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  • How do I write raw binary data in Python?

    - by Chris B.
    I've got a Python program that stores and writes data to a file. The data is raw binary data, stored internally as str. I'm writing it out through a utf-8 codec. However, I get UnicodeDecodeError: 'charmap' codec can't decode byte 0x8d in position 25: character maps to <undefined> in the cp1252.py file. This looks to me like Python is trying to interpret the data using the default code page. But it doesn't have a default code page. That's why I'm using str, not unicode. I guess my questions are: How do I represent raw binary data in memory, in Python? When I'm writing raw binary data out through a codec, how do I encode/unencode it?

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  • Is there a way to convert code to a string and vice versa in Python?

    - by Dragos Toader
    The original question was: Is there a way to declare macros in Python as they are declared in C: #define OBJWITHSIZE(_x) (sizeof _x)/(sizeof _x[0]) Here's what I'm trying to find out: Is there a way to avoid code duplication in Python? In one part of a program I'm writing, I have a function: def replaceProgramFilesPath(filenameBr): def getProgramFilesPath(): import os return os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES") + chr(92) return filenameBr.replace("<ProgramFilesPath>",getProgramFilesPath() ) In another part, I've got this code embedded in a string that will later be output to a python file that will itself be run: """ def replaceProgramFilesPath(filenameBr): def getProgramFilesPath(): import os return os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES") + chr(92) return filenameBr.replace("<ProgramFilesPath>",getProgramFilesPath() ) """ How can I build a "macro" that will avoid this duplication?

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  • Python HTTPSConnection.close() does not appear to close the connection?

    - by Dave
    I'm not sure if this is a bug or if I'm just doing something wrong. If I were to do an HTTP connection like this: import httplib http_connection = httplib.HTTPConnection("192.168.192.196") http_connection.request("GET", "/") http_connection.sock.settimeout(20) response = http_connection.getresponse() data = response.read() http_connection.close() Then at a DOS prompt, I do this: netstat -ano | find /i "192.168.192.196:80" | find /i "ESTABLISHED" I get nothing. However, if I do the same thing, but change it to an HTTPSConnection: import httplib http_connection = httplib.HTTPSConnection("192.168.192.196") http_connection.request("GET", "/") http_connection.sock.settimeout(20) response = http_connection.getresponse() data = response.read() http_connection.close() Then do this: netstat -ano | find /i "192.168.192.196:443" | find /i "ESTABLISHED" I will actually see that the connection remains established until I actually ^Z out of the Python shell. This is happening in one of the applications I'm responsible for. Python isn't actually hanging there - it's simply leaving the connection open. Am I doing something wrong here? Do I need extra code to close the HTTPS connection? This is Python 2.6.4, btw.

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  • Can you make a python script behave differently when imported than when run directly?

    - by futuraprime
    I often have to write data parsing scripts, and I'd like to be able to run them in two different ways: as a module and as a standalone script. So, for example: def parseData(filename): # data parsing code here return data def HypotheticalCommandLineOnlyHappyMagicFunction(): print json.dumps(parseData(sys.argv[1]), indent=4) the idea here being that in another python script I can call import dataparser and have access to dataParser.parseData in my script, or on the command line I can just run python dataparser.py and it would run my HypotheticalCommandLineOnlyHappyMagicFunction and shunt the data as json to stdout. Is there a way to do this in python?

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  • Is it faster to loop through a Python set of number or a set of letters?

    - by Scott Bartell
    Is it faster to loop through a Python set of numbers or a Python set of letters given that each set is the exact same length and each item within each set is the same length? Why? I would think that there would be a difference because letters have more possible characters [a-zA-Z] than numbers [0-9] and therefor would be more 'random' and likely affect the hashing to some extent. numbers = set([00000,00001,00002,00003,00004,00005, ... 99999]) letters = set(['aaaaa','aaaab','aaaac','aaaad', ... 'aaabZZ']) # this is just an example, it does not actually end here for item in numbers: do_something() for item in letters: do_something() where len(numbers) == len(letters) Update: I am interested in Python's specific hashing algorithm and what happens behind the scenes with this implementation.

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  • What c# equivalent encoding does Python's hash.digest() use ?

    - by The_AlienCoder
    I am trying to port a python program to c#. Here is the line that's supposed to be a walkthrough but is currently tormenting me: hash = hashlib.md5(inputstring).digest() After generating a similar MD5 hash in c# It is absolutely vital that I create a similar hash string as the original python program or my whole application will fail. My confusion lies in which encoding to use when converting to string in c# i.e ?Encoding enc = new ?Encoding(); string Hash =enc.GetString(HashBytes); //HashBytes is my generated hash Because I am unable to create two similar hashes when using Encoding.Default i.e string Hash = Encoding.Default.GetString(HashBytes); So I'm thinking knowing the deafult hash.digest() encoding for python would help

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  • Python wrapper for Google Maps making Google App Engine crash?

    - by user1679332
    I am currently trying to build a web app using Google App Engine that will involve using the Google Maps API. Since I am coding in python, I tried importing the python wrapper for Google Maps (found here); however, performing the import will cause my web app to crash. Are there any suggestions for how I can fix this problem? I'm guessing the crash might have something to do with the fact that I need to incorporate the google maps python wrapper into my application, but how do I go about doing that? Thanks!

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  • Subprocess statement works in python console but not work in Serverdensity plugin?

    - by maxigs
    in the python console the following statement works perfectly fine (i guess using eval that way is not really good, but its just for testing purpose in this case and will be replaced with proper parsing) $ python >>> import subprocess >>> r = subprocess.Popen(['/home/kupferwerk/sd-agent-plugins/plugin1.rb'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True).communicate()[0] >>> data = eval(r) >>> data {'test': 1} when i convert this into a Serverdensity plugin however it keeps crashing the agent.py daemon everytime it executes the plugin. i was able to narrow it down to the subprocess line but could not find out why. exception catching did not seem to work also. here how the plugin looks like: class plugin1: def run(self): r = subprocess.Popen(['/pathto/plugin1.rb'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True).communicate()[0] data = eval(r) return data I'm quite new to work with python and cant really figure out why this wont work. Thanks a lot for ideas :)

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  • How exactly can Python compliment your C# skills for windows based development?

    - by JL
    I'm looking for a fun challenge, and am thinking about learning Python. I've heard really good things about the language. My question is, how (if at all) can Python compliment the skills of a typical C# developer working mainly with MS technologies on a Windows Platform. Some examples of typical C# dev on windows would be (SOA applications, web applications, windows services, automation, xml handling) Surely there must be some scenarios where knowing Python would help you get certain tasks done quicker or more efficiently than using traditional C# / MS technologies. If you know of any specific scenarios, then please share. And lastly should this question be a community wiki?

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  • Has anyone ever had OpenCV to work with Python on MacOS?

