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• Classification: Dealing with Abstain/Rejected Class

  - by abner.ayala

  I am asking for your input and/help on a classification problem. If anyone have any references that I can read to help me solve my problem even better. I have a classification problem of four discrete and very well separated classes. However my input is continuous and has a high frequency (50Hz), since its a real-time problem. The circles represent the clusters of the classes, the blue line the decision boundary and Class 5 equals the (neutral/resting do nothing class). This class is the rejected class. However the problem is that when I move from one class to the other I activate a lot of false positives in the transition movements, since the movement is clearly non-linear. For example, every time I move from class 5 (neutral class) to 1 I first see a lot of 3's before getting to the 1 class. Ideally, I will want my decision boundary to look like the one in the picture below where the rejected class is Class =5. Has a higher decision boundary than the others classes to avoid misclassification during transition. I am currently implementing my algorithm in Matlab using naive bayes, kNN, and SVMs optimized algorithms using Matlab. Question: What is the best/common way to handle abstain/rejected classes classes? Should I use (fuzzy logic, loss function, should I include resting cluster in the training)?

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• MySQL Query That Can Pull the Data I am Seeking?

  - by Amy

  On the project I am working on, I am stuck with the table structure from Hades. Two things to keep in mind: I can't change the table structure right now. I'm stuck with it for the time being. The queries are dynamically generated and not hard coded. So, while I am asking for a query that can pull this data, what I am really working toward is an algorithm that will generate the query I need. Hopefully, I can explain the problem without making your eyes glaze over and your brain implode. We have an instance table that looks (simplified) along these lines: Instances InstanceID active 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 N 5 Y 6 Y Then, there are multiple data tables along these lines: Table1 InstanceID field1 reference_field2 1 John 5 2 Sally NULL 3 Fred 6 4 Joe NULL Table2 InstanceID field3 5 1 6 1 Table3 InstanceID fieldID field4 5 1 Howard 5 2 James 6 2 Betty Please note that reference_field2 in Table1 contains a reference to another instance. Field3 in Table2 is a bit more complicated. It contains a fieldID for Table 3. What I need is a query that will get me a list as follows: InstanceID field1 field4 1 John Howard 2 Sally 3 Fred The problem is, in the query I currently have, I do not get Fred because there is no entry in Table3 for fieldID 1 and InstanceID 6. So, the very best list I have been able to get thus far is InstanceID field1 field4 1 John Howard 2 Sally In essence, if there is an entry in Table1 for Field 2, and there is not an entry in Table 3 that has the instanceID contained in field2 and the field ID contained in field3, I don't get the data from field1. I have looked at joins till I'm blue in the face, and I can't see a way to handle the case when table3 has no entry.

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• A Digg-like rotating homepage of popular content, how to include date as a factor?

  - by Ferdy

  I am building an advanced image sharing web application. As you may expect, users can upload images and others can comments on it, vote on it, and favorite it. These events will determine the popularity of the image, which I capture in a "karma" field. Now I want to create a Digg-like homepage system, showing the most popular images. It's easy, since I already have the weighted Karma score. I just sort on that descendingly to show the 20 most valued images. The part that is missing is time. I do not want extremely popular images to always be on the homepage. I guess an easy solution is to restrict the result set to the last 24 hours. However, I'm also thinking that in order to keep the image rotation occur throughout the day, time can be some kind of variable where its offset has an influence on the image's sorting. Specific questions: Would you recommend the easy scenario (just sort for best images within 24 hours) or the more sophisticated one (use datetime offset as part of the sorting)? If you advise the latter, any help on the mathematical solution to this? Would it be best to run a scheduled service to mark images for the homepage, or would you advise a direct query (I'm using MySQL) As an extra note, the homepage should support paging and on a quiet day should include entries of days before in order to make sure it is always "filled" I'm not asking the community to build this algorithm, just looking for some advise :)

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• How do you rotate a sprite around its center by caclulating a new x and y position?

