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  • Concatenation of many lists in Python

    - by Space_C0wb0y
    Suppose i have a function like this: def getNeighbors(vertex) which returns a list of vertices that are neighbors of the given vertex. Now i want to create a list with all the neighbors of the neighbors. I do that like this: listOfNeighborsNeighbors = [] for neighborVertex in getNeighbors(vertex): listOfNeighborsNeighbors.append(getNeighbors(neighborsVertex)) Is there a more pythonic way to do that?

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  • I need to make a multithreading program (python)

    - by Andreawu98
    import multiprocessing import time from itertools import product out_file = open("test.txt", 'w') P = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p','q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',] N = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] M = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z'] c = int(input("Insert the number of digits you want: ")) n = int(input("If you need number press 1: ")) m = int(input("If you need upper letters press 1: ")) i = [] if n == 1: P = P + N if m == 1: P = P + M then = time.time() def worker(): for i in product(P, repeat=c): #check every possibilities k = '' for z in range(0, c): # k = k + str(i[z]) # print each possibility in a txt without parentesis or comma out_file.write( k + '\n') # out_file.close() now = time.time() diff = str(now - then) # To see how long does it take print(diff) worker() time.sleep(10) # just to check console The code check every single possibility and print it out in a test.txt file. It works but I really can't understand how can I speed it up. I saw it use 1 core out of my quad core CPU so I thought Multi-threading might work even though I don't know how. Please help me. Sorry for my English, I am from Italy.

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  • Automatically registering "commands" for a command line program in python

    - by seandavi
    I would like to develop a command-line program that can process and give "help" for subcommands. To be concrete, say I have a single script called "cgent" and I would like to have subcommands "abc", "def", and "xyz" execute and accept the rest of the sys.args for processing by optparse. cgent abc [options] cgent help abc .... All of this is straightforward if I hard-code the subcommand names. However, I would like to be able to continue to add subcommands by adding a class or module (?). This is similar to the idea that is used by web frameworks for adding controllers, for example. I have tried digging through pylons to see if I can recreate what is done there, but I have not unravelled the logic. Any suggestions on how to do this? Thanks, Sean

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  • Need help in writting re in python

    - by laspal
    Hi, My string is mystring = "<tr><td><span class='para'><b>Total Amount : </b>INR (Indian Rupees) 100.00</span></td></tr>" My problem here is I have to search and get the total amount test = re.search("(Indian Rupees)(\d{2})(?:\D|$)", mystring) but my test give me None. How can I get the values and values can be 10.00, 100.00, 1000.00 Thanks

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  • python matrices - list index out of range

    - by user1888493
    I am writing a function, that takes a matrix as input, such as the one below. Then the it returns the matrix' inverse, where all the 1s are changed to 0s and all the 0s changed to 1s, while keeping the diagonal from top left to bottom right 0s. An example input: g1 = [[0, 1, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1, 0]] the function should output this: g1 = [[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]] When I run the program, it raises a list index out of range error. I'm sure this happens, because the loops I have set up are trying to access values that do not exist. But how do I allow an input of unknown row and column size? I only know how to do this with a single list, but a list of lists? Following you see the transforming function, but not the test function that calls it: def inverse_graph(graph): # take in graph # change all zeros to ones and ones to zeros r, c = 0, 0 # row, column equal zero while (graph[r][c] == 0 or graph[r][c] == 1): # while the current row has a value. while (graph[r][c] == 0 or graph[r][c] == 1): # while the current column has a value if (graph[r][c] == 0): graph[r][c] = 1 elif (graph[r][c] == 1): graph[r][c] = 0 c+=1 c=0 r+=1 c=0 r=0 # sets diagonal to zeros while (g1[r][c] == 0 or g1[r][c] == 1): g1[r][c]=0 c+=1 r+=1 return graph

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  • Python Beautiful Soup .content Property

    - by Robert Birch
    What does BeautifulSoup's .content do? I am working through crummy.com's tutorial and I don't really understand what .content does. I have looked at the forums and I have not seen any answers. Looking at the code below.... from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup import re doc = ['<html><head><title>Page title</title></head>', '<body><p id="firstpara" align="center">This is paragraph <b>one</b>.', '<p id="secondpara" align="blah">This is paragraph <b>two</b>.', '</html>'] soup = BeautifulSoup(''.join(doc)) print soup.contents[0].contents[0].contents[0].contents[0].name I would expect the last line of the code to print out 'body' instead of... File "pe_ratio.py", line 29, in <module> print soup.contents[0].contents[0].contents[0].contents[0].name File "C:\Python27\lib\BeautifulSoup.py", line 473, in __getattr__ raise AttributeError, "'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" % (self.__class__.__name__, attr) AttributeError: 'NavigableString' object has no attribute 'name' Is .content only concerned with html, head and title? If, so why is that? Thanks for the help in advance.