    - by ?????
    I've been trying on and off for the past 6 months to get OpenCV to work with Python on MacOS. Every time there's a new release, I try again and fail. I've tried both 64-bit and 32-bit, and both the xcode gcc and gcc installed via macports. I just spend the past two days on it, hopeful that the latest OpenCV release, that appears to include Python support directly would work. It doesn't. I've also tried and failed to use this: http://code.google.com/p/pyopencv/ I've been using OpenCV with C++ or Microsoft C++/CLI for the past few years, but I'd love to use it with Python on a Mac because that is my primary development environment. I'd love to hear from anyone who's actually done this.

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  • Any way to assign terminal output to variable with python?

    - by Gordon Fontenot
    I need to grab the duration of a video file via python as part of a larger script. I know I can use ffmpeg to grab the duration, but I need to be able to save that output as a variable back in python. I thought this would work, but it's giving me a value of 0: cmd = 'ffmpeg -i %s 2>&1 | grep "Duration" | cut -d \' \' -f 4 | sed s/,//' % ("Video.mov") duration = os.system(cmd) print duration Am I doing the output redirect wrong? Or is there simply no way to pipe the terminal output back into python?

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  • how to create english language dictionary application with python (django)?

    - by sintaloo
    Hi All, I would like to create an online dictionary application by using python (or with django). It will be similar to http://dictionary.reference.com/. My question is (1) Are there any existing open source python package or modules or application which implements this functionality that I can use or study from? (2) If the answer to the first question is NO. which algorithm should I follow to create such web application? Can I simply use the python built-in dictionary object for this job? so that the dictionary object's key will be the english word and the value will be the explanation. is this OK in term of performance? OR Do I have to create my own Tree Object to speed up the search? or any existing package which handles this job properly? Thank you very much.

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  • In Python what's the best way to emulate Perl's __END__?

    - by FM
    Am I correct in thinking that that Python doesn't have a direct equivalent for Perl's __END__? print "Perl...\n"; __END__ End of code. I can put anything I want here. One thought that occurred to me was to use a triple-quoted string. Is there a better way to achieve this in Python? print "Python..." """ End of code. I can put anything I want here. """

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  • [Python] Help me : how i can deal with web page !

    - by Str1k3r
    hello every one... am looking for modules or functions let's me joins in id web !!!! i mean like i told python go to hotmail.com then go to signup ! how i can do that i mean how i can tell python go to hotmail.com then find some thing called signup in source page then i tell him join to him ....etc i hope you understand my idea ! ** am thinking on urllib2 .. maybe it's can do that? am just new in python

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  • Is there a way to write a Python script that creates and executes code?

    - by KaliMa
    Is there a way in Python to create Python code inside the Python script and then execute/test it? My function has the following type of form (as an example) def f(n): if n<=3: return [0, 0, 6, 12][n] return 2*f(n-1) - 4*f(n-2) - 5*f(n-3) + 15*f(n-4) But I want to be able to create these kinds of functions dynamically (or any arbitrary function for that matter) and then test their outputs during runtime (as opposed to copying/pasting this function into the script and then manually testing it). Not sure if this makes sense, please ask for elaboration if needed. I've already looked into eval and exec but couldn't get them to work with entire function definitions, just basic statements like 1+2, etc.

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  • How to install Oracle Weblogic Server using OS-specific Package installer?(Linux/Solaris)