  - by Sam152

  I'm using Dark GDK and C++ to create a simple 2d game. I'm rotating an object but it rotates from the top left corner of the sprite. I have the following variables available: PlayerX PlayerY PlayerWidth PlayerHeight RotateAngle (360 x 0) Is there an algorithm that will modify the pivot point of the sprite, preferable to the center? Here is a small code sample: void Player::Move( void ) { if ( checkLeft() ) { PlayerX -= PlayerSpeed; if ( PlayerX < 0 ) PlayerX = 0; } if ( checkRight() ) { PlayerX += PlayerSpeed ; if ( PlayerX > 800 - PlayerWidth ) PlayerX = 800 - PlayerWidth; } if ( checkUp()) { PlayerY -= PlayerSpeed; if ( PlayerY < 0 ) PlayerY = 0; } if ( checkDown()) { PlayerY += PlayerSpeed; if ( PlayerY > 600 - PlayerHeight) PlayerY = 600 - PlayerHeight; } RotateAngle += 5; if(RotateAngle > 360) RotateAngle -=360; dbRotateSprite(Handle,RotateAngle); dbSprite ( 1 , PlayerX , PlayerY , Handle ); } Edit I'm considering opening up some reputation for this question, I have yet to be provided with an answer that works for me. If someone can provide an actual code sample that does the job, I'd be very happy. The problem with Blindy's answer is that no matter how much I simply translate it back or forth, the spirte still rotates around the top left hand corner and moving it somewhere rotating around the top left corner, then moving it back to the same position accomplishes nothing. Here is what I believe to be going on: Just so there is no confusion I have created a an image of what is going on. The left shows what is actually happening and the right shows what I need to happen.

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• Idiomatic STL: Iterating over a list and inserting elements

  - by mkilling

  I'm writing an algorithm that iterates over a list of points, calculates the distance between them and inserts additional points if the distance is too great. However I seem to be lacking the proper familiarity with STL to come up with an elegant solution. I'm hoping that I can learn something, so I'll just show you my code. You might have some hints for me. for (std::list<PathPoint>::iterator it = ++points_.begin(); it != points_.end(); it++) { Vector curPos = it->getPosition(); Vector prevPos = (--it)->getPosition(); Vector vecFromPrev = curPos - prevPos; float distance = vecFromPrev.abs(); it++; if (distance > MAX_DISTANCE_BETWEEN_POINTS) { int pointsToInsert = (int)(distance / MAX_DISTANCE_BETWEEN_POINTS); Vector curPos = prevPos; for (int i = 0; i < pointsToInsert; i++) { curPos += vecFromPrev / pointsToInsert; it = points_.insert(it, PathPoint(curPos, false)); it++; } } }

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• Linked List Sorting with Strings In C

  - by user308583

  I have a struct, with a Name and a single Node called nextName It's a Singly Linked list, and my task is to create the list, based on alphabetical order of the strings. So iff i enter Joe Zolt and Arthur i should get my list structured as Joe Than Joe Zolt Than Arthur Joe Zolt I'm having trouble implementing the correct Algorithm, which would put the pointers in the right order. This is What I have as of Now. Temp would be the name the user just entered and is trying to put into the list, namebox is just a copy of my root, being the whole list if(temp != NULL) { struct node* namebox = root; while (namebox!=NULL && (strcmp((namebox)->name,temp->name) <= 0)) { namebox = namebox->nextName; printf("here"); } temp->nextName = namebox; namebox = temp; root = namebox; This Works right now, if i enter names like CCC BBB than AAA I Get Back AAA BBB CCC when i print But if i put AAA BBB CCC , When i print i only get CCC, it cuts the previous off.