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  • Calling from a parent file in python

    - by Teifion
    I have a file called main.py and a file called classes.py main.py contains the application and what's happening while class.py contains some classes. main.py has the following code main.py import classes def addItem(text): print text myClass = classes.ExampleClass() And then we have classes.py classes.py class ExampleClass (object): def __init__(self): addItem('bob') Surprisingly enough that's not the actual code I am using because I've stripped out anything that'd get in the way of you seeing what I want to do. I want to be able to call a method that's defined in main.py from a class within classes.py. How do I do this? Thanks in advance

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  • How to do elif statments more elegantly if appending to array in python

    - by user1741339
    I am trying to do a more elegant version of this code. This just basically appends a string to categorynumber depending on the number. Would appreciate any help. number = [100,150,200,500] categoryNumber = [] for i in range (0,len(number)): if (number [i] >=1000): categoryNumber.append('number > 1000') elif (number [i] >=200): categoryNumber.append('200 < number < 300') elif (number [i] >=100): categoryNumber.append('100 < number < 200') elif (number [i] >=50): categoryNumber.append('50 < number < 100') elif (number [i] < 50): categoryNumber.append('number < 50') for i in range(0,len(categoryNumber)): print i

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  • Python - a clean approach to this problem?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I am having trouble picking the best data structure for solving a problem. The problem is as below: I have a nested list of identity codes where the sublists are of varying length. li = [['abc', 'ghi', 'lmn'], ['kop'], ['hgi', 'ghy']] I have a file with two entries on each line; an identity code and a number. abc 2.93 ghi 3.87 lmn 5.96 Each sublist represents a cluster. I wish to select the i.d. from each sublist with the highest number associated with it, append that i.d. to a new list and ultimately write it to a new file. What data structure should the file with numbers be read in as? Also, how would you iterate over said data structure to return the i.d. with the highest number that matches the i.d. within a sublist? Thanks, S :-)

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  • Python get raw_input but manually decide when string is done

    - by Jasie
    I want someone to type words in the console, and autocomplete from a list when they hit "tab" key. However, raw_input won't return a string until someone hits [Enter]. How do I read characters into a variable until the user hits [Enter]? *Note: I don't want to use import readline for autocompletion because of OS issues.

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  • Database Compression in Python

    - by user551832
    I have hourly logs like user1:joined user2:log out user1:added pic user1:added comment user3:joined I want to compress all the flat files down to one file. There are around 30 million users in the logs and I just want the latest user log for all the logs. My end result is I want to have a log look like user1:added comment user2:log out user3:joined Now my first attempt on a small scale was to just do a dict like log['user1'] = "added comment" Will doing a dict of 30 million key/val pairs have a giant memory footprint.. Or should I use something like sqllite to store them.. then just put the contents of the sqllite table back into a file?

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  • Reading a series of input / output in Python

    - by PulpFiction
    Hello everyone. For my app, I need to print out a series of outputs and then accepts inputs from the user. What would be the best way of doing this? Like: print '1' x = raw_input() print '2' y = raw_input() Something like this, but it would go on for at least 10 times. My only concern with doing the above is that it would make up for poor code readability. How should I do it? Should I create a function like this: def printOut(string): print string Or is there a better way?

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  • How to make buttons in python/pygame?

    - by user1334014
    I'm making a game in pygame and on the first screen I want there to be buttons that you can press to (i) start the game, (ii) load a new screen with instructions, and (iii) exit the program. I've found this code online for button making, but I don't really understand it (I'm not that good at object oriented programming). If I could get some explanation as to what it's doing that would be great. Also, when I use it and try to open a file on my computer using the file path, I get the error sh: filepath :Permission denied, which I don't know how to solve. #load_image is used in most pygame programs for loading images def load_image(name, colorkey=None): fullname = os.path.join('data', name) try: image = pygame.image.load(fullname) except pygame.error, message: print 'Cannot load image:', fullname raise SystemExit, message image = image.convert() if colorkey is not None: if colorkey is -1: colorkey = image.get_at((0,0)) image.set_colorkey(colorkey, RLEACCEL) return image, image.get_rect() class Button(pygame.sprite.Sprite): """Class used to create a button, use setCords to set position of topleft corner. Method pressed() returns a boolean and should be called inside the input loop.""" def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image, self.rect = load_image('button.png', -1) def setCords(self,x,y): self.rect.topleft = x,y def pressed(self,mouse): if mouse[0] > self.rect.topleft[0]: if mouse[1] > self.rect.topleft[1]: if mouse[0] < self.rect.bottomright[0]: if mouse[1] < self.rect.bottomright[1]: return True else: return False else: return False else: return False else: return False def main(): button = Button() #Button class is created button.setCords(200,200) #Button is displayed at 200,200 while 1: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: mouse = pygame.mouse.get_pos() if button.pressed(mouse): #Button's pressed method is called print ('button hit') if __name__ == '__main__': main() Thank you to anyone who can help me.

