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  • How do I make Linux recognize a new SATA /dev/sda drive I hot swapped in without rebooting?

    - by Philip Durbin
    Hot swapping out a failed SATA /dev/sda drive worked fine, but when I went to swap in a new drive, it wasn't recognized: [root@fs-2 ~]# tail -18 /var/log/messages May 5 16:54:35 fs-2 kernel: ata1: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x50000 action 0xe frozen May 5 16:54:35 fs-2 kernel: ata1: SError: { PHYRdyChg CommWake } May 5 16:54:40 fs-2 kernel: ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) May 5 16:54:45 fs-2 kernel: ata1: device not ready (errno=-16), forcing hardreset May 5 16:54:45 fs-2 kernel: ata1: soft resetting link May 5 16:54:50 fs-2 kernel: ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) May 5 16:54:55 fs-2 kernel: ata1: SRST failed (errno=-16) May 5 16:54:55 fs-2 kernel: ata1: soft resetting link May 5 16:55:00 fs-2 kernel: ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) May 5 16:55:05 fs-2 kernel: ata1: SRST failed (errno=-16) May 5 16:55:05 fs-2 kernel: ata1: soft resetting link May 5 16:55:10 fs-2 kernel: ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) May 5 16:55:40 fs-2 kernel: ata1: SRST failed (errno=-16) May 5 16:55:40 fs-2 kernel: ata1: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps May 5 16:55:40 fs-2 kernel: ata1: soft resetting link May 5 16:55:45 fs-2 kernel: ata1: SRST failed (errno=-16) May 5 16:55:45 fs-2 kernel: ata1: reset failed, giving up May 5 16:55:45 fs-2 kernel: ata1: EH complete I tried a couple things to make the server find the new /dev/sda, such as rescan-scsi-bus.sh but they didn't work: [root@fs-2 ~]# echo "---" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan -bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument [root@fs-2 ~]# [root@fs-2 ~]# /root/rescan-scsi-bus.sh -l [snip] 0 new device(s) found. 0 device(s) removed. [root@fs-2 ~]# [root@fs-2 ~]# ls /dev/sda ls: /dev/sda: No such file or directory I ended up rebooting the server. /dev/sda was recognized, I fixed the software RAID, and everything is fine now. But for next time, how can I make Linux recognize a new SATA drive I have hot swapped in without rebooting? The operating system in question is RHEL5.3: [root@fs-2 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.3 (Tikanga) The hard drive is a Seagate Barracuda ES.2 SATA 3.0-Gb/s 500-GB, model ST3500320NS. Here is the lscpi output: [root@fs-2 ~]# lspci 00:00.0 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation MCP55 Memory Controller (rev a2) 00:01.0 ISA bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 LPC Bridge (rev a3) 00:01.1 SMBus: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SMBus (rev a3) 00:02.0 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation MCP55 USB Controller (rev a1) 00:02.1 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation MCP55 USB Controller (rev a2) 00:04.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 IDE (rev a1) 00:05.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SATA Controller (rev a3) 00:05.1 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SATA Controller (rev a3) 00:05.2 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SATA Controller (rev a3) 00:06.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI bridge (rev a2) 00:08.0 Bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 Ethernet (rev a3) 00:09.0 Bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 Ethernet (rev a3) 00:0a.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0b.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0c.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0d.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0e.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0f.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] HyperTransport Technology Configuration 00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Address Map 00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] DRAM Controller 00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Miscellaneous Control 00:19.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] HyperTransport Technology Configuration 00:19.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Address Map 00:19.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] DRAM Controller 00:19.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Miscellaneous Control 03:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA G200e [Pilot] ServerEngines (SEP1) (rev 02) 04:00.0 PCI bridge: NEC Corporation uPD720400 PCI Express - PCI/PCI-X Bridge (rev 06) 04:00.1 PCI bridge: NEC Corporation uPD720400 PCI Express - PCI/PCI-X Bridge (rev 06) Update: In perhaps a dozen cases, we've been forced to reboot servers because hot swap hasn't "just worked." Thanks for the answers to look more into the SATA controller. I've included the lspci output for the problematic system above (hostname: fs-2). I could still use some help understanding what exactly isn't supported hardware-wise in terms of hot swap for that system. Please let me know what other output besides lspci might be useful. The good news is that hot swap "just worked" today on one of our servers (hostname: www-1), which is very rare for us. Here is the lspci output: [root@www-1 ~]# lspci 00:00.0 RAM memory: nVidia Corporation MCP55 Memory Controller (rev a2) 00:01.0 ISA bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 LPC Bridge (rev a3) 00:01.1 SMBus: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SMBus (rev a3) 00:02.0 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation MCP55 USB Controller (rev a1) 00:02.1 USB Controller: nVidia Corporation MCP55 USB Controller (rev a2) 00:04.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 IDE (rev a1) 00:05.0 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SATA Controller (rev a3) 00:05.1 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SATA Controller (rev a3) 00:05.2 IDE interface: nVidia Corporation MCP55 SATA Controller (rev a3) 00:06.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI bridge (rev a2) 00:08.0 Bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 Ethernet (rev a3) 00:09.0 Bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 Ethernet (rev a3) 00:0b.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0c.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:0f.0 PCI bridge: nVidia Corporation MCP55 PCI Express bridge (rev a3) 00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] HyperTransport Configuration 00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] Address Map 00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] DRAM Controller 00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] Miscellaneous Control 00:18.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] Link Control 00:19.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] HyperTransport Configuration 00:19.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] Address Map 00:19.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] DRAM Controller 00:19.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] Miscellaneous Control 00:19.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K10 [Opteron, Athlon64, Sempron] Link Control 03:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA G200e [Pilot] ServerEngines (SEP1) (rev 02) 04:00.0 PCI bridge: NEC Corporation uPD720400 PCI Express - PCI/PCI-X Bridge (rev 06) 04:00.1 PCI bridge: NEC Corporation uPD720400 PCI Express - PCI/PCI-X Bridge (rev 06) 09:00.0 SCSI storage controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic SAS1064ET PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS (rev 04)