    - by PratikS -- Oracle
    Note: OS-specific Package installer As the name suggests the installer is platform specific. It is meant for installation with a 32bit JVM only. Both SUN and JROCKIT 32 bit JDKs come bundled with "OS-specific Package installer", so no need to install the JDK in advance. There are three different ways of installing Oracle Weblogic Server: Graphical mode Console mode Silent mode For Linux/Solaris: Steps to install OS-specific Package .bin installer(for Linux/Solaris) are almost same as windows except for the way we launch the installation.Installer: wls_<version>_<linux/solaris>32.bin (E.g. wls1036_linux32.bin/wls1036_solaris32.bin) 1) Graphical mode: Log in to the target UNIX system. Go to the directory that contains the installation program.(Make sure GUI is enabled or else it will default to console mode) Launch the installation by entering the following commands: [weblogic@pratik ~]$ pwd/home/oracle[weblogic@pratik ~]$ cd WLSInstallers/[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ls -ltrtotal 851512-rw-rw-r-- 1 oracle oracle 871091023 Dec 22  2011 wls1036_linux32.bin[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ chmod a+x wls1036_linux32.bin[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ls -ltrtotal 851512-rwxrwxr-x 1 oracle oracle 871091023 Dec 22  2011 wls1036_linux32.bin[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ./wls1036_linux32.bin As soon as you run ./wls1036_linux32.bin with GUI enabled you would see the following screen: Rest of the screens and steps are similar to that of Graphical mode installation on windows, refer: How to install Oracle Weblogic Server using OS-specific Package installer?(Windows) 2) Console mode: Log in to the target UNIX system. Go to the directory that contains the installation program. Launch the installation by entering the following commands: [weblogic@pratik ~]$ pwd/home/oracle[weblogic@pratik ~]$ cd WLSInstallers/[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ls -ltrtotal 851512-rw-rw-r-- 1 weblogic weblogic 871091023 Dec 22  2011 wls1036_linux32.bin[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ chmod a+x wls1036_linux32.bin[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ls -ltrtotal 851512-rwxrwxr-x 1 weblogic weblogic 871091023 Dec 22  2011 wls1036_linux32.bin [weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ./wls1036_linux32.bin -mode=consoleExtracting 0%....................................................................................................100%<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Welcome:--------This installer will guide you through the installation of WebLogic 10.3.6.0.Type "Next" or enter to proceed to the next prompt.  If you want to change data entered previously, type "Previous".  You may quit the installer at any time by typing "Exit".Enter [Exit][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Choose Middleware Home Directory:--------------------------------- ->1|* Create a new Middleware Home   2|/home/oracle/wls_12cEnter index number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Choose Middleware Home Directory:---------------------------------    "Middleware Home" = [Enter new value or use default"/home/oracle/Oracle/Middleware"]Enter new Middleware Home OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> /home/oracle/WLS1036<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Choose Middleware Home Directory:---------------------------------    "Middleware Home" = [/home/oracle/WLS1036]Use above value or select another option:    1 - Enter new Middleware Home    2 - Change to default [/home/oracle/Oracle/Middleware]Enter option number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Register for Security Updates:------------------------------Provide your email address for security updates and  to initiate configuration manager.   1|Email:[]   2|Support Password:[]   3|Receive Security Update:[Yes]Enter index number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> 3<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Register for Security Updates:------------------------------Provide your email address for security updates and  to initiate configuration manager.    "Receive Security Update:" = [Enter new value or use default "Yes"]Enter [Yes][No]? No<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Register for Security Updates:------------------------------Provide your email address for security updates and  to initiate configuration manager.    "Receive Security Update:" = [Enter new value or use default "Yes"]    ** Do you wish to bypass initiation of the configuration manager and    **  remain uninformed of critical security issues in your configuration?Enter [Yes][No]? Yes<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Register for Security Updates:------------------------------Provide your email address for security updates and  to initiate configuration manager.   1|Email:[]   2|Support Password:[]   3|Receive Security Update:[No]Enter index number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]>Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Register for Security Updates:------------------------------Provide your email address for security updates and  to initiate configuration manager.   1|Email:[]   2|Support Password:[]   3|Receive Security Update:[No]Enter index number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Choose Install Type:--------------------Select the type of installation you wish to perform. ->1|Typical    |  Install the following product(s) and component(s):    | - WebLogic Server    | - Oracle Coherence   2|Custom    |  Choose software products and components to install and perform optional    |configuration.Enter index number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Choose Product Installation Directories:----------------------------------------Middleware Home Directory: [/home/oracle/WLS1036]Product Installation Directories:   1|WebLogic Server: [/home/oracle/WLS1036/wlserver_10.3]   2|Oracle Coherence: [/home/oracle/WLS1036/coherence_3.7]Enter index number to select OR [Exit][Previous][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->The following Products and JDKs will be installed:--------------------------------------------------    WebLogic Platform 10.3.6.0    |_____WebLogic Server    |    |_____Core Application Server    |    |_____Administration Console    |    |_____Configuration Wizard and Upgrade Framework    |    |_____Web 2.0 HTTP Pub-Sub Server    |    |_____WebLogic SCA    |    |_____WebLogic JDBC Drivers    |    |_____Third Party JDBC Drivers    |    |_____WebLogic Server Clients    |    |_____WebLogic Web Server Plugins    |    |_____UDDI and Xquery Support    |    |_____Evaluation Database    |_____Oracle Coherence    |    |_____Coherence Product Files    |_____JDKs         |_____SUN SDK 1.6.0_29         |_____Oracle JRockit 1.6.0_29 SDK    *Estimated size of installation: 1,276.0 MBEnter [Exit][Previous][Next]> Next<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Installing files..0%          25%          50%          75%          100%[------------|------------|------------|------------][***************************************************]<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Installing JDK....0%          25%          50%          75%          100%[------------|------------|------------|------------][***************************************************]Performing String Substitutions...<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Configuring OCM...0%          25%          50%          75%          100%[------------|------------|------------|------------][***************************************************]Creating Domains...<-------------------- Oracle Installer - WebLogic 10.3.6.0 ------------------->Installation CompleteCongratulations! Installation is complete.Press [Enter] to continue or type [Exit]> [weblogic@pratik ~]$ Note: All the inputs are in Bold 3) Silent mode:              1) Log in to the target Unix system.             2) Create a silent.xml file that defines the configuration settings normally entered by a user during an interactive installation process, such as graphical-mode or console-mode installation. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><bea-installer>     <input-fields>        <data-value name="BEAHOME" value="/home/oracle/WLS1036" />        <data-value name="WLS_INSTALL_DIR" value="/home/oracle/WLS1036/wlserver_10.3" />        <data-value name="COMPONENT_PATHS" value="WebLogic Server|Oracle Coherence" />    </input-fields></bea-installer> <!-- Note: This sample silent.xml file is used to install all the components of WebLogic Server and Oracle Coherence. All the values in Bold are the variables. -->               3) Place the silent.xml file in the same directory as where the WebLogic Server Package installer is located.              4) Go to the directory that contains the installation program.              5) Start the installer as follows: [weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ chmod a+x wls1036_linux32.bin[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ls -ltrtotal 851516-rwxrwxr-x 1 weblogic weblogic 871091023 Dec 22  2011 wls1036_linux32.bin-rw-rw-r-- 1 weblogic weblogic       331 Jul  5 03:48 silent.xml[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ cat silent.xml<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><bea-installer>        <input-fields>                <data-value name="BEAHOME" value="/home/oracle/WLS1036" />                <data-value name="WLS_INSTALL_DIR" value="/home/oracle/WLS1036/wlserver_10.3" />                <data-value name="COMPONENT_PATHS" value="WebLogic Server|Oracle Coherence" />        </input-fields></bea-installer>[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ ./wls1036_linux32.bin -mode=silenlent.xml -log=/home/oracle/WLSInstallers/install.logExtracting 0%....................................................................................................100%[weblogic@pratik WLSInstallers]$ -log=/home/oracle/WLSInstallers/install.log creates a installation log(install.log) under "/home/oracle/WLSInstallers/", when installation completes you will see the following printed in the log file: 2012-07-05 03:59:36,788 INFO  [WizardController] com.bea.plateng.wizard.silent.tasks.LogTask - The installation was successfull! For other configurable values in silent.xml refer: Values for the Sample silent.xml File for WebLogic Server Important links to Refer: Running the Installation Program in Graphical Mode Running the Installation Program in Console Mode Running the Installation Program in Silent Mode

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  • Building LMMS: "Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!"

