1 also for data. I mean, I know I may not get the perfect guideline. But at least something thats better than leaving everything on default.

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• How do I speed up and cache mmap file access over NFS on Linux?

  - by Zan Lynx

  The server and client are both 64-bit Ubuntu 10.04 LTS. The application in question is a custom app that uses mmap() for fast random file access. Its ideal state is when the entire file is cached in RAM. The network connections are really fast 10Gb Ethernet. It is a virtual server blade setup. It isn't the network connections slowing things down because everything performs superbly when using a virtual disk (iSCSI to the SAN). But when we run the application on a NFS home directory mount, performance goes to the dogs. It appears that the Linux kernel isn't caching anything. So it is reading every single disk block needed by mmap() accesses over and over and over again. The NFS mount is done through autofs, which has only default settings. /proc/mounts shows the NFS mount is done with the following options: rw,relatime,vers=3,rsize=131072,wsize=131072,namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,mountaddr=192.168.11.52,mountvers=3,mountproto=tcp,addr=192.168.11.52 How can I make Ubuntu 10.04 cache the file instead of reloading it all the time?

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• How to Dual-Boot Kali-Linux and Windows 8.1?

  - by Ceyhun

  I have Acer V3-772G 1 TB Harddisk. I shrinked my biggest partition in order to install Kali Linux. When installing Kali, GRUB couldn't detect windows 8 so I kept going on(I installed grub as my masterboot). After installed Kali there was no way to boot Windows 8.1, but booting Kali was OK with GRUB in legacy-BIOS. When I tried to change bios to UEFI it couldn't find any OS (took too much time, nearly 1 hour). So I tried to update GRUB with boot-repair within a Ubuntu Live USB. But after updating GRUB I terrified, in UEFI and Legacy mode grub couldn't find ANY OS (Both Kali and Windows) so I have no option other than using Ubuntu Live. I tried every possible options but nothing has worked for me. I tried rEFInd in UEFI mode it worked only for Kali. I still cannot boot my windows 8.1 . I considered to restore to factory setting with a Windows Rescue USB but kept telling me "No driver found". Please help me to dual boot or remove Kali and restore my Windows 8.1

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• Should I update the kernel on a Linux machine?

  - by Legate

  As I understand it, updating to a new kernel (with the normal linux-image... package, not by rolling my own) requires a server restart. However, one of our servers (Ubuntu 10.04) is running several extensive screen sessions. Restarting kills those which is always a major hassle to their owners (mostly because of lost session histories). What should I do? I see several possibilites: Not doing anything, that is update only non-kernel packages (perhaps use apt-pinning?) Update the kernel, but not restart. (Is that smart? I seem to remember there might be some problems with loading kernel modules.) Updating the kernel and restarting. Is there perhaps some way to preserve the screen sessions? I guess it ultimately boils down to this question: How important is it to update the kernel? I posted this question here instead of askubuntu.com as I think this is not an Ubuntu-specific issue though this server is running Ubuntu.

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• Should I completely turn off swap for linux webserver?

  - by Poma

  Recently my friend told me that it is a good idea to turn off swap on linux webservers with enough memory. My server has 12 GB and currently uses 4GB (not counting cache and buffers) under peak load. His argument was that in a normal situation server will never use all of its RAM so the only way it can encounter OutOfMemory situation is due to some bug/ddos/etc. So in case swap is turned off system will run out of memory that will eventually crash the program hogging memory (most likely the web server process) and probably some other processes. In case swap is turned on it will eat both RAM and swap and eventually will result in the same crash, but before that it will offload crucial processes like sshd to swap and start to do a lot of swap operations resulting in major slowdown. This way when under ddos system may go into a completely unusable condition due to huge lags and I probably will not be unable to log in and kill webserver process or deny all incoming traffic (all but ssh). Is this right? Am I missing something (like the fact that swap partition is very useful in some way even if I have enough RAM)? Should I turn it off?

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• What's the proper way to prepare chroot to recover a broken Linux installation?

