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  • How to organize Python modules for PyPI to support 2.x and 3.x

    - by Craig McQueen
    I have a Python module that I would like to upload to PyPI. So far, it is working for Python 2.x. It shouldn't be too hard to write a version for 3.x now. But, after following guidelines for making modules in these places: Distributing Python Modules The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging it's not clear to me how to support multiple source distributions for different versions of Python, and it's not clear if/how PyPI could support it. I envisage I would have separate code for: 2.x 2.6 (maybe, as a special case to use the new buffer API) 3.x How is it possible to set up a Python module in PyPI so that someone can do: easy_install modulename and it will install the right thing whether the user is using 2.x or 3.x?

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  • How to organize Python modules for PyPI to support 2.x and 3.x

    - by Craig McQueen
    I have a Python module that I would like to upload to PyPI. So far, it is working for Python 2.x. It shouldn't be too hard to write a version for 3.x now. But, after following guidelines for making modules in these places: Distributing Python Modules The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging it's not clear to me how to support multiple source distributions for different versions of Python, and it's not clear if/how PyPI could support it. I envisage I would have separate code for: 2.x 2.6 (maybe, as a special case to use the new buffer API) 3.x How is it possible to set up a Python module in PyPI so that someone can do: easy_install modulename and it will install the right thing whether the user is using 2.x or 3.x?

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  • Prevent Python from caching the imported modules

    - by Olivier
    While developing a largeish project (split in several files and folders) in Python with IPython, I run into the trouble of cached imported modules. The problem is that instructions import module only reads the module once, even if that module has changed! So each time I change something in my package, I have to quit and restart IPython. Painful. Is there any way to properly force reloading some modules? Or, better, to somehow prevent Python from caching them? I tried several approaches, but none works. In particular I run into really, really weird bugs, like some modules or variables mysteriously becoming equal to None... The only sensible resource I found is Reloading Python modules, from pyunit, but I have not checked it. I would like something like that. A good alternative would be for IPython to restart, or restart the Python interpreter somehow. So, if you develop in Python, what solution have you found to this problem?

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  • Using Crypt function Python 3.3.2

    - by adampski
    In Windows and Python version 3.3.2, I try and call the python module like so: hash2 = crypt(word, salt) I import it at the top of my program like so: from crypt import * The result I get is the following: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\none\of\your\business\adams.py", line 10, in <module> from crypt import * File "C:\Python33\lib\crypt.py", line 3, in <module> import _crypt ImportError: No module named '_crypt' However, when I execute the same file adams.py in Ubuntu, with Python 2.7.3, it executes perfectly - no errors. I tried the following to resolve the issue for my Windows & Python 3.3.2 (though I'm sure the OS isn't the issue, the Python version or my use of syntax is the issue): Rename the directory in the Python33 directory from Lib to lib Rename the crypt.py in lib to _crypt.py. However, it turns out the entire crypt.py module depends on an external module called _crypt.py too. Browsed internet to download anything remotely appropriate to resemble _crypt.py It's not Python, right? It's me...(?) I'm using syntaxes to import and use external modules that are acceptable in 2.7.3, but not in 3.3.2. Or have I found a bug in 3.3.2?

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  • Python 2 dict_items.sort() in Python 3

    - by DaveWeber
    I'm porting some code from Python 2 to 3. This is valid code in Python 2 syntax: def print_sorted_dictionary(dictionary): items=dictionary.items() items.sort() In Python 3, the dict_items have no method 'sort' - how can I make a workaround for this in Python 3?

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  • Fastest image iteration in Python

    - by Greg
    I am creating a simple green screen app with Python 2.7.4 but am getting quite slow results. I am currently using PIL 1.1.7 to load and iterate the images and saw huge speed-ups changing from the old getpixel() to the newer load() and pixel access object indexing. However the following loop still takes around 2.5 seconds to run for an image of around 720p resolution: def colorclose(Cb_p, Cr_p, Cb_key, Cr_key, tola, tolb): temp = math.sqrt((Cb_key-Cb_p)**2+(Cr_key-Cr_p)**2) if temp < tola: return 0.0 else: if temp < tolb: return (temp-tola)/(tolb-tola) else: return 1.0 .... for x in range(width): for y in range(height): Y, cb, cr = fg_cbcr_list[x, y] mask = colorclose(cb, cr, cb_key, cr_key, tola, tolb) mask = 1 - mask bgr, bgg, bgb = bg_list[x,y] fgr, fgg, fgb = fg_list[x,y] pixels[x,y] = ( (int)(fgr - mask*key_color[0] + mask*bgr), (int)(fgg - mask*key_color[1] + mask*bgg), (int)(fgb - mask*key_color[2] + mask*bgb)) Am I doing anything hugely inefficient here which makes it run so slow? I have seen similar, simpler examples where the loop is replaced by a boolean matrix for instance, but for this case I can't see a way to replace the loop. The pixels[x,y] assignment seems to take the most amount of time but not knowing Python very well I am unsure of a more efficient way to do this. Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Making python 3.3 default python 3 interpreter instead of 3.2