    - by fridojet
    I tried to build Linux MultiMedia studio from the source of the SourceForge git:// repository under Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 32b: git clone git://lmms.git.sourceforge.net/gitroot/lmms/lmms cd lmms git checkout First I tried to install all the required libraries and then I cmaked. - That's what happened on cmake (errors occurred!): [DIR]lmms/build$ cmake .. -- The C compiler identification is GNU -- The CXX compiler identification is GNU -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/gcc -- Check for working C compiler: /usr/bin/gcc -- works -- Detecting C compiler ABI info -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ -- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ -- works -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done PROCESSOR: i686 Machine: i686-linux-gnu -- Target host is 32 bit -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDINT_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDINT_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDBOOL_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDBOOL_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDLIB_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDLIB_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_PTHREAD_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_PTHREAD_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_UNISTD_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_UNISTD_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_IPC_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_IPC_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_SHM_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_SHM_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_TIME_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_TIME_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDARG_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STDARG_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SIGNAL_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SIGNAL_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SCHED_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SCHED_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_SOUNDCARD_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_SOUNDCARD_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SOUNDCARD_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SOUNDCARD_H - not found. -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_FCNTL_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_FCNTL_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_CTYPE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_CTYPE_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STRING_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_STRING_H - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_PROCESS_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_PROCESS_H - not found. -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_LOCALE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_LOCALE_H - found -- Looking for Q_WS_X11 -- Looking for Q_WS_X11 - found -- Looking for Q_WS_WIN -- Looking for Q_WS_WIN - not found. -- Looking for Q_WS_QWS -- Looking for Q_WS_QWS - not found. -- Looking for Q_WS_MAC -- Looking for Q_WS_MAC - not found. -- Found Qt4: /usr/bin/qmake (found suitable version "4.8.1", required is "4.6.0;COMPONENTS;QtCore;QtGui;QtXml;QtNetwork") -- Found Qt translations in /usr/share/qt4/translations -- checking for module 'sndfile>=1.0.11' -- found sndfile, version 1.0.25 -- Looking for include files CMAKE_HAVE_PTHREAD_H -- Looking for include files CMAKE_HAVE_PTHREAD_H - found -- Looking for pthread_create in pthreads -- Looking for pthread_create in pthreads - not found -- Looking for pthread_create in pthread -- Looking for pthread_create in pthread - found -- Found Threads: TRUE -- Found libzip: /usr/lib/libzip.so -- Found libflac++: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libFLAC.so;/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libFLAC++.so -- Found STK: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libstk.so -- checking for module 'portaudio-2.0' -- found portaudio-2.0, version 19 -- Found Portaudio: portaudio;asound;m;pthread -- checking for module 'libpulse' -- found libpulse, version 1.1 -- Found PulseAudio Simple: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpulse.so -- Looking for vorbis_bitrate_addblock in vorbis -- Looking for vorbis_bitrate_addblock in vorbis - found -- Found OggVorbis: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libogg.so;/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libvorbis.so;/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libvorbisfile.so;/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libvorbisenc.so -- Looking for snd_seq_create_simple_port in asound -- Looking for snd_seq_create_simple_port in asound - found -- Found ALSA: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libasound.so -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_MACHINE_SOUNDCARD_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_MACHINE_SOUNDCARD_H - not found. -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_LINUX_AWE_VOICE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_LINUX_AWE_VOICE_H - not found. -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_AWE_VOICE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_AWE_VOICE_H - not found. -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE__USR_SRC_SYS_I386_ISA_SOUND_AWE_VOICE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE__USR_SRC_SYS_I386_ISA_SOUND_AWE_VOICE_H - not found. -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE__USR_SRC_SYS_GNU_I386_ISA_SOUND_AWE_VOICE_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE__USR_SRC_SYS_GNU_I386_ISA_SOUND_AWE_VOICE_H - not found. -- Looking for C++ include sys/asoundlib.h -- Looking for C++ include sys/asoundlib.h - found -- Looking for C++ include alsa/asoundlib.h -- Looking for C++ include alsa/asoundlib.h - found -- Looking for snd_pcm_resume in asound -- Looking for snd_pcm_resume in asound - found -- checking for module 'jack>=0.77' -- found jack, version 0.121.2 -- checking for module 'fftw3f>=3.0.0' -- package 'fftw3f>=3.0.0' not found CMake Error at /usr/share/cmake-2.8/Modules/FindPkgConfig.cmake:266 (message): A required package was not found Call Stack (most recent call first): /usr/share/cmake-2.8/Modules/FindPkgConfig.cmake:320 (_pkg_check_modules_internal) CMakeLists.txt:309 (PKG_CHECK_MODULES) -- checking for module 'fluidsynth>=1.0.7' -- found fluidsynth, version 1.1.5 -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_LV2CORE -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_LV2CORE - found -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SLV2_SCALEPOINTS_H -- Looking for include files LMMS_HAVE_SLV2_SCALEPOINTS_H - not found. -- Looking for slv2_world_new in slv2 -- Looking for slv2_world_new in slv2 - found -- Looking for librdf_new_world in rdf -- Looking for librdf_new_world in rdf - found -- Looking for wine_init in wine -- Looking for wine_init in wine - found -- Looking for C++ include windows.h -- Looking for C++ include windows.h - found -- checking for module 'samplerate>=0.1.7' -- package 'samplerate>=0.1.7' not found -- Performing Test HAVE_LRINT -- Performing Test HAVE_LRINT - Success -- Performing Test HAVE_LRINTF -- Performing Test HAVE_LRINTF - Success -- Performing Test CPU_CLIPS_POSITIVE -- Performing Test CPU_CLIPS_POSITIVE - Failed -- Performing Test CPU_CLIPS_NEGATIVE -- Performing Test CPU_CLIPS_NEGATIVE - Success -- Looking for XOpenDisplay in /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libX11.so;/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libXext.so -- Looking for XOpenDisplay in /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libX11.so;/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libXext.so - found -- Looking for gethostbyname -- Looking for gethostbyname - found -- Looking for connect -- Looking for connect - found -- Looking for remove -- Looking for remove - found -- Looking for shmat -- Looking for shmat - found -- Looking for IceConnectionNumber in ICE -- Looking for IceConnectionNumber in ICE - found -- Found X11: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libX11.so -- Found Freetype: /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libfreetype.so Installation Summary -------------------- * Install Directory : /usr/local * Use system's libsamplerate : Supported audio interfaces -------------------------- * ALSA : OK * JACK : OK * OSS : OK * PortAudio : OK * PulseAudio : OK * SDL : OK Supported MIDI interfaces ------------------------- * ALSA : OK * OSS : OK * WinMM : <not supported on this platform> Supported file formats for project export ----------------------------------------- * WAVE : OK * OGG/VORBIS : OK * FLAC : OK Optional plugins ---------------- * SoundFont2 player : OK * Stk Mallets : OK * VST-instrument hoster : OK * VST-effect hoster : OK * LV2 hoster : OK * CALF LADSPA plugins : OK * CAPS LADSPA plugins : OK * CMT LADSPA plugins : OK * TAP LADSPA plugins : OK * SWH LADSPA plugins : OK * FL .zip import : OK ----------------------------------------------------------------- IMPORTANT: after installing missing packages, remove CMakeCache.txt before running cmake again! ----------------------------------------------------------------- -- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred! Here are some parts the contents of my lmms/build/CMakeCache.txt file: # This is the CMakeCache file. # For build in directory: /home/jk/Downloads/lmms-git/lmms/build # It was generated by CMake: /usr/bin/cmake # You can edit this file to change values found and used by cmake. # If you do not want to change any of the values, simply exit the editor. # If you do want to change a value, simply edit, save, and exit the editor. # The syntax for the file is as follows: # KEY:TYPE=VALUE # KEY is the name of a variable in the cache. # TYPE is a hint to GUI's for the type of VALUE, DO NOT EDIT TYPE!. # VALUE is the current value for the KEY. ######################## # EXTERNAL cache entries ######################## //Path to a file. ALSA_INCLUDES:PATH=/usr/include //Path to a library. ASOUND_LIBRARY:FILEPATH=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libasound.so //Path to a program. CMAKE_AR:FILEPATH=/usr/bin/ar //Choose the type of build, options are: None(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS or // CMAKE_C_FLAGS used) Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel. CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING= //Enable/Disable color output during build. CMAKE_COLOR_MAKEFILE:BOOL=ON //CXX compiler. CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER:FILEPATH=/usr/bin/c++ //Flags used by the compiler during all build types. CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS:STRING= //Flags used by the compiler during debug builds. CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG:STRING=-g //Flags used by the compiler during release minsize builds. CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL:STRING=-Os -DNDEBUG //Flags used by the compiler during release builds (/MD /Ob1 /Oi // /Ot /Oy /Gs will produce slightly less optimized but smaller // files). CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE:STRING=-O3 -DNDEBUG //Flags used by the compiler during Release with Debug Info builds. CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO:STRING=-O2 -g //C compiler. CMAKE_C_COMPILER:FILEPATH=/usr/bin/gcc //Flags used by the compiler during all build types. CMAKE_C_FLAGS:STRING= //Flags used by the compiler during debug builds. CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG:STRING=-g //Flags used by the compiler during release minsize builds. CMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL:STRING=-Os -DNDEBUG //Flags used by the compiler during release builds (/MD /Ob1 /Oi // /Ot /Oy /Gs will produce slightly less optimized but smaller // files). CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE:STRING=-O3 -DNDEBUG //Flags used by the compiler during Release with Debug Info builds. CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO:STRING=-O2 -g //Flags used by the linker. CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS:STRING=' ' //Flags used by the linker during debug builds. CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG:STRING= //Flags used by the linker during release minsize builds. CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL:STRING= //Flags used by the linker during release builds. CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELEASE:STRING= //Flags used by the linker during Release with Debug Info builds. CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO:STRING= //Enable/Disable output of compile commands during generation. CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS:BOOL=OFF //Install path prefix, prepended onto install directories. CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=/usr/local //Path to a program. CMAKE_LINKER:FILEPATH=/usr/bin/ld //Path to a program. CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM:FILEPATH=/usr/bin/make //Flags used by the linker during the creation of modules. CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS:STRING=' ' //Flags used by the linker during debug builds. CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG:STRING= //Flags used by the linker during release minsize builds. CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL:STRING= //Flags used by the linker during release builds. CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELEASE:STRING= //Flags used by the linker during Release with Debug Info builds. CMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO:STRING= ==[...]== That's a list of the contents of my lmms/build folder: [DIR]lmms/build$ dir CMakeCache.txt CPackSourceConfig.cmake lmmsconfig.h plugins CMakeFiles data lmms.rc CPackConfig.cmake include lmmsversion.h My Question: It just tells me that that "errors" occurred, but I can't see any error message. It seems like everything went fine. - So: Any idea what the problem could be? - Thanks.