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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • String loops in Python

    - by Steve Hunter
    I have two pools of strings and I would like to do a loop over both. For example, if I want to put two labeled apples in one plate I'll write: basket1 = ['apple#1', 'apple#2', 'apple#3', 'apple#4'] for fruit1 in basket1: basket2 = ['apple#1', 'apple#2', 'apple#3', 'apple#4'] for fruit2 in basket2: if fruit1 == fruit2: print 'Oops!' else: print "New Plate = %s and %s" % (fruit1, fruit2) However, I don't want order to matter -- for example I am considering apple#1-apple#2 equivalent to apple#2-apple#1. What's the easiest way to code this? I'm thinking about making a counter in the second loop to track the second basket and not starting from the point-zero in the second loop every time.

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  • Python/Numpy - Save Array with Column AND Row Titles

    - by Scott B
    I want to save a 2D array to a CSV file with row and column "header" information (like a table). I know that I could use the header argument to numpy.savetxt to save the column names, but is there any easy way to also include some other array (or list) as the first column of data (like row titles)? Below is an example of how I currently do it. Is there a better way to include those row titles, perhaps some trick with savetxt I'm unaware of? import csv import numpy as np data = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4) # Add a '' for the first column because the row titles go there... cols = ['', 'col1', 'col2', 'col3', 'col4'] rows = ['row1', 'row2', 'row3'] with open('test.csv', 'wb') as f: writer = csv.writer(f) writer.writerow(cols) for row_title, data_row in zip(rows, data): writer.writerow([row_title] + data_row.tolist())

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  • Python: Behavior of object in set operations

    - by Josh Arenberg
    I'm trying to create a custom object that behaves properly in set operations. I've generally got it working, but I want to make sure I fully understand the implications. In particular, I'm interested in the behavior when there is additional data in the object that is not included in the equal / hash methods. It seems that in the 'intersection' operation, it returns the set of objects that are being compared to, where the 'union' operations returns the set of objects that are being compared. To illustrate: class MyObject: def __init__(self,value,meta): self.value = value self.meta = meta def __eq__(self,other): if self.value == other.value: return True else: return False def __hash__(self): return hash(self.value) a = MyObject('1','left') b = MyObject('1','right') c = MyObject('2','left') d = MyObject('2','right') e = MyObject('3','left') print a == b # True print a == c # False for i in set([a,c,e]).intersection(set([b,d])): print "%s %s" % (i.value,i.meta) #returns: #1 right #2 right for i in set([a,c,e]).union(set([b,d])): print "%s %s" % (i.value,i.meta) #returns: #1 left #3 left #2 left Is this behavior documented somewhere and deterministic? If so, what is the governing principle?

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  • Best way to design a class in python

    - by Fraz
    So, this is more like a philosophical question for someone who is trying to understand classes. Most of time, how i use class is actually a very bad way to use it. I think of a lot of functions and after a time just indent the code and makes it a class and replacing few stuff with self.variable if a variable is repeated a lot. (I know its bad practise) But anyways... What i am asking is: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo,bar): self._foo = foo self._bar = bar self.ans = self.__execute() def __execute(self): return something(self._foo, self._bar) Now there are many ways to do this: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo): self._foo = foo def execute(self,bar): return something(self._foo, bar) Can you suggest which one is bad and which one is worse? or any other way to do this. This is just a toy example (offcourse). I mean, there is no need to have a class here if there is one function.. but lets say in __execute something() calls a whole set of other methods.. ?? Thanks

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  • python and overflowing byte?

    - by Meloun
    Hi all, I need to make a variable with similar behaviour like in C lanquage. I need byte or unsigned char with range 0-255. This variable should overflow, that means... myVar = 255 myVar += 1 print myVar #!!myVar = 0!!

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  • Appending item to lists - python

    - by ariel
    I have a list lets say a=[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]. I want to add to each item in a the char 'a'. when I use a=[x.append('a') for x in a] it return [None,None,None]. But if I use a1=[x.append('a') for x in a] then it do someting odd. a and not a1 is [[1,2,a],[3,4,a],[5,6,a]]. I don't understand why the first return [None, None, None] nor why the second works on a.

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