  - by ~quack

  This question relates to questions that are asked often. The procedure is frequently mentioned or linked to offsite, but is not often clearly and correctly stated. In an objective to concentrate useful information in one place, this question seeks to provide a clear, correct reference for this procedure. What are the proper steps to prepare a chroot environment for a recovery procedure? In many situations, repairing a broken Linux installation is best done from within the installation. But if the system won't boot, how do you fix it from within? Let's assume you manage to boot into an alternate system. Once there, you need to access your broken installation in order to fix it. Many recovery How-Tos recommend using chroot in order to run programs as if you are actually booted into the broken installation. What is the basic procedure? Are there accepted best-practices to follow? What variables need to be considered in order to adapt the basic preparation steps to a particular recovery task? As this is Community Wiki, feel free to edit this question to improve it as well.

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• No module named sqlalchemy when installing ckanext-viewhelpers

  - by kean23

  I'm using CKAN as my open data portal and am trying to install the ckanext-viewhelpers Extension by following the instructions at https://github.com/ckan/ckanext-viewhelpers. /usr/lib/ckan/default/src/ckanext-viewhelpers-master$ sudo python setup.py installChecking .pth file support in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ /usr/bin/python -E -c pass TEST PASSED: /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ appears to support .pth files running bdist_egg running egg_info writing ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/PKG-INFO writing namespace_packages to ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/namespace_packages.txt writing top-level names to ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/top_level.txt writing dependency_links to ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/dependency_links.txt writing entry points to ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/entry_points.txt reading manifest file 'ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in' writing manifest file 'ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' installing library code to build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg running install_lib running build_py creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/__init__.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/plugin.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/__init__.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests/__init__.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests/test_view.py -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/vendor copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/vendor/queryStringToJSON.js -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/vendor copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/resource.config -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/filters_form.css -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/filters.js -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/ckanext/viewhelpers/public/filters_form.js -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/public byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/__init__.py to __init__.pyc byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/plugin.py to plugin.pyc byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/__init__.py to __init__.pyc byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests/__init__.py to __init__.pyc byte-compiling build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/ckanext/viewhelpers/tests/test_view.py to test_view.pyc creating build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/PKG-INFO -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/SOURCES.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/dependency_links.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/entry_points.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/namespace_packages.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/not-zip-safe -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying ckanext_viewhelpers.egg-info/top_level.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO creating 'dist/ckanext_viewhelpers-0.1-py2.7.egg' and adding 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' to it removing 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' (and everything under it) Processing ckanext_viewhelpers-0.1-py2.7.egg removing '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ckanext_viewhelpers-0.1-py2.7.egg' (and everything under it) creating /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ckanext_viewhelpers-0.1-py2.7.egg Extracting ckanext_viewhelpers-0.1-py2.7.egg to /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages ckanext-viewhelpers 0.1 is already the active version in easy-install.pth Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/ckanext_viewhelpers-0.1-py2.7.egg Processing dependencies for ckanext-viewhelpers==0.1 Finished processing dependencies for ckanext-viewhelpers==0.1 However I am faced with this error which I could not solve after adding viewhelpers in my CKAN config file. paster serve /etc/ckan/default/development.ini Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/paster", line 4, in <module> command.run() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/script/command.py", line 104, in run invoke(command, command_name, options, args[1:]) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/script/command.py", line 143, in invoke exit_code = runner.run(args) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/script/command.py", line 238, in run result = self.command() File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/script/serve.py", line 284, in command relative_to=base, global_conf=vars) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/script/serve.py", line 321, in loadapp **kw) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 247, in loadapp return loadobj(APP, uri, name=name, **kw) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 271, in loadobj global_conf=global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 296, in loadcontext global_conf=global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 320, in _loadconfig return loader.get_context(object_type, name, global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 454, in get_context section) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 476, in _context_from_use object_type, name=use, global_conf=global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 406, in get_context global_conf=global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 296, in loadcontext global_conf=global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 328, in _loadegg return loader.get_context(object_type, name, global_conf) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 620, in get_context object_type, name=name) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/paste/deploy/loadwsgi.py", line 646, in find_egg_entry_point possible.append((entry.load(), protocol, entry.name)) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 1989, in load entry = __import__(self.module_name, globals(),globals(), ['__name__']) File "/usr/lib/ckan/default/src/ckan/ckan/config/middleware.py", line 9, in <module> import sqlalchemy as sa ImportError: No module named sqlalchemyckanext-viewhelpers

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• Have you visited our Forums lately?