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  • What is Ubuntu's Definition of a "Registered Application"?

    - by Tom
    I've run into this a few times when installing apps from source, and during the occasional hack with update-alternatives. So far, it's only been a minor annoyance (ie, not got in the way of the end-goal) but it's now a frustration as it's pointing to a hole in my knowledge-base... so when I get a message that 'foo' is "not a registered application" (or I can't use foo's default icon cuz Ubuntu has no knowledge of 'foo'): (1) what defines a "registered application"? (2) how can I define an application installed from source (and likely residing in $HOME/bin/app-name) such that it packs the same functionality as a package installed from a .deb? (if the solution is not self-evident from answer 1) Example: I download and unpack daily dev builds of sublime-text-2 to /home/tom/bin/sublime-text-2. I've created a *.desktop file with appropriate shortcuts, etc. But the icon for sublime cannot be display in any launcher even if I provide a full pathname to the option. The solution is to install a 2nd instance of sublime from a deb package. When I install sublime-text-2 from a .deb package, it installs under /usr/bin && /usr/lib, the installed .desktop file is stored under /usr/share/applications, and the relevant line reads: icon=sublime_text. Where's the linkage I'm missing? Somehow Ubuntu knows how to exact the icon from sublime_text in the latter, but not in the former (again, even with a full path provided).

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  • Terminal OS X Error when using Python

    - by Stephen
    Hey, I'm trying to learn how to program so I've installed the latest version of Python and I've been following the Byte of Python tutorial. I'm using Textwrangler I've only gotten as far as the simple "Hello World" intro and I'm already having a problem. I type out the code (just without the ""): "#!/usr/bin/python" "#Filename: helloworld.py" "print('Hello World')" and save it to my desktop as helloworld.py. I then go into terminal and type "python3 helloworld.py" and I get the following error message: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python: can't open file 'helloworld.py': [Errno 2] No such file or directory I was hoping someone could tell me what I'm doing wrong. If I choose to run the script from Textwrangler it operates just fine however I'm not able to access it from the Terminal. Thanks so much!

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  • Make mod_wsgi use python2.7.2 instead of python2.6?

    - by guron
    i am running Ubuntu 10.04.1 LTS and it came pre-packed with python2.6 but i need to replace it with python2.7.2. (The reason is simple, 2.7 has a lot of features backported from 3 ) i had installed python2.7.2 using ./configure make make altinstall the altinstall option installed it, without touching the system default version, to /usr/local/lib/python2.7 and placed the interpreter in /usr/local/bin/python2.7 Then to help mod_wsgi find python2.7 i added the following to /etc/apache2/sites-available/wsgisite WSGIPythonHome /usr/local i start apache and run a test wsgi app BUT i am greeted by python 2.6.5 and not Python2.7 Later i replaced the default python simlink to point to python 2.7 ln -f /usr/local/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python Now typing 'python' on the console opens python2.7 but somehow mod_wsgi still picks up python2.6 Next i tried, PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH export PATH then do a quick restart apache, but yet again its python2.6 !! Here is my $PATH /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games contents of /etc/apache2/sites-available/wsgisite WSGIPythonHome /usr/local <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName wsgitest.local DocumentRoot /home/wwwhost/pydocs/wsgi <Directory /home/wwwhost/pydocs/wsgi> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> WSGIScriptAlias / /home/wwwhost/pydocs/wsgi/app.wsgi </VirtualHost> app.wsgi import sys def application(environ, start_response): status = '200 OK' output = sys.version response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'), ('Content-Length', str(len(output)))] start_response(status, response_headers) return [output] Apache error.log 'import site' failed; use -v for traceback [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23235): Initializing Python. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [notice] Apache/2.2.14 (Ubuntu) mod_wsgi/2.8 Python/2.6.5 configured -- resuming normal operations [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] Server built: Nov 18 2010 21:20:56 [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23238): Attach interpreter ''. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23239): Attach interpreter ''. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:31 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23238): Create interpreter 'wsgitest.local|'. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:31 2011] [info] [client 192.168.1.205] mod_wsgi (pid=23238, process='', application='wsgitest.local|'): Loading WSGI script '/home/wwwhost/pydocs/$ [Sun Jun 19 00:27:50 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23239): Create interpreter 'wsgitest.local|'. Has anybody ever managed to make mod_wsgi run on a non-system default version of python ?

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  • How to UEFI install Ubuntu 12.10?