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• How to find the first declaring method for a reference method

  - by Oliver Gierke

  Suppose you have a generic interface and an implementation: public interface MyInterface<T> { void foo(T param); } public class MyImplementation<T> implements MyInterface<T> { void foo(T param) { } } These two types are frework types. In the next step I want allow users to extend that interface as well as redeclare foo(T param) to maybe equip it with further annotations. public interface MyExtendedInterface extends MyInterface<Bar> { @Override void foo(Bar param); // Further declared methods } I create an AOP proxy for the extended interface and intercept especially the calls to furtherly declared methods. As foo(…) is no redeclared in MyExtendedInterface I cannot execute it by simply invoking MethodInvocation.proceed() as the instance of MyImplementation only implements MyInterface.foo(…) and not MyExtendedInterface.foo(…). So is there a way to get access to the method that declared a method initially? Regarding this example is there a way to find out that foo(Bar param) was declared in MyInterface originally and get access to the accoriding Method instance? I already tried to scan base class methods to match by name and parameter types but that doesn't work out as generics pop in and MyImplementation.getMethod("foo", Bar.class) obviously throws a NoSuchMethodException. I already know that MyExtendedInterface types MyInterface to Bar. So If I could create some kind of "typed view" on MyImplementation my math algorithm could work out actually.

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• Perceptron Classification and Model Training

  - by jake pinedo

  I'm having an issue with understanding how the Perceptron algorithm works and implementing it. cLabel = 0 #class label: corresponds directly with featureVectors and tweets for m in range(miters): for point in featureVectors: margin = answers[cLabel] * self.dot_product(point, w) if margin <= 0: modifier = float(lrate) * float(answers[cLabel]) modifiedPoint = point for x in modifiedPoint: if x != 0: x *= modifier newWeight = [modifiedPoint[i] + w[i] for i in range(len(w))] w = newWeight self._learnedWeight = w This is what I've implemented so far, where I have a list of class labels in answers and a learning rate (lrate) and a list of feature vectors. I run it for the numbers of iterations in miter and then get the final weight at the end. However, I'm not sure what to do with this weight. I've trained the perceptron and now I have to classify a set of tweets, but I don't know how to do that. EDIT: Specifically, what I do in my classify method is I go through and create a feature vector for the data I'm given, which isn't a problem at all, and then I take the self._learnedWeight that I get from the earlier training code and compute the dot-product of the vector and the weight. My weight and feature vectors include a bias in the 0th term of the list so I'm including that. I then check to see if the dotproduct is less than or equal to 0: if so, then I classify it as -1. Otherwise, it's 1. However, this doesn't seem to be working correctly.

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• Matlab Simulation: Point (symbol) Moving from start point to end point and back

  - by niko

  Hi, I would like to create an animation to demonstrate LDPC coding which is based on Sum-Product Algorithm So far I have created a graph which shows the connections between symbol nodes (left) and parity nodes (right) and would like to animate points travelling from symbol to parity nodes and back. The figure is drawn by executing the following method: function drawVertices(H) hold on; nodesCount = size(H); parityNodesCount = nodesCount(1); symbolNodesCount = nodesCount(2); symbolPoints = zeros(symbolNodesCount, 2); symbolPoints(:, 1) = 0; for i = 0 : symbolNodesCount - 1 ji = symbolNodesCount - i; scatter(0, ji) symbolPoints(i + 1, 2) = ji; end; parityPoints = zeros(parityNodesCount, 2); parityPoints(:, 1) = 10; for i = 0 : parityNodesCount - 1 ji = parityNodesCount - i; y0 = symbolNodesCount/2 - parityNodesCount/2; scatter(10, y0 + ji) parityPoints(i + 1, 2) = y0 + ji; end; axis([-1 11 -1 symbolNodesCount + 2]); axis off %connect vertices d = size(H); for i = 1 : d(1) for j = 1 : d(2) if(H(i, j) == 1) plot([parityPoints(i, 1) symbolPoints(j, 1)], [parityPoints(i, 2) symbolPoints(j, 2)]); end; end; end; So what I would like to do here is to add another method which takes start point (x and y) and end point as arguments and animates a travelling circle (dot) from start to end and back along the displayed lines. I would appreciate if anyone of you could show the solution or suggest any useful tutorial about matlab simulations. Thank you!