  - by Lenz Grimmer

  Oracle Linux is not just free to download, use and distribute, it also has a very helpful community around it. If you are new to Oracle Linux and you haven't checked out our forums yet, I highly recommend doing so right away — the friendliness and level of expertise in there is outstanding! We have a number of regulars in there that really "know their stuff" and just following the ongoing discussions is educating.

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• How to Boot from iRAM Solid State Drive on Ubuntu

  - by quickshiftin

  I've got an iRAM solid state drive. I'd like to use this to store a linux root filesystem; the trouble is the device is not recognized as a hard drive to the BIOS. It only shows up if a live CD environment is loaded and the scsi drivers are available (may be other drivers needed as well). I've heard of Boot to Ram and wonder if some variation of that could work here and I could run a linux install off the iRAM??

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• iproute2 not functioning ("RTNETLINK answers: Operation not supported")

  - by James Watt

  The command and error message: gtwy ~ # ip rule add from 64.251.23.186 table t1 RTNETLINK answers: Operation not supported Older article of the same problem, but it did not help me: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-696982-start-0-postdays-0-postorder-asc-highlight-.html I have looked on google at great lengths to try to find a solution. It seems that my kernel configuration is missing something? Any help or ideas would be appreciated. My system/kernel is: 2.6.36-gentoo-r5 #3 SMP Thu Jan 13 10:49:06 EST 2011 x86_64 Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU X3220 @ 2.40GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux. I am posting this on SuperUser since this system is used as a workstation and this problem is unrelated to specific tasks that are handled exclusively by servers. iproute2 is installed: gtwy etc # emerge --search iproute2 Searching... [ Results for search key : iproute2 ] [ Applications found : 1 ] * sys-apps/iproute2 Latest version available: 2.6.35-r2 Latest version installed: 2.6.35-r2 Size of files: 378 kB Homepage: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 Description: kernel routing and traffic control utilities License: GPL-2 A small snippet of my kernel .config (view entire .config): gtwy linux # cat .config | grep NETLINK CONFIG_NETFILTER_NETLINK=y CONFIG_NETFILTER_NETLINK_QUEUE=y CONFIG_NETFILTER_NETLINK_LOG=y CONFIG_NF_CT_NETLINK=y CONFIG_SCSI_NETLINK=y gtwy linux # cat .config | grep IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER CONFIG_IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER=y gtwy linux # cat .config | grep INGRESS CONFIG_NET_SCH_INGRESS=y gtwy linux # cat .config | grep NET_SCHED CONFIG_NET_SCHED=y emerge --info Portage 2.1.9.25 (default/linux/amd64/10.0, gcc-4.1.2, glibc-2.10.1-r1, 2.6.36-gentoo-r5 x86_64) ================================================================= System uname: Linux-2.6.36-gentoo-r5-x86_64-Intel-R-_Xeon-R-_CPU_X3220_@_2.40GHz-with-gentoo-1.12.13 Timestamp of tree: Thu, 13 Jan 2011 01:15:01 +0000 app-shells/bash: 4.0_p37 dev-java/java-config: 1.3.7-r1, 2.1.10 dev-lang/python: 2.4.6, 2.5.4-r4, 2.6.5-r2, 3.1.2-r3 sys-apps/baselayout: 1.12.13 sys-apps/sandbox: 1.6-r2 sys-devel/autoconf: 2.13, 2.65 sys-devel/automake: 1.9.6-r2::<unknown repository>, 1.10.2, 1.11.1 sys-devel/binutils: 2.20.1-r1 sys-devel/gcc: 4.1.2, 4.3.4, 4.4.3-r2 