    - by Geezanansa
    Running a newer FM1 motherboard which is using an AMD 3870k APU with a new 1TB HDD. Following the advice in the motherboard manual and https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI have now got to grub option screen for UEFI install. see http://imgur.com/VW5vz The dvd.iso being used is Ubuntu 12.10 desktop amd64 from ubuntu .com. The hdd has had a gpt partition table made for, by using gparted when in a live desktop session when booted in bios mode. (*edit/update: Although the old cd updates on running it is an old kernel and it did make a gpt but that version of gparted uses fdisk whereas gdisk is required to make gpt. Think am going to have to spend more time here http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/gparted.html lol Using the gparted from 12.10 live session to make partitions; following the guidance regarding this at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI#Creating_an_EFI_partition, but can only boot to grub option screen http://imgur.com/VW5vz when 12.10 options to "try ubuntu" or "install ubuntu" are selected they give errors as described below*) but after making the gpt decided to leave it unformatted/unallocated space with the intention of using installer to set up partitions. update-originally but gparted now sees hdd as http://imgur.com/hFIvm as described above. *Booting live dvd in EFI mode gives "Secure Boot not installed" just before grub kernel option list with the option to "install ubuntu" but get "can not read cd/0" and "the kernel must be loaded first" errors; when that option is selected. Any pointers on how to get installer going for UEFI install would be good. Thanks in advance. update: Hopefully these screenshots can help better highlight where i am going wrong or if there is something else going on http://imgur.com/g30RB, http://imgur.com/VW5vz, http://imgur.com/31E0q, http://imgur.com/bnuaG, http://imgur.com/y4KGu, http://imgur.com/3u2QE, http://imgur.com/n9lN3, http://imgur.com/FEKvz, http://imgur.com/hFIvm, update: Thank you fernando garcia for pointing me in the right direction to start the process of elimantion. What i have done since asking question is a little home work starting here http://askubuntu.com/faq#bounty and here http://askubuntu.com/questions/how-to-ask. Looking at other similar questions was good fun and found this 12.10 UEFI Secure Boot install the most relative in helping getting ubuntu to uefi install on my system. In response to wolverine's question this article was referred to http://web.dodds.net/~vorlon/wiki/blog/SecureBoot_in_Ubuntu_12.10/ This article in the first sentence gives a link to http://www.ubuntu.com/download which is where i downloaded the 12.10 desktop amd64 .iso(and others) but have been unable to do a efi install of ubuntu on this system and as this is a new system have ended up just going with bios installer running which at least puts my mind at ease that i have not bricked my new mobo.(had to do a clrcmos and flash to latest bios version) So it possibly could be the bios settings or the bios version being used that is problem. To try and eliminate bios version i can not get to post screen in order to id bios version being used. Pressing tab to show post instead of logo and trying to pausebreak to catch post is proving difficult. If logo screen in bios is disabled just get black screen no post shown and pressing tab does not show post. Appreciate using appropriate bios settings and latest 12.10 release should simply get uefi installer running when selected from the grub list (nice graphic details in Identifying if computer boots the cd in efi mode section at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI#Identifying_if_the_computer_boots_the_CD_in_EFI_mode) And to confirm the hdd is booting in efi mode https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI#Identifying_if_the_computer_boots_the_HDD_in_EFI_mode running the command [ -d /sys/firmware/efi ] && echo "EFI boot on HDD" || echo "Legacy boot on HDD" gave Legacy boot on HDD This is as expected because i allowed the bios installer (which was 12.04 desktop amd64 after trying 12.10 desktop amd64 in efi mode) to run to get a working installation. Which is not what was intended or wished for but wanted to get a working os to bench test new mobo i.e. prove it is working. There are other options as in installing other bootmanagers/loaders but do not wish to do so as shim should get grub2 going that is after secure boot has been signed.(Now got rough idea what should happen just it aint happening. Is it possible ahci drivers are required?) Will post boot info script url of the updated config/setup. The original question asked seems irrelevant to what is being said in this update but as the problem is not resolved will keep on trying efi installing! i.e the problem is same as when question asked just trying to update. Have tried to edit and update the best i can!

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  • Best style for Python programs: what do you suggest?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    A friend of mine wanted help learning to program, so he gave me all the programs that he wrote for his previous classes. The last program that he wrote was an encryption program, and after rewriting all his programs in Python, this is how his encryption program turned out (after adding my own requirements). #! /usr/bin/env python ################################################################################ """\ CLASS INFORMATION ----------------- Program Name: Program 11 Programmer: Stephen Chappell Instructor: Stephen Chappell for CS 999-0, Python Due Date: 17 May 2010 DOCUMENTATION ------------- This is a simple encryption program that can encode and decode messages.""" ################################################################################ import sys KEY_FILE = 'Key.txt' BACKUP = '''\ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\ PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ _@/6-UC'GzaV0%5Mo9g+yNh8b">Bi=<Lx [sQn#^R.D2Xc(\ Jm!4e${lAEWud&t7]H\`}pvPw)FY,Z~?qK|3SOfk*:1;jTrI''' ################################################################################ def main(): "Run the program: loads key, runs processing loop, and saves key." encode_map, decode_map = load_key(KEY_FILE) try: run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map) except SystemExit: pass save_key(KEY_FILE, encode_map) def run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map): "Shows the menu and runs the appropriate command." print('This program handles encryption via a customizable key.') while True: print('''\ MENU ==== (1) Encode (2) Decode (3) Custom (4) Finish''') switch = get_character('Select: ', tuple('1234')) FUNC[switch](encode_map, decode_map) def get_character(prompt, choices): "Gets a valid menu option and returns it." while True: sys.stdout.write(prompt) sys.stdout.flush() line = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] if not line: sys.exit() if line in choices: return line print(repr(line), 'is not a valid choice.') ################################################################################ def load_key(filename): "Gets the key file data and returns encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = open_file(filename) return dict(zip(plain, cypher)), dict(zip(cypher, plain)) def open_file(filename): "Load the keys and tries to create it when not available." while True: try: with open(filename) as file: plain, cypher = file.read().split('\n') return plain, cypher except: with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(BACKUP) def save_key(filename, encode_map): "Dumps the map into two buffers and saves them to the key file." plain = cypher = str() for p, c in encode_map.items(): plain += p cypher += c with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(plain + '\n' + cypher) ################################################################################ def encode(encode_map, decode_map): "Encodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to encode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(encode_map[char] if char in encode_map else char) def decode(encode_map, decode_map): "Decodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to decode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(decode_map[char] if char in decode_map else char) def custom(encode_map, decode_map): "Allows user to edit the encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = get_new_mapping() for p, c in zip(plain, cypher): encode_map[p] = c decode_map[c] = p ################################################################################ def get_message(): "Gets and returns text entered by the user (until EOF)." buffer = [] while True: line = sys.stdin.readline() if line: buffer.append(line) else: return ''.join(buffer) def get_new_mapping(): "Prompts for strings to edit encoding/decoding maps." while True: plain = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode from?') cypher = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode to?') if len(plain) == len(cypher): return plain, cypher print('Both lines should have the same length.') def get_unique_chars(prompt): "Gets strings that only contain unique characters." print(prompt) while True: line = input() if len(line) == len(set(line)): return line print('There were duplicate characters: please try again.') ################################################################################ # This map is used for dispatching commands in the interface loop. FUNC = {'1': encode, '2': decode, '3': custom, '4': lambda a, b: sys.exit()} ################################################################################ if __name__ == '__main__': main() For all those Python programmers out there, your help is being requested. How should the formatting (not necessarily the coding by altered to fit Python's style guide? My friend does not need to be learning things that are not correct. If you have suggestions on the code, feel free to post them to this wiki as well.