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• Foosball result prediction

  - by Wolf

  In our office, we regularly enjoy some rounds of foosball / table football after work. I have put together a small java program that generates random 2vs2 lineups from the available players and stores the match results in a database afterwards. The current prediction of the outcome uses a simple average of all previous match results from the 4 involved players. This gives a very rough estimation, but I'd like to replace it with something more sophisticated, taking into account things like: players may be good playing as attacker but bad as defender (or vice versa) players do well against a specific opponent / bad against others some teams work well together, others don't skills change over time What would be the best algorithm to predict the game outcome as accurately as possible? Someone suggested using a neural network for this, which sounds quite interesting... but I do not have enough knowledge on the topic to say if that could work, and I also suspect it might take too many games to be reasonably trained. EDIT: Had to take a longer break from this due to some project deadlines. To make the question more specific: Given the following mysql table containing all matches played so far: table match_result match_id int pk match_start datetime duration int (match length in seconds) blue_defense int fk to table player blue_attack int fk to table player red_defense int fk to table player red_attack int fk to table player score_blue int score_red int How would you write a function predictResult(blueDef, blueAtk, redDef, redAtk) {...} to estimate the outcome as closely as possible, executing any sql, doing calculations or using external libraries?

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• JAVA Casting error

  - by user1612725

  Im creating a program that uses Dijksrtras algorithm, im using nodes that represent cities on an imported map, and you can create edges between two cities on the map. My problem is every edge has a "weight" where it will represent distance in minutes and i have a function where i want to see the distance between the two edges. But i keep getting the error "Cannot cast from Stad to Edge" at the line Edge<Stad> selectedEdge = (Edge) fvf.visaFörbLista.getSelectedValue(); where "Stad" represents the city and "Edge" an edge. FormVisaförbindelse fvf = new FormVisaförbindelse(); for(;;){ try{ int svar = showConfirmDialog(null, fvf, "Ändra Förbindelser", JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION); if (svar != YES_OPTION) return; if (fvf.visaFörbLista.isSelectionEmpty() == true){ showMessageDialog(mainMethod.this, "En Förbindelse måste valjas.","Fel!", ERROR_MESSAGE); return; } Edge<Stad> selectedEdge = (Edge) fvf.visaFörbLista.getSelectedValue(); FormÄndraförbindelse faf = new FormÄndraförbindelse(); faf.setförbNamn(selectedEdge.getNamn()); for(;;){ try{ int svar2 = showConfirmDialog(mainMethod.this, faf, "Ändra Förbindelse", OK_CANCEL_OPTION); if (svar2 != YES_OPTION) return; selectedEdge.setVikt(faf.getförbTid()); List<Edge<Stad>> edges = lg.getEdgesBetween(sB, sA); for (Edge<Stad> edge : edges){ if (edge.getNamn()==selectedEdge.getNamn()){ edge.setVikt(faf.getförbTid()); } } return; } catch(NumberFormatException e){ showMessageDialog(mainMethod.this, "Ogiltig inmatning.","Fel!", ERROR_MESSAGE); }

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• How to detect whether there is a specific member variable in class?

  - by Kirill V. Lyadvinsky

  For creating algorithm template function I need to know whether x or X (and y or Y) in class that is template argument. It may by useful when using my function for MFC CPoint class or GDI+ PointF class or some others. All of them use different x in them. My solution could be reduces to the following code: template<int> struct TT {typedef int type;}; template<class P> bool Check_x(P p, typename TT<sizeof(&P::x)>::type b = 0) { return true; } template<class P> bool Check_x(P p, typename TT<sizeof(&P::X)>::type b = 0) { return false; } struct P1 {int x; }; struct P2 {float X; }; // it also could be struct P3 {unknown_type X; }; int main() { P1 p1 = {1}; P2 p2 = {1}; Check_x(p1); // must return true Check_x(p2); // must return false return 0; } But it does not compile in Visual Studio, while compiling in the GNU C++. With Visual Studio I could use the following template: template<class P> bool Check_x(P p, typename TT<&P::x==&P::x>::type b = 0) { return true; } template<class P> bool Check_x(P p, typename TT<&P::X==&P::X>::type b = 0) { return false; } But it does not compile in GNU C++. Is there universal solution? UPD: Structures P1 and P2 here are only for example. There are could be any classes with unknown members.