    - by user1873947
    So, to keep it simple. Ubuntu 12.10 has python 3.2 pre installed and it is linked to "python3". I downloaded python 3.3 and it's command is "python3.3". However, I downloaded pySide for python3 from synaptic. Using "from PySide.QtCore import *" fails on python3.3. BUT, when I ran just "python3" (aka 3.2) everything works fine. Synaptic just installed lib for python3.2 which is default for python3 in ubuntu. How can I force synaptic to install modules for python3.3? Thanks

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  • Best practise for Progress Bar in Python's PyGTK

    - by Matthew Walker
    I would like to get feedback on others' opinions of best practice for how to implement a progress bar in Python's PyGTK. The work that the progress bar was to represent was very significant computationally. Therefore, I wanted the work to be done in a separate process (thus giving the operating system the possibility to run it on a different core). I wanted to be able to start the work, and then continue to use the GUI for other tasks while waiting for the results. I have seen many people asking this question indirectly, but I have not seen any concrete expert advice. I hope that by asking this question we will see a community's combined expertise. I have read the FAQ and I hope that "Programmers" is the right place to ask.

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  • sudo apt-get install python.pip python-dev Gives Error

    - by user2539745
    I am learning Django from http://gettingstartedwithdjango.com/ and I have windows 7 32-bit. The tutorial asked to install virtualbox and vagrant(tutorial had precise64 and it had issues in my pc so I installed precise32) so I did it. Now the tutorial asked to do sudo apt-get install python-dev python.pip so I did it but it gave me this error > vagrant@precise32:~$ sudo apt-get install python.pip python-dev Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Note, selecting 'python-pip' for regex 'python.pip' Note, selecting 'python-pipeline' for regex 'python.pip' The following extra packages will be installed: libexpat1 libexpat1-dev libpython2.7 python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-support python2.7 python2.7-dev python2.7-minimal Suggested packages: python-distribute python-distribute-doc python2.7-doc binfmt-support The following NEW packages will be installed: libexpat1-dev libpython2.7 python-dev python-pip python-pipeline python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-support python2.7-dev The following packages will be upgraded: libexpat1 python2.7 python2.7-minimal 3 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 63 not upgraded. Need to get 34.7 MB/35.7 MB of archives. After this operation, 42.0 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main python2.7 i386 2.7 .3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main python2.7-minimal i386 2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main libpython2.7 i386 2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Err (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main python2.7-dev i386 2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/python 2.7_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/python 2.7-minimal_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/libpyt hon2.7_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] Failed to fetch (http removed)us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/p/python2.7/python 2.7-dev_2.7.3-0ubuntu3.1_i386.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.91.15 80] E: Unable to fetch some archives, maybe run apt-get update or try with --fix-mis sing? Please help what should I do ??

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  • Python IDLE: How to type correct indentation?

    - by user2988464
    Mac: Maverick Python: 3.4 I tried to testtimeit module in Python's IDLE import timeit >>> timeit.timeit( "obj.method", """ class SomeClass: def method(self): pass obj = SomeClass() """) When I tried to type def method(self): on the next line of class SomeClass, I hit Tab, it prompted a window showing the files inside my Document directory. So I hit Ctrl+Tab instead. But I still got the error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#26>", line 6, in <module> """) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/lib/python3.4/timeit.py", line 213, in timeit return Timer(stmt, setup, timer).timeit(number) File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/lib/python3.4/timeit.py", line 122, in __init__ code = compile(src, dummy_src_name, "exec") File "<timeit-src>", line 9 _t0 = _timer() ^ IndentationError: unindent does not match any outer indentation level Can someone explain: how to fix it, and how to avoid the prompt of My Document appear? Thx!!!