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  • Possible to get SSD TRIM (discard) working on ext4 + LVM + software RAID in Linux?

    - by Don MacAskill
    We use RAID1+0 with md on Linux (currently 2.6.37) to create an md device, then use LVM to provide volume management on top of the device, and then use ext4 as our filesystem on the LVM volume groups. With SSDs as the drives, we'd like to see the TRIM commands propagate through the layers (ext4 - LVM - md - SSD) to the devices. It looks like recent 2.6.3x kernels have had a lot of new SSD-related TRIM support added, including lots more coverage of Device Mapper scenarios, but we still can't seem to get it to cascade down properly. Is this possible yet? If so, how? If not, is any progress being made?

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  • My linux server takes more than an hour to boot. Suggestions?

    - by jamieb
    I am building a CentOS 5.4 system that boots off a compact flash card using a card reader that emulates an IDE drive. It literally takes about an hour to boot. The ultra-slow part occurs when Grub is loading the kernel. Once that's done, the rest of the boot process only takes about a minute to get to a login prompt. Does anyone have any suggestions? I suspect that it may have to do with UDMA. Everything IDE-related in my BIOS seems to checkout. The read performance hdparm is telling me 1.77 MB/s. Ouch! (But even at that rate, it still shouldn't take an hour to decompress and load the kernel) [root@server ~]# hdparm -tT /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: Timing cached reads: 2444 MB in 2.00 seconds = 1222.04 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 6 MB in 3.39 seconds = 1.77 MB/sec Trying to enable DMA is a no-go though: [root@server ~]# hdparm -d1 /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: setting using_dma to 1 (on) HDIO_SET_DMA failed: Operation not permitted using_dma = 0 (off) Here's some command outputs that might help: System [root@server ~]# uname -a Linux server.localdomain 2.6.18-164.el5xen #1 SMP Thu Sep 3 04:47:32 EDT 2009 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux PCI info: [root@server ~]# lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ/P/PL Memory Controller Hub (rev 02) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ/P/PL Memory Controller Hub Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82945G/GZ Integrated Graphics Controller Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 10 Memory at fdf00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K] I/O ports at ff00 [size=8] Memory at d0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fdf80000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K] Capabilities: [90] Message Signalled Interrupts: 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable- Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 I/O ports at fe00 [size=32] 00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 I/O ports at fd00 [size=32] 00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18 I/O ports at fc00 [size=32] 00:1d.3 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 01) (prog-if 00 [UHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19 I/O ports at fb00 [size=32] 00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller (rev 01) (prog-if 20 [EHCI]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16 Memory at fdfff000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [58] Debug port 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev e1) (prog-if 01 [Subtractive decode]) Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=32 I/O behind bridge: 0000d000-0000dfff Memory behind bridge: fde00000-fdefffff Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000fdd00000-00000000fdd00000 Capabilities: [50] #0d [0000] 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR (ICH7 Family) LPC Interface Bridge (rev 01) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR (ICH7 Family) LPC Interface Bridge Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information 