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• Template Sort In C++

  - by wdow88

  Hey all, I'm trying to write a sort function but am having trouble figuring out how to initialize a value, and making this function work as a generic template. The sort works by: Find a pair =(ii,jj)= with a minimum value = ii+jj = such at A[ii]A[jj] If such a pair exists, then swap A[ii] and A[jj] else break; The function I have written is as follows: template <typename T> void sort(T *A, int size) { T min =453; T temp=0; bool swapper = true; while(swapper) { swapper = false; int index1 = 0, index2 = 0; for (int ii = 0; ii < size-1; ii++){ for (int jj = ii + 1; jj < size; jj++){ if((min >= (A[ii]+A[jj])) && (A[ii] > A[jj])){ min = (A[ii]+A[jj]); index1 = ii; index2 = jj; swapper = true; } } } if (!swapper) return; else { temp = A[index1]; A[index1] = A[index2]; A[index2] = temp; sort(A,size); } } } This function will successfully sort an array of integers, but not an array of chars. I do not know how to properly initialize the min value for the start of the comparison. I tried initializing the value by simply adding the first two elements of the array together (min = A[0] + A[1]), but it looks to me like for this algorithm it will fail. I know this is sort of a strange type of sort, but it is practice for a test, so thanks for any input.

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• Inner angle between two lines

  - by ocell

  Hi folks, I have two lines: Line1 and Line2. Each line is defined by two points (P1L1(x1, y1), P2L1(x2, y2) and P1L1(x1, y1), P2L3(x2, y3)). I want to know the inner angle defined by these two lines. For do it I calculate the angle of each line with the abscissa: double theta1 = atan(m1) * (180.0 / PI); double theta2 = atan(m2) * (180.0 / PI); After to know the angle I calculate the following: double angle = abs(theta2 - theta1); The problem or doubt that I have is: sometimes I get the correct angle but sometimes I get the complementary angle (for me outer). How can I know when subtract 180º to know the inner angle? There is any algorithm better to do that? Because I tried some methods: dot product, following formula: result = (m1 - m2) / (1.0 + (m1 * m2)); But always I have the same problem; I never known when I have the outer angle or the inner angle! Thanks in advance for reading my trouble and for your time! Oscar.

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• Project Euler problem 214, How can i make it more efficient?

  - by Once

  I am becoming more and more addicted to the Project Euler problems. However since one week I am stuck with the #214. Here is a short version of the problem: PHI() is Euler's totient function, i.e. for any given integer n, PHI(n)=numbers of k<=n for which gcd(k,n)=1. We can iterate PHI() to create a chain. For example starting from 18: PHI(18)=6 = PHI(6)=2 = PHI(2)=1. So starting from 18 we get a chain of length 4 (18,6,2,1) The problem is to calculate the sum of all primes less than 40e6 which generate a chain of length 25. I built a function that calculates the chain length of any number and I tested it for small values: it works well and fast. sum of all primes<=20 which generate a chain of length 4: 12 sum of all primes<=1000 which generate a chain of length 10: 39383 Unfortunately my algorithm doesn't scale well. When I apply it to the problem, it takes several hours to calculate... so I stop it because the Project Euler problems must be solved in less than one minute. I thought that my prime detection function might be slow so I fed the program with a list of primes <40e6 to avoid the primality test... The code runs now a little bit faster, but there is still no way to get a solution in less than a few hours (and I don't want this). So is there any "magic trick" that I am missing here ? I really don't understand how to be more efficient on this one... I am not asking for the solution, because fighting with optimization is all the fun of Project Euler. However, any small hint that could put me on the right track would be welcome. Thanks !

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• Reducing moire when downsampling halftone comic images.