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  • How to install python modules for specific python version

    - by Zayatzz
    I needed to install UCS2 python next to UCS4 python. So I went to comp.lang.python and asked them about it. Probably not the best place to ask it, but they answered https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/comp.lang.python/bGuAfqa76W8 and now i have brand new python 2.7.3 ucs2 installed in /opt/bin/python What I need now is - how can I install all other python modules that I have installed for that python version also. Basically stuff like PIL and postgresql and mod_wsgi - basically everything needed to run Django for that python version. Is this the right the place to ask for it?

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  • call python with system() in R to run a python script emulating the python console

    - by Yihui
    I want to pass a chunk of Python code to Python in R with something like system('python ...'), and I'm wondering if there is an easy way to emulate the python console in this case. For example, suppose the code is "print 'hello world'", how can I get the output like this in R? >>> print 'hello world' hello world This only shows the output: > system("python -c 'print \"hello world\"'") hello world Thanks! BTW, I asked in r-help but have not got a response yet (if I do, I'll post the answer here).

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  • How to become a solid python web developer [closed]

    - by Estarius
    Possible Duplicate: How do I learn Python from zero to web development? I have started Python recently with the goal to become a solid developer to make a web application eventually. However, as time goes by I am wondering if I am being optimal about how I will achieve my goal. I would compare it to a game for example, to be better you must spend time playing and trying new things... However, if you just log in and sit in the lobby chatting you are most likely not progressing. So far, this is my plan (feel free to comment or judge it): Review basic programmation concepts Start coding slowly in Python Once comfortable in Python, learn about web development in Python Learn about those things we heard about: SQLAlchemy, MVC, TDD, Git, Agile (Group project) To achieve these things, I started the Learn python the hard way exercises, which I am doing at the rate of 5 per days. I also started to read Think Python at the same time and planning to move on with Dive into python. As far as my research goes, these documentations along with Python documentation is usually what is the most recommended to learn Python. I consider this to get my point 1 and 2 done. While learning Python is really great, my goal remains to do quality web development. I know there are books about Django etc. however I would like to become comfortable with any Python web development. This means without Framework and with Framework... Any framework, then be able to choose the one which best fits our needs. For this I would like to know if some people have suggestions. Should I just get a book on Django and it should apply to everything ? What would be the best method to go from Python to Web Python and not end up creating crappy code which would turn into nightmares for other programmers ? Then finally, those "things we hear about". While I understand what they all do basically, I am fairly sure that like everything, there are good and wrong ways of making use of them. Should I go through at least a whole book on each before starting to use them or keep it at their respective online documentation ? Are there some kind of documentation which links their use to Python ? Also, from looking at Django and Pyramid they seems to use something else than MVC, while the Django model looks similar, the Pyramid one seems to cut a whole part of it... Is learning MVC still worth it ? Sorry for the wall of text, Thanks in advance !

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  • Why do people hesitate using Python 3?

    - by Ham
    Python 3 has been released in December 2008. A lot of time has passed since then but still today many developers hesitate using Python 3. Even popular frameworks like Django are not compatible with Python 3 yet but still rely on Python 2. Sure, Python 3 has some incompatibilities to Python 2 and some people need to rely on backwards-compatibility. But hasn't Python 3 been around long enough now for most projects to switch or start with Python 3? Having two competiting versions has so many drawbacks; two branches need to be maintained, confusion for learners and so on, so why is there such a big hesitation throughout the Python community in switching to Python 3?

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  • Cannot compile GDB7.8 with Python support

    - by j0h
    I am trying to install GDB7.8 with Python support. From the source folder, I am running ./configure --with-python When I did tab-complete from --with- I did not see Python in the list. But when I ran configure with that flag, it did not baulk. When I run make, it complains that Python is not found. checking for python2.7... no but Python is installed: $ which python python python2.7 python2.7-dbg-config python2 python2.7-dbg $ which python2.7 /usr/bin/python2.7 I compiled GDB without --with-python and things installed without error. I was under the impression that GDB7.8 had Python support without the need for special flags. But when I run: $gdb python (gdb) run test.py I get some sort of cannot import gdb Import error So then I tried calling "pi": (gdb) pi printf.py Python scripting is not supported in this copy of GDB. So... how do I get Python support in GDB7.8? is it actually not supported? Or should I not call "pi"?

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  • Python requests - saving cookie for later url usage

    - by PythonRocks
    I been trying to get a cookie and post it to a url in later use in the program, but I cant seem to get the cookie parameters to work. Right now I have response = requests.get("url") But how exactly do I retrive cookies from this url and post them to a new url (the same cookies). The tutorial in requests is somewhat vague on the topic and gives examples I cannot test. Hope someone can help with further examples. This is python 2.7 btw.