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  • Differing styles in Python program: what do you suggest?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    A friend of mine wanted help learning to program, so he gave me all the programs that he wrote for his previous classes. The last program that he wrote was an encryption program, and after rewriting all his programs in Python, this is how his encryption program turned out (after adding my own requirements). #! /usr/bin/env python ################################################################################ """\ CLASS INFORMATION ----------------- Program Name: Program 11 Programmer: Stephen Chappell Instructor: Stephen Chappell for CS 999-0, Python Due Date: 17 May 2010 DOCUMENTATION ------------- This is a simple encryption program that can encode and decode messages.""" ################################################################################ import sys KEY_FILE = 'Key.txt' BACKUP = '''\ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\ PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ _@/6-UC'GzaV0%5Mo9g+yNh8b">Bi=<Lx [sQn#^R.D2Xc(\ Jm!4e${lAEWud&t7]H\`}pvPw)FY,Z~?qK|3SOfk*:1;jTrI''' ################################################################################ def main(): "Run the program: loads key, runs processing loop, and saves key." encode_map, decode_map = load_key(KEY_FILE) try: run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map) except SystemExit: pass save_key(KEY_FILE, encode_map) def run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map): "Shows the menu and runs the appropriate command." print('This program handles encryption via a customizable key.') while True: print('''\ MENU ==== (1) Encode (2) Decode (3) Custom (4) Finish''') switch = get_character('Select: ', tuple('1234')) FUNC[switch](encode_map, decode_map) def get_character(prompt, choices): "Gets a valid menu option and returns it." while True: sys.stdout.write(prompt) sys.stdout.flush() line = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] if not line: sys.exit() if line in choices: return line print(repr(line), 'is not a valid choice.') ################################################################################ def load_key(filename): "Gets the key file data and returns encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = open_file(filename) return dict(zip(plain, cypher)), dict(zip(cypher, plain)) def open_file(filename): "Load the keys and tries to create it when not available." while True: try: with open(filename) as file: plain, cypher = file.read().split('\n') return plain, cypher except: with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(BACKUP) def save_key(filename, encode_map): "Dumps the map into two buffers and saves them to the key file." plain = cypher = str() for p, c in encode_map.items(): plain += p cypher += c with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(plain + '\n' + cypher) ################################################################################ def encode(encode_map, decode_map): "Encodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to encode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(encode_map[char] if char in encode_map else char) def decode(encode_map, decode_map): "Decodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to decode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(decode_map[char] if char in decode_map else char) def custom(encode_map, decode_map): "Allows user to edit the encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = get_new_mapping() for p, c in zip(plain, cypher): encode_map[p] = c decode_map[c] = p ################################################################################ def get_message(): "Gets and returns text entered by the user (until EOF)." buffer = [] while True: line = sys.stdin.readline() if line: buffer.append(line) else: return ''.join(buffer) def get_new_mapping(): "Prompts for strings to edit encoding/decoding maps." while True: plain = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode from?') cypher = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode to?') if len(plain) == len(cypher): return plain, cypher print('Both lines should have the same length.') def get_unique_chars(prompt): "Gets strings that only contain unique characters." print(prompt) while True: line = input() if len(line) == len(set(line)): return line print('There were duplicate characters: please try again.') ################################################################################ # This map is used for dispatching commands in the interface loop. FUNC = {'1': encode, '2': decode, '3': custom, '4': lambda a, b: sys.exit()} ################################################################################ if __name__ == '__main__': main() For all those Python programmers out there, your help is being requested. How should the formatting (not necessarily the coding by altered to fit Python's style guide? My friend does not need to be learning things that are not correct. If you have suggestions on the code, feel free to post them to this wiki as well.

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  • hosting simple python scripts in a container to handle concurrency, configuration, caching, etc.

    - by Justin Grant
    My first real-world Python project is to write a simple framework (or re-use/adapt an existing one) which can wrap small python scripts (which are used to gather custom data for a monitoring tool) with a "container" to handle boilerplate tasks like: fetching a script's configuration from a file (and keeping that info up to date if the file changes and handle decryption of sensitive config data) running multiple instances of the same script in different threads instead of spinning up a new process for each one expose an API for caching expensive data and storing persistent state from one script invocation to the next Today, script authors must handle the issues above, which usually means that most script authors don't handle them correctly, causing bugs and performance problems. In addition to avoiding bugs, we want a solution which lowers the bar to create and maintain scripts, especially given that many script authors may not be trained programmers. Below are examples of the API I've been thinking of, and which I'm looking to get your feedback about. A scripter would need to build a single method which takes (as input) the configuration that the script needs to do its job, and either returns a python object or calls a method to stream back data in chunks. Optionally, a scripter could supply methods to handle startup and/or shutdown tasks. HTTP-fetching script example (in pseudocode, omitting the actual data-fetching details to focus on the container's API): def run (config, context, cache) : results = http_library_call (config.url, config.http_method, config.username, config.password, ...) return { html : results.html, status_code : results.status, headers : results.response_headers } def init(config, context, cache) : config.max_threads = 20 # up to 20 URLs at one time (per process) config.max_processes = 3 # launch up to 3 concurrent processes config.keepalive = 1200 # keep process alive for 10 mins without another call config.process_recycle.requests = 1000 # restart the process every 1000 requests (to avoid leaks) config.kill_timeout = 600 # kill the process if any call lasts longer than 10 minutes Database-data fetching script example might look like this (in pseudocode): def run (config, context, cache) : expensive = context.cache["something_expensive"] for record in db_library_call (expensive, context.checkpoint, config.connection_string) : context.log (record, "logDate") # log all properties, optionally specify name of timestamp property last_date = record["logDate"] context.checkpoint = last_date # persistent checkpoint, used next time through def init(config, context, cache) : cache["something_expensive"] = get_expensive_thing() def shutdown(config, context, cache) : expensive = cache["something_expensive"] expensive.release_me() Is this API appropriately "pythonic", or are there things I should do to make this more natural to the Python scripter? (I'm more familiar with building C++/C#/Java APIs so I suspect I'm missing useful Python idioms.) Specific questions: is it natural to pass a "config" object into a method and ask the callee to set various configuration options? Or is there another preferred way to do this? when a callee needs to stream data back to its caller, is a method like context.log() (see above) appropriate, or should I be using yield instead? (yeild seems natural, but I worry it'd be over the head of most scripters) My approach requires scripts to define functions with predefined names (e.g. "run", "init", "shutdown"). Is this a good way to do it? If not, what other mechanism would be more natural? I'm passing the same config, context, cache parameters into every method. Would it be better to use a single "context" parameter instead? Would it be better to use global variables instead? Finally, are there existing libraries you'd recommend to make this kind of simple "script-running container" easier to write?

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  • Why do I get a connection error / timeout when using python suds to connect to Microsoft CRM?