  - by drawnonward

  How can I reduce moire effects when downsampling halftone comic book images during live zoom on an iPhone or iPad? I am writing a comic book viewer. It would be nice to provide higher resolution images and allow the user to zoom in while reading the comic book. However, my client is averse to moire effects and will not allow this feature if there are noticeable moire artifacts while zooming, which of course there are. Modifying the images to be less susceptible to moire would only work if the modifications were not perceptible. Blur was specifically prohibited, as is anything that removes the beloved halftone dots. The images are black and white halftone and line art. The originals are 600 dpi but what we ship with the application will be half that at best, so probably 2500 pixels or less tall. So what are my options? If I write a custom downsampling algorithm would it be fast enough for real time on these devices? Are there other tricks I can do? Would it work to just avoid the size ratios that have the most visual moire effects? As you zoom in an out, there are definitely peaks where the moire effects are worst. Is there a way to calculate what those points are and just zoom to a nearby scale that is not as bad? Any suggestions are welcome. I have very little experience with image and signal processing, but am enjoying the opportunity to learn. I know nothing of wavelets and acutance and other jargon, so please be verbose.

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• Combining aggregate functions in an (ANSI) SQL statement

  - by morpheous

  I have aggregate functions foo(), foobar(), fredstats(), barneystats() I want to create a domain specific query language (DSQL) above my DB, to facilitate using using a domain language to query the DB. The 'language' comprises of boolean expressions (or more specifically SQL like criteria) which I then 'translate' back into pure (ANSI) SQL and send to the underlying Db. The following lines are examples of what the language statements will look like, and hopefully, it will help further clarify the concept: **Example 1** DQL statement: foobar('yellow') between 1 and 3 and fredstats('weight') > 42 Translation: fetch all rows in an underlying table where computed values for aggregate function foobar() is between 1 and 3 AND computed value for AGG FUNC fredstats() is greater than 42 **Example 2** DQL statement: fredstats('weight') < barneystats('weight') AND foo('fighter') in (9,10,11) AND foobar('green') <> 42 Translation: Fetch all rows where the specified criteria matches **Example 3** DQL statement: foobar('green') / foobar('red') <> 42 Translation: Fetch all rows where the specified criteria matches **Example 4** DQL statement: foobar('green') - foobar('red') >= 42 Translation: Fetch all rows where the specified criteria matches Given the following information: The table upon which the queries above are being executed is called 'tbl' table 'tbl' has the following structure (id int, name varchar(32), weight float) The result set returns only the tbl.id, tbl.name and the names of the aggregate functions as columns in the result set - so for example the foobar() AGG FUNC column will be called foobar in the result set. So for example, the first DQL query will return a result set with the following columns: id, name, foobar, fredstats Given the above, my questions then are: What would be the underlying SQL required for Example1 ? What would be the underlying SQL required for Example3 ? Given an algebraic equation comprising of AGGREGATE functions, Is there a way of generalizing the algorithm needed to generate the required ANSI SQL statement(s)? I am using PostgreSQL as the db, but I would prefer to use ANSI SQL wherever possible.

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• Multi-dimensional array edge/border conditions

  - by kirbuchi

  Hi, I'm iterating over a 3 dimensional array (which is an image with 3 values for each pixel) to apply a 3x3 filter to each pixel as follows: //For each value on the image for (i=0;i<3*width*height;i++){ //For each filter value for (j=0;j<9;j++){ if (notOutsideEdgesCondition){ *(**(outArray)+i)+= *(**(pixelArray)+i-1+(j%3)) * (*(filter+j)); } } } I'm using pointer arithmetic because if I used array notation I'd have 4 loops and I'm trying to have the least possible number of loops. My problem is my notOutsideEdgesCondition is getting quite out of hands because I have to consider 8 border cases. I have the following handled conditions Left Column: ((i%width)==0) && (j%3==0) Right Column: ((i-1)%width ==0) && (i>1) && (j%3==2) Upper Row: (i<width) && (j<2) Lower Row: (i>(width*height-width)) && (j>5) and still have to consider the 4 corner cases which will have longer expressions. At this point I've stopped and asked myself if this is the best way to go because If I have a 5 line long conditional evaluation it'll not only be truly painful to debug but will slow the inner loop. That's why I come to you to ask if there's a known algorithm to handle this cases or if there's a better approach for my problem. Thanks a lot.