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  • Python Parse regex

    - by Nemo
    Let's say I have string in the form given below: myString={"name", "age", "address", "contacts", "Email"} I need to get all the items of myString into a List using python. Here's what I did r= re.search("myString=\{\"(.+)\", $\}", line) if r: items.append(r.group(1)) print(items) Here line is the variable that holds the content of my text file. What change do I have to make to my regex to get all the items in myString? Please kindly help me out. Thanks.

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  • python metaprogramming

    - by valya
    I'm trying to archive a task which turns out to be a bit complicated since I'm not very good at Python metaprogramming. I want to have a module locations with function get_location(name), which returns a class defined in a folder locations/ in the file with the name passed to function. Name of a class is something like NameLocation. So, my folder structure: program.py locations/ __init__.py first.py second.py program.py will be smth with with: from locations import get_location location = get_location('first') and the location is a class defined in first.py smth like this: from locations import Location # base class for all locations, defined in __init__ (?) class FirstLocation(Location): pass etc. Okay, I've tried a lot of import and getattribute statements but now I'm bored and surrender. How to archive such behaviour?

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  • bad request error 400 while using python requests.post function

    - by Toussah
    I'm trying to make a simple post request via the requests library of Python and I get a bad request error (400) while my url is supposedly correct since I can use it to perform a get. I'm very new in REST requests, I read many tutorials and documentation but I guess there are still things I don't get so my error could be basic. Maybe a lack of understanding on the type of url I'm supposed to send via POST. Here my code : import requests v_username = "username" v_password = "password" v_headers = {'content-type':'application/rdf+xml'} url = 'https://my.url' params = {'param': 'val_param'} payload = {'data': 'my_data'} r = requests.post(url, params = params, auth=(v_username, v_password), data=payload, headers=v_headers, verify=False) print r I used the example of the requests documentation.

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  • Bit by bit comparison of using Java or Python for unit testing frameworks and Selenium

    - by Anirudh
    Currently we are in the process of finalizing which language out of Java, Python should be used for Automation using selenium webdriver and a suitable unit testing frameworks. I have made use of Junit, TestNG and webdriver while using with Java and have designed frameworks without much fuss before. I am new to python though I came across pyhton's unit testing frameworks like unittest, pyunit, nose e.t.c but I have doubts if they would be as successful as testNG or Java. I would like to analyze point by point when used with selenium webdriver as below: 1)I have read that as Python is an interpreted language hence it's execution is slower, so say if I have to run 1000 test cases which take about 6 hours to run in Java, would python take considerably longer time for the same test cases like 8 hours? 2)Can the Python unit testing framework be as flexible as a Java unit testing framework like testNG in terms or Grouping the tests, parallel execution, skipping test. e.t.c 3)Also one point that I think of is that Python with selenium webdriver doeasn't have as big or learned community as we have for Java with webdriver, say if I run into trouble with something I am more likely to find an answer for Java as compared to python? 4)Somewhat related to point 3, is it safe to rely on tools, plugins or even webderiver's python's binding as a continuously well maintained? 5)One major drawback as I see while using python's unit testing framework is lack of boilerplate code or libraries for nicely illustrative HTML reports preferably historical reports with Pie charts, bar graphs and timelines as we have in case of Java like Allure, TestNG's default reports, reportNG or Junit reports with the help of ANT as shown below Allure Reports Junit Historical reports Also I would like to emphasize on the fact if there is a way for one to write the framework in java and make libraries or utilities according to out application in webdriver which can easily be called or integrated in with python code or modules? That would actually solve the problem for us as the client would be able to use the code we write in Java and make use of the same or call it from their python modules?

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  • Python - Calling a non python program from python?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I am currently struggling to call a non python program from a python script. I have a ~1000 files that when passed through this C++ program will generate ~1000 outputs. Each output file must have a distinct name. The command I wish to run is of the form: program_name -input -output -o1 -o2 -o3 To date I have tried: import os cwd = os.getcwd() files = os.listdir(cwd) required_files = [] for i in file: if i.endswith('.ttp'): required_files.append(i) So, I have an array of the neccesary files. My problem - how do I iterate over the array and for each entry, pass it to the above command (program_name) as an argument and specify a unique output id for each file? Much appreciated, S :-)

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  • Imaging: Paper Paper Everywhere, but None Should be in Sight