00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR/GH (ICH7 Family) SATA IDE Controller (rev 01) (prog-if 80 [Master]) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801GB/GR/GH (ICH7 Family) SATA IDE Controller Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 17 I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at <unassigned> I/O ports at f800 [size=16] Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 2 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 01) Subsystem: Intel Corporation 82801G (ICH7 Family) SMBus Controller Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 17 I/O ports at 0500 [size=32] 01:04.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 18 I/O ports at de00 [size=256] Memory at fdeff000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 01:06.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 17 I/O ports at dc00 [size=256] Memory at fdefe000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 01:07.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ (rev 10) Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+ Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 19 I/O ports at da00 [size=256] Memory at fdefd000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 hdparm ouput: [root@server ~]# hdparm /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 0 (default 16-bit) unmaskirq = 0 (off) using_dma = 0 (off) keepsettings = 0 (off) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 8146/16/63, sectors = 8211168, start = 0 [root@server ~]# hdparm -I /dev/hdc /dev/hdc: ATA device, with non-removable media Model Number: InnoDisk Corp. - iCF4000 4GB Serial Number: 20091023AACA70000753 Firmware Revision: 081107 Standards: Supported: 5 Likely used: 6 Configuration: Logical max current cylinders 8146 8146 heads 16 16 sectors/track 63 63 -- CHS current addressable sectors: 8211168 LBA user addressable sectors: 8211168 device size with M = 1024*1024: 4009 MBytes device size with M = 1000*1000: 4204 MBytes (4 GB) Capabilities: LBA, IORDY(can be disabled) Standby timer values: spec'd by Vendor R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 2 Current = 2 DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 *udma2 udma3 udma4 Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns Commands/features: Enabled Supported: * Power Management feature set * WRITE_BUFFER command * READ_BUFFER command * NOP cmd * CFA feature set * Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE HW reset results: CBLID- above Vih Device num = 0 CFA power mode 1: enabled and required by some commands Maximum current = 100ma Checksum: correct

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  • Linux Software RAID: How to fsck on hard drive?

    - by Rick-Rainer Ludwig
    We have a Linux server running with Software RAID1. We see some issues in /var/log/messages like: unreadable sector. I want to perform a complete fsck on the drive to get some more information, but a fsck /dev/md0 brings a clean due to the Software RAID layer in between. How can I check the real hard drive? Do I need to disassemble the whole RAID? How do I deal with the inconsistency in the partition due to the additional Software RAID header? Does anyone have a good idea for this?

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  • Updated linux, grub menu not booting to windows partition.

    - by Chris Flynn
    I have just updated my Ubuntu linux to Ubuntu 10.4, not my grub menu isnt letting me boot to Windows Partition. The problem seems to be with grubs new update from using an editable menu.lst file to using a non editable grub.cfg file. Everywhere I look it states "DO NOT EDIT THE GRUB.CGF FILE". I am at a loss as what to do. I figured that the new configuration has screwed up the Windows Boot File. Anyone have any suggestions on how to fix this. I am not sure if it is a windows issue or an issue with the Grub boot menu. Any help would be great. Thanks -Chris Flynn

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  • Why are all Linux commands broken after installing Perl?