sys-devel/gcc-config: 1.4.1 sys-devel/libtool: 2.2.6b sys-devel/make: 3.81 virtual/os-headers: 2.6.30-r1 (sys-kernel/linux-headers) ACCEPT_KEYWORDS="amd64" ACCEPT_LICENSE="*" CBUILD="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=nocona -O2 -pipe" CHOST="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu" CONFIG_PROTECT="/etc /var/bind" CONFIG_PROTECT_MASK="/etc/ca-certificates.conf /etc/env.d /etc/env.d/java/ /etc/fonts/fonts.conf /etc/gconf /etc/php/apache2-php5/ext-active/ /etc/php/cgi-php5/ext-active/ /etc/php/cli-php5/ext-active/ /etc/revdep-rebuild /etc/sandbox.d /etc/terminfo" CXXFLAGS="-march=nocona -O2 -pipe" DISTDIR="/usr/portage/distfiles" FEATURES="assume-digests binpkg-logs distlocks fixlafiles fixpackages news parallel-fetch protect-owned sandbox sfperms strict unknown-features-warn unmerge-logs unmerge-orphans userfetch" GENTOO_MIRRORS="http://gentoo.chem.wisc.edu/gentoo" LC_ALL="en_US.UTF-8" LDFLAGS="-Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed" LINGUAS="en" MAKEOPTS="-j5" PKGDIR="/usr/portage/packages" PORTAGE_CONFIGROOT="/" PORTAGE_RSYNC_OPTS="--recursive --links --safe-links --perms --times --compress --force --whole-file --delete --stats --timeout=180 --exclude=/distfiles --exclude=/local --exclude=/packages" PORTAGE_TMPDIR="/var/tmp" PORTDIR="/usr/portage" PORTDIR_OVERLAY="/usr/local/portage" SYNC="rsync://rsync.namerica.gentoo.org/gentoo-portage" USE="acl amd64 apache2 berkdb bzip2 cli cracklib crypt ctype cups curl cxx dri fortran gdbm gpm iconv jpeg jpeg2k libwww mmx modules mudflap multilib mysql ncurses nls nptl nptlonly openmp pam pcre perl php png pppd python readline session sockets sse sse2 ssl symlink sysfs tcpd threads unicode vhosts xml xorg xsl zlib" ALSA_CARDS="ali5451 als4000 atiixp atiixp-modem bt87x ca0106 cmipci emu10k1x ens1370 ens1371 es1938 es1968 fm801 hda-intel intel8x0 intel8x0m maestro3 trident usb-audio via82xx via82xx-modem ymfpci" ALSA_PCM_PLUGINS="adpcm alaw asym copy dmix dshare dsnoop empty extplug file hooks iec958 ioplug ladspa lfloat linear meter mmap_emul mulaw multi null plug rate route share shm softvol" APACHE2_MODULES="actions alias auth_basic authn_alias authn_anon authn_dbm authn_default authn_file authz_dbm authz_default authz_groupfile authz_host authz_owner authz_user autoindex cache cgi cgid dav dav_fs dav_lock deflate dir disk_cache env expires ext_filter file_cache filter headers include info log_config logio mem_cache mime mime_magic negotiation rewrite setenvif speling status unique_id userdir usertrack vhost_alias" COLLECTD_PLUGINS="df interface irq load memory rrdtool swap syslog" ELIBC="glibc" GPSD_PROTOCOLS="ashtech aivdm earthmate evermore fv18 garmin garmintxt gpsclock itrax mtk3301 nmea ntrip navcom oceanserver oldstyle oncore rtcm104v2 rtcm104v3 sirf superstar2 timing tsip tripmate tnt ubx" INPUT_DEVICES="keyboard mouse evdev" KERNEL="linux" LCD_DEVICES="bayrad cfontz cfontz633 glk hd44780 lb216 lcdm001 mtxorb ncurses text" LINGUAS="en" PHP_TARGETS="php5-3" RUBY_TARGETS="ruby18" USERLAND="GNU" VIDEO_CARDS="fbdev glint intel mach64 mga neomagic nouveau nv r128 radeon savage sis tdfx trident vesa via vmware dummy v4l" XTABLES_ADDONS="quota2 psd pknock lscan length2 ipv4options ipset ipp2p iface geoip fuzzy condition tee tarpit sysrq steal rawnat logmark ipmark dhcpmac delude chaos account" Unset: CPPFLAGS, CTARGET, EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS, FFLAGS, INSTALL_MASK, LANG, PORTAGE_BUNZIP2_COMMAND, PORTAGE_COMPRESS, PORTAGE_COMPRESS_FLAGS, PORTAGE_RSYNC_EXTRA_OPTS