    - by Kellsey Ruppel
    Author: Vikrant Korde, Technical Architect, Aurionpro's Oracle Implementation Services team My wedding photos are stored in several empty shoeboxes. Yes...I got married before digital photography was mainstream...which means I'm old. But my parents are really old. They have shoeboxes filled with vacation photos on slides (I doubt many of you have even seen a home slide projector...and I hope you never do!). Neither me nor my parents should have shoeboxes filled with any form of photographs whatsoever. They should obviously live in the digital world...with no physical versions in sight (other than a few framed on our walls). Businesses grapple with similar challenges. But instead of shoeboxes, they have file cabinets and warehouses jam packed with paper invoices, legal documents, human resource files, material safety data sheets, incident reports, and the list goes on and on. In fact, regulatory and compliance rules govern many industries, requiring that this paperwork is available for any number of years. It's a real challenge...especially trying to find archived documents quickly and many times with no backup. Which brings us to a set of technologies called Image Process Management (or simply Imaging or Image Processing) that are transforming these antiquated, paper-based processes. Oracle's WebCenter Content Imaging solution is a combination of their WebCenter suite, which offers a robust set of content and document management features, and their Business Process Management (BPM) suite, which helps to automate business processes through the definition of workflows and business rules. Overall, the solution provides an enterprise-class platform for end-to-end management of document images within transactional business processes. It's a solution that provides all of the capabilities needed - from document capture and recognition, to imaging and workflow - to effectively transform your ‘shoeboxes’ of files into digitally managed assets that comply with strict industry regulations. The terminology can be quite overwhelming if you're new to the space, so we've provided a summary of the primary components of the solution below, along with a short description of the two paths that can be executed to load images of scanned documents into Oracle's WebCenter suite. WebCenter Imaging (WCI): the electronic document repository that provides security, annotations, and search capabilities, and is the primary user interface for managing work items in the imaging solution SOA & BPM Suites (workflow): provide business process management capabilities, including human tasks, workflow management, service integration, and all other standard SOA features. It's interesting to note that there a number of 'jumpstart' processes available to help accelerate the integration of business applications, such as the accounts payable invoice processing solution for E-Business Suite that facilitates the processing of large volumes of invoices WebCenter Enterprise Capture (WEC): expedites the capture process of paper documents to digital images, offering high volume scanning and importing from email, and allows for flexible indexing options WebCenter Forms Recognition (WFR): automatically recognizes, categorizes, and extracts information from paper documents with greatly reduced human intervention WebCenter Content: the backend content server that provides versioning, security, and content storage There are two paths that can be executed to send data from WebCenter Capture to WebCenter Imaging, both of which are described below: 1. Direct Flow - This is the simplest and quickest way to push an image scanned from WebCenter Enterprise Capture (WEC) to WebCenter Imaging (WCI), using the bare minimum metadata. The WEC activities are defined below: The paper document is scanned (or imported from email). The scanned image is indexed using a predefined indexing profile. The image is committed directly into the process flow 2. WFR (WebCenter Forms Recognition) Flow - This is the more complex process, during which data is extracted from the image using a series of operations including Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Classification, Extraction, and Export. This process creates three files (Tiff, XML, and TXT), which are fed to the WCI Input Agent (the high speed import/filing module). The WCI Input Agent directory is a standard ingestion method for adding content to WebCenter Imaging, the process for doing so is described below: WEC commits the batch using the respective commit profile. A TIFF file is created, passing data through the file name by including values separated by "_" (underscores). WFR completes OCR, classification, extraction, export, and pulls the data from the image. In addition to the TIFF file, which contains the document image, an XML file containing the extracted data, and a TXT file containing the metadata that will be filled in WCI, are also created. All three files are exported to WCI's Input agent directory. Based on previously defined "input masks", the WCI Input Agent will pick up the seeding file (often the TXT file). Finally, the TIFF file is pushed in UCM and a unique web-viewable URL is created. Based on the mapping data read from the TXT file, a new record is created in the WCI application.  Although these processes may seem complex, each Oracle component works seamlessly together to achieve a high performing and scalable platform. The solution has been field tested at some of the largest enterprises in the world and has transformed millions and millions of paper-based documents to more easily manageable digital assets. For more information on how an Imaging solution can help your business, please contact [email protected] (for U.S. West inquiries) or [email protected] (for U.S. East inquiries). About the Author: Vikrant is a Technical Architect in Aurionpro's Oracle Implementation Services team, where he delivers WebCenter-based Content and Imaging solutions to Fortune 1000 clients. With more than twelve years of experience designing, developing, and implementing Java-based software solutions, Vikrant was one of the founding members of Aurionpro's WebCenter-based offshore delivery team. He can be reached at [email protected].

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