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• Do you like Twisted?

  - by Luca

  I use Python Twisted for web development, and I don't like it? I know async programming is a great idea, I know there are may async web servers now, I know it's the only way to solve some problems you'd have with threads but I don't like. The problem is that, you're forced to program in a twisted way. So, the architecture you have in mind, very often have to be modified to fit the way twisted works. The architecture have to follow the technology, I don't think this is good. When we use callback in javascript, we don't have too many difficulties: things are usually simpler, we use a callback in response to an Ajax call. But in a server web app things are, very often, a bit more complex. Writing chain of callbacks don't seem to me a wonderful way of programming. The code is not simple, and so it is difficult to understand and to maintain. Writing twisted code we very often lost the linear intuitive idea of the algorithm we wanted to implement, especially when things grow in complexity. What's your point of view?

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• Is it possible to store pointers in shared memory without using offsets?

  - by Joseph Garvin

  When using shared memory, each process may mmap the shared region into a different area of their address space. This means that when storing pointers within the shared region, you need to store them as offsets of the start of the shared region. Unfortunately, this complicates use of atomic instructions (e.g. if you're trying to write a lock free algorithm). For example, say you have a bunch of reference counted nodes in shared memory, created by a single writer. The writer periodically atomically updates a pointer 'p' to point to a valid node with positive reference count. Readers want to atomically write to 'p' because it points to the beginning of a node (a struct) whose first element is a reference count. Since p always points to a valid node, incrementing the ref count is safe, and makes it safe to dereference 'p' and access other members. However, this all only works when everything is in the same address space. If the nodes and the 'p' pointer are stored in shared memory, then clients suffer a race condition: x = read p y = x + offset Increment refcount at y During step 2, p may change and x may no longer point to a valid node. The only workaround I can think of is somehow forcing all processes to agree on where to map the shared memory, so that real pointers rather than offsets can be stored in the mmap'd region. Is there any way to do that? I see MAP_FIXED in the mmap documentation, but I don't know how I could pick an address that would be safe.

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• Reducing Time Complexity in Java

  - by Koeneuze

  Right, this is from an older exam which i'm using to prepare my own exam in january. We are given the following method: public static void Oorspronkelijk() { String bs = "Dit is een boodschap aan de wereld"; int max = -1; char let = '*'; for (int i=0;i<bs.length();i++) { int tel = 1; for (int j=i+1;j<bs.length();j++) { if (bs.charAt(j) == bs.charAt(i)) tel++; } if (tel > max) { max = tel; let = bs.charAt(i); } } System.out.println(max + " keer " + let); } The questions are: what is the output? - Since the code is just an algorithm to determine the most occuring character, the output is "6 keer " (6 times space) What is the time complexity of this code? Fairly sure it's O(n²), unless someone thinks otherwise? Can you reduce the time complexity, and if so, how? Well, you can. I've received some help already and managed to get the following code: public static void Nieuw() { String bs = "Dit is een boodschap aan de wereld"; HashMap<Character, Integer> letters = new HashMap<Character, Integer>(); char max = bs.charAt(0); for (int i=0;i<bs.length();i++) { char let = bs.charAt(i); if(!letters.containsKey(let)) { letters.put(let,0); } int tel = letters.get(let)+1; letters.put(let,tel); if(letters.get(max)<tel) { max = let; } } System.out.println(letters.get(max) + " keer " + max); } However, I'm uncertain of the time complexity of this new code: Is it O(n) because you only use one for-loop, or does the fact we require the use of the HashMap's get methods make it O(n log n) ? And if someone knows an even better way of reducing the time complexity, please do tell! :)

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• How to implement web cache: internal fragmentation VS external fragmentation