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• My ubuntu runs in slow motion on ubuntu 13.04 asus 1015cx

  - by thj

  My specs: my Asus EeePC 1015CX certified by ubuntu 12.04 lts asus 1015 cx with gma 3600 graphic card intel atom dual core ubuntu 13.04 My problem: I need to use ubuntu 13.04, not 12.04. ubuntu 13.04 runs in slow motion on default unity desktop, is it graphic card problem? when i clicked file, runs in very slow animation on unity. windows comes up in very slow motion I can't even use ubuntu 13.04 because so slow. what's minimal requirement of ubuntu 13.04 or unity desktop? why is it so slow? what kind of processes should i take to fix it? I tried by myself but no good result. Need some help anyway. Any ideas ? maybe i should change hardware lol? my Asus EeePC 1015CX certified by ubuntu 12.04 lts !

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• How to Install Oracle Software on Remote Linux Server

  - by James Taylor

  It is becoming more common these days to install Oracle software on remote Linux servers. This issue has always existed but was generally resolved either by silent installs or by someone physically going to the server to install the software. This is becoming more difficult with the popular virtualisation and cloud deployment strategies. This post provides the steps involved to install Oracle Software using the GUI interface on a remote Linux server. There are many ways to achieve this, the way I resolve this issue is via Virtual Network Computing (VNC) as it is shipped with RedHat and OEL out of the box. For this post I’m using OEL 5 deployed on a OVM guest. If not already done so download and install a client version of VNC so you can connect to the server. There are many out there, for the purpose of this post I use UltraVNC. You can download a free version from http://www.uvnc.com/download/index.html By default VNC Server is installed in your RedHat and OEL OS, but it is not configured. The way VNC works is when started it creates a client instance for the user and binds it to a specific port. So if have an account on the Linux box you can setup a VNC Server session for that user, you don’t need to be root. For the purpose of this document I’m going to use oracle as the user to setup a VNC Session as this is the user I want use to install the software. However to start the VNC Service you must be root. As the root user run the following command: service vncserver start Starting VNC server: no displays configured                [  OK  ] Login to the Linux box as the user  you wan to install the Oracle software [oracle@lisa ~]$ Run the command to create a new VNC server instance for the oracle user: vncserver You will be ask to supply password information. This is what you will enter when connecting from your desktop client. This password is also independent of the actual Linux user password. The VNC Server is acting as a proxy to this instance. You will require a password to access your desktops. Password: Verify: xauth:  creating new authority file /home/oracle/.Xauthority New 'lisa.nz.oracle.com:1 (oracle)' desktop is lisa.nz.oracle.com:1 Creating default startup script /home/oracle/.vnc/xstartup Starting applications specified in /home/oracle/.vnc/xstartup Log file is /home/oracle/.vnc/lisa.nz.oracle.com:1.log As you can see a new instance lisa.nz.oracle.com:1 has been created. If you were to run the vncserver command again another instance lisa.nz.oracle.com:2 will be created. If you are going through a firewall you will need to ensure that the port 5901 (port 1) is open between your client desktop and the Linux Server. Depending on the options chosen at install time a firewall could be in place. The simplest way to disable this is using the command. You will need to be root. service iptables stop This will stop the firewall while you install. If you just want to add a port to the accepted lists use the firewall UI. You will need to be root. system-config-security-level Now you are ready to connect to the server via the VNC. Using the software installed in step one start the VNC Client. You should be prompted for the server and port. If connectivity is established, you will be prompted for the password entered in step 5. You should now be presented with a terminal screen ready to install software Go to the location of the oracle install software and start the Oracle Universal Installer

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