    - by Chris R
    When I try to connect to an MS CRM web service using suds/python-ntlm, I am getting a timeout on requests. However, the code that I'm trying to replace -- which calls out to the cURL command line app to do the same call -- succeeds. Clearly something is different in the way that cURL is sending the command data, but I'll be damned if I know what the difference is. Below are the full details of the various calls. Anyone got any tips? Here's the code that is making the request, followed by the output. The cURL command code is below that, and its response follows. Hosts, users, and passwords have been changed to protect the innocent, of course. wsdl_url = 'https://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx?WSDL' username = r'domain\user.name' password = 'userpass' from suds.transport.https import WindowsHttpAuthenticated from suds.client import Client import logging logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) logging.getLogger('suds.client').setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logging.getLogger('suds.transport').setLevel(logging.DEBUG) ntlmTransport = WindowsHttpAuthenticated(username=username, password=password) metadata_client = Client(wsdl_url, transport=ntlmTransport) request = metadata_client.factory.create('RetrieveAttributeRequest') request.MetadataId = '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000' request.EntityLogicalName = 'opportunity' request.LogicalName = 'new_typeofcontact' request.RetrieveAsIfPublished = 'false' attr = metadata_client.service.Execute(request) print attr Here's the output: DEBUG:suds.client:sending to (http://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx) message: <SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:ns1="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <SOAP-ENV:Header/> <ns0:Body> <ns1:Execute> <ns1:Request xsi:type="ns1:RetrieveAttributeRequest"> <ns1:MetadataId>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</ns1:MetadataId> <ns1:EntityLogicalName>opportunity</ns1:EntityLogicalName> <ns1:LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</ns1:LogicalName> <ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished>false</ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished> </ns1:Request> </ns1:Execute> </ns0:Body> </SOAP-ENV:Envelope> DEBUG:suds.client:headers = {'SOAPAction': u'"http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute"', 'Content-Type': 'text/xml'} DEBUG:suds.transport.http:sending: URL:http://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx HEADERS: {'SOAPAction': u'"http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute"', 'Content-Type': 'text/xml', 'Content-type': 'text/xml', 'Soapaction': u'"http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute"'} MESSAGE: <SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:ns1="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <SOAP-ENV:Header/> <ns0:Body> <ns1:Execute> <ns1:Request xsi:type="ns1:RetrieveAttributeRequest"> <ns1:MetadataId>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</ns1:MetadataId> <ns1:EntityLogicalName>opportunity</ns1:EntityLogicalName> <ns1:LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</ns1:LogicalName> <ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished>false</ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished> </ns1:Request> </ns1:Execute> </ns0:Body> </SOAP-ENV:Envelope> ERROR: An unexpected error occurred while tokenizing input The following traceback may be corrupted or invalid The error message is: ('EOF in multi-line statement', (16, 0)) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- URLError Traceback (most recent call last) /Users/crose/projects/2366/crm/<ipython console> in <module>() /var/folders/nb/nbJAzxR1HbOppPcs6xO+dE+++TY/-Tmp-/python-67186icm.py in <module>() 19 request.LogicalName = 'new_typeofcontact' 20 request.RetrieveAsIfPublished = 'false' 21 ---> 22 attr = metadata_client.service.Execute(request) 23 print attr /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/client.pyc in __call__(self, *args, **kwargs) 537 return (500, e) 538 else: --> 539 return client.invoke(args, kwargs) 540 541 def faults(self): /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/client.pyc in invoke(self, args, kwargs) 596 self.method.name, timer) 597 timer.start() --> 598 result = self.send(msg) 599 timer.stop() 600 metrics.log.debug( /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/client.pyc in send(self, msg) 621 request = Request(location, str(msg)) 622 request.headers = self.headers() --> 623 reply = transport.send(request) 624 if retxml: 625 result = reply.message /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/transport/https.pyc in send(self, request) 62 def send(self, request): 63 self.addcredentials(request) ---> 64 return HttpTransport.send(self, request) 65 66 def addcredentials(self, request): /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/transport/http.pyc in send(self, request) 75 request.headers.update(u2request.headers) 76 log.debug('sending:\n%s', request) ---> 77 fp = self.u2open(u2request) 78 self.getcookies(fp, u2request) 79 result = Reply(200, fp.headers.dict, fp.read()) /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/transport/http.pyc in u2open(self, u2request) 116 return url.open(u2request) 117 else: --> 118 return url.open(u2request, timeout=tm) 119 120 def u2opener(self): /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in open(self, fullurl, data, timeout) 381 req = meth(req) 382 --> 383 response = self._open(req, data) 384 385 # post-process response /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in _open(self, req, data) 399 protocol = req.get_type() 400 result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol + --> 401 '_open', req) 402 if result: 403 return result /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in _call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args) 359 func = getattr(handler, meth_name) 360 --> 361 result = func(*args) 362 if result is not None: 363 return result /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in http_open(self, req) 1128 1129 def http_open(self, req): -> 1130 return self.do_open(httplib.HTTPConnection, req) 1131 1132 http_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_ /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in do_open(self, http_class, req) 1103 r = h.getresponse() 1104 except socket.error, err: # XXX what error? -> 1105 raise URLError(err) 1106 1107 # Pick apart the HTTPResponse object to get the addinfourl URLError: <urlopen error [Errno 60] Operation timed out> The cURL command is: /opt/local/bin/curl --ntlm -u "domain\user.name:userpass" -k -d @- -A "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.2; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.648; .NET CLR 3.5.21022; InfoPath.1)" -H "Connection: Keep-Alive" -H "Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8" -H "SOAPAction: http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute" https://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx The data that is piped to that cURL command: <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <soap:Header> <CrmAuthenticationToken xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices"> <AuthenticationType xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes">0</AuthenticationType> <CrmTicket xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes"></CrmTicket> <OrganizationName xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes">CMIFS</OrganizationName> <CallerId xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes">00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</CallerId> </CrmAuthenticationToken> </soap:Header> <soap:Body> <Execute xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices"> <Request xsi:type="RetrieveAttributeRequest"> <MetadataId>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</MetadataId> <EntityLogicalName>opportunity</EntityLogicalName> <LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</LogicalName> <RetrieveAsIfPublished>false</RetrieveAsIfPublished> </Request> </Execute> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope> Here's the response: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <soap:Body> <ExecuteResponse xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices"> <Response xsi:type="RetrieveAttributeResponse"> <AttributeMetadata xsi:type="PicklistAttributeMetadata"> <MetadataId>101346cf-a6af-4eb4-a4bf-9c3c6bbd6582</MetadataId> <SchemaName>New_TypeofContact</SchemaName> <LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</LogicalName> <EntityLogicalName>opportunity</EntityLogicalName> <AttributeType> <Value>Picklist</Value> </AttributeType> <!-- stuff here --> </AttributeMetadata> </Response> </ExecuteResponse> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope>

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