  - by Summer_More_More_Tea

  Hi there: I come up with this question when play with Firefox web cache: in which approach does the browser cache a response in limited disk space(take my configuration as an example, 50MB is the upper bound)? I think two ways can be employed. One is cache the total response object one by one, but this is inefficient and will introduce external fragmentation, thus the total cache space may not be fully used. The second is take the total space(50MB) as a consecutive file, splitting it into fixed-length slots; incoming response objects will also be treated blocks of data with the same length as the slots. We can fill slots until the whole file is run out of, then some displacement algorithm can be used to swap out the old cached objects. The latter approach will of course bing in internal fragmentation, but in my opinion is easier to implement and maintain than the first strategy. But when I enter Firefox's Cache directory, I find it (maybe) use a different method: a lot of varied-length files reside in that directory and all those files are filled with undisplayable characters. I don't but really want to know what mechanism that a commercial browser, e.g. Firefoix, employed to implement web cache. Regards.

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• Convert pre-IEEE-574 C++ floating-point numbers to/from C#

  - by Richard Kucia

  Before .Net, before math coprocessors, before IEEE-574, Microsoft defined a bit pattern for floating-point numbers. Old versions of the C++ compiler happily used that definition. I am writing a C# app that needs to read/write such floating-point numbers in a file. How can I do the conversions between the 2 bit formats? I need conversion methods in both directions. This app is going to run in a PocketPC/WinCE environment. Changing the structure of the file is out-of-scope for this project. Is there a C++ compiler option that instructs it to use the old FP format? That would be ideal. I could then exchange data between the C# code and C++ code by using a null-terminated text string, and the C++ methods would be simple wrappers around sprintf and atof functions. At the very least, I'm hoping someone can reply with the bit definitions for the old FP format, so I can put together a low-level bit manipulation algorithm if necessary. Thanks.

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• How to represent and insert into an ordered list in SQL?

  - by Travis

  I want to represent the list "hi", "hello", "goodbye", "good day", "howdy" (with that order), in a SQL table: pk | i | val ------------ 1 | 0 | hi 0 | 2 | hello 2 | 3 | goodbye 3 | 4 | good day 5 | 6 | howdy 'pk' is the primary key column. Disregard its values. 'i' is the "index" that defines that order of the values in the 'val' column. It is only used to establish the order and the values are otherwise unimportant. The problem I'm having is with inserting values into the list while maintaining the order. For example, if I want to insert "hey" and I want it to appear between "hello" and "goodbye", then I have to shift the 'i' values of "goodbye" and "good day" (but preferably not "howdy") to make room for the new entry. So, is there a standard SQL pattern to do the shift operation, but only shift the elements that are necessary? (Note that a simple "UPDATE table SET i=i+1 WHERE i=3" doesn't work, because it violates the uniqueness constraint on 'i', and also it updates the "howdy" row unnecessarily.) Or, is there a better way to represent the ordered list? I suppose you could make 'i' a floating point value and choose values between, but then you have to have a separate rebalancing operation when no such value exists. Or, is there some standard algorithm for generating string values between arbitrary other strings, if I were to make 'i' a varchar? Or should I just represent it as a linked list? I was avoiding that because I'd like to also be able to do a SELECT .. ORDER BY to get all the elements in order.

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• How to store dynamic references to parts of a text

  - by Antoine L

  In fact, my question concerns an algorithm. I need to be able to attach annotations to certain parts of a text, like a word or a group of words. The first thing that came to me to do so is to store the position of this part (indexes) in the text. For instance, in the text 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', I'd like to attach an annotation to 'quick brown fox', so the indexes of the annotation would be 4 - 14. But since the text is editable (other annotations could provoke a modification from text's author), the annoted part is likely to move (the indexes could change). In fact, I don't know how to update the indexes of the annoted part. What if the text becomes 'Everyday, the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog' ? I guess I have to watch every change of the text in the front-end application ? The front-end part of the application will be HTML with Javascript. I will be using PHP to develop the back-end part and every text and annotation will be stored in a database.

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