    - by user115079
    I installed perl using following command: curl -L http://xrl.us/installperlnix | bash after that i run following command to create soft link ln -sf /usr/local/bin/perl /usr/bin/perl now I'm trying to run commands like dir, mkdir, ll, rm, vi but nothing seems to be working for me. also when i try to login into my shell i get following msg at startup: Last login: Wed Apr 4 21:50:12 2012 from x.y.z.ip -bash: perl: command not found please help. Here is system detail: cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.18-274.18.1.el5.028stab098.1 (root@rhel5-build-x64) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46)) #1 SMP Sat Feb 11 15:30:41 MSK 2012 cat /etc/issue CentOS 5.7 32 bit Kernel \r on an \m Don't know if perl was already installed or not. and now i can't check.

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  • What do I do when I get a Linux kernel bug?

    - by raldi
    I just bought a tiny computer called a fit-pc2 which came with a somewhat customized Ubuntu 9.10 installation. uname -a reports: Linux 2.6.31-34-fitpc2 #7 SMP Thu Apr 22 17:43:26 IDT 2010 i686 GNU/Linux It seems that after several hours of running with heavy network load, all networking ceases and I get the following in kern.log: BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ff09dfc0 IP: [<c0150300>] kthread_should_stop+0x10/0x20 *pde = 00000000 Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/idVendor Modules linked in: binfmt_misc ppdev sbc_fitpc2_wdt snd_usb_audio snd_usb_lib i2c_isch sch_gpio snd_seq_dummy snd_hda_intel snd_pcm_oss snd_seq_oss snd_seq_midi snd_rawmidi snd_mixer_oss snd_seq_midi_event snd_seq snd_pcm snd_timer snd_page_alloc snd_seq_device iptable_filter ip_tables x_tables snd_hwdep lpc_sch snd psmouse rt2860sta(C) uvcvideo video pl2303 soundcore mfd_core output videodev v4l1_compat lirc_igorplugusb lirc_dev serio_raw lp parport usbhid r8169 mii iegd_mod drm agpgart Pid: 16, comm: kblockd/1 Tainted: G C (2.6.31-34-fitpc2 #7) SBC-FITPC2 EIP: 0060:[<c0150300>] EFLAGS: 00010246 CPU: 1 EIP is at kthread_should_stop+0x10/0x20 EAX: ff09dfc4 EBX: c180cbac ECX: 0109d000 EDX: f709df98 ESI: f709df98 EDI: c180cba0 EBP: f709dfb8 ESP: f709df90 DS: 007b ES: 007b FS: 00d8 GS: 0000 SS: 0068 Process kblockd/1 (pid: 16, ti=f709c000 task=f7084b60 task.ti=f709c000) Stack: c014c14d c180cba4 00000000 f7084b60 c0150770 f709dfa4 f709dfa4 f7023ef4 <0> c180cba0 c014c0d0 f709dfe0 c015047c 00000000 00000000 00000000 f709dfcc <0> f709dfcc c0150400 00000000 00000000 00000000 c0103ce7 f7023ef4 00000000 Call Trace: [<c014c14d>] ? worker_thread+0x7d/0xe0 [<c0150770>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x40 [<c014c0d0>] ? worker_thread+0x0/0xe0 [<c015047c>] ? kthread+0x7c/0x90 [<c0150400>] ? kthread+0x0/0x90 [<c0103ce7>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x7/0x10 Code: a6 8b 55 0c 8d 4d e0 89 f8 89 34 24 e8 7a fd ff ff 89 c3 eb 92 90 90 90 90 90 90 55 64 a1 00 80 76 c0 8b 80 70 02 00 00 89 e5 5d <8b> 40 fc c3 8d b6 00 00 00 00 8d bf 00 00 00 00 55 ba d7 86 62 EIP: [<c0150300>] kthread_should_stop+0x10/0x20 SS:ESP 0068:f709df90 CR2: 00000000ff09dfc0 ---[ end trace 06004df70b9cf435 ]--- BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ff09dfc8 IP: [<c0521bc8>] _spin_lock_irqsave+0x18/0x30 *pde = 00000000 Oops: 0002 [#2] SMP last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/idVendor Modules linked in: binfmt_misc ppdev sbc_fitpc2_wdt snd_usb_audio snd_usb_lib i2c_isch sch_gpio snd_seq_dummy snd_hda_intel snd_pcm_oss snd_seq_oss snd_seq_midi snd_rawmidi snd_mixer_oss snd_seq_midi_event snd_seq snd_pcm snd_timer snd_page_alloc snd_seq_device iptable_filter ip_tables x_tables snd_hwdep lpc_sch snd psmouse rt2860sta(C) uvcvideo video pl2303 soundcore mfd_core output videodev v4l1_compat lirc_igorplugusb lirc_dev serio_raw lp parport usbhid r8169 mii iegd_mod drm agpgart Pid: 16, comm: kblockd/1 Tainted: G D C (2.6.31-34-fitpc2 #7) SBC-FITPC2 EIP: 0060:[<c0521bc8>] EFLAGS: 00010086 CPU: 1 EIP is at _spin_lock_irqsave+0x18/0x30 EAX: 00000100 EBX: ff09dfc8 ECX: 00000286 EDX: ff09dfc8 ESI: f7084b60 EDI: ff09dfc4 EBP: f709dd88 ESP: f709dd88 DS: 007b ES: 007b FS: 00d8 GS: 0000 SS: 0068 Process kblockd/1 (pid: 16, ti=f709c000 task=f7084b60 task.ti=f709c000) Stack: f709dda4 c0127c0b 00000082 00000001 ff09dfc4 f7084b60 00000000 f709ddd0 <0> c0137fd2 00000086 f70954c4 00000000 f7098480 f709ddf0 f7094fc0 f7084b60 <0> 00000000 00000009 f709ddf0 c013c3f8 00000001 c1807c60 f709ddf0 f7084b60 Call Trace: [<c0127c0b>] ? complete+0x1b/0x60 [<c0137fd2>] ? mm_release+0x52/0xf0 [<c013c3f8>] ? exit_mm+0x18/0x110 [<c013c6db>] ? do_exit+0xfb/0x2e0 [<c013998a>] ? print_oops_end_marker+0x2a/0x30 [<c0522aab>] ? oops_end+0x8b/0xd0 [<c011eac4>] ? no_context+0xb4/0xd0 [<c011eb1d>] ? __bad_area_nosemaphore+0x3d/0x1a0 [<c0133a56>] ? load_balance_newidle+0x96/0x320 [<c011ec92>] ? bad_area_nosemaphore+0x12/0x20 [<c0524106>] ? do_page_fault+0x2f6/0x380 [<c012cc30>] ? finish_task_switch+0x50/0xe0 [<c0523e10>] ? do_page_fault+0x0/0x380 [<c0522006>] ? error_code+0x66/0x70 [<c0523e10>] ? do_page_fault+0x0/0x380 [<c0150300>] ? kthread_should_stop+0x10/0x20 [<c014c14d>] ? worker_thread+0x7d/0xe0 [<c0150770>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x40 [<c014c0d0>] ? worker_thread+0x0/0xe0 [<c015047c>] ? kthread+0x7c/0x90 [<c0150400>] ? kthread+0x0/0x90 [<c0103ce7>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x7/0x10 Code: 00 00 00 55 89 e5 f0 83 28 01 79 05 e8 02 ff ff ff 5d c3 55 89 c2 89 e5 9c 58 8d 74 26 00 89 c1 fa 90 8d 74 26 00 b8 00 01 00 00 <f0> 66 0f c1 02 38 e0 74 06 f3 90 8a 02 eb f6 89 c8 5d c3 90 8d EIP: [<c0521bc8>] _spin_lock_irqsave+0x18/0x30 SS:ESP 0068:f709dd88 CR2: 00000000ff09dfc8 ---[ end trace 06004df70b9cf436 ]--- Fixing recursive fault but reboot is needed! This seems to happen at least once a day. How do I even begin to debug this?

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  • Have only read access to Samba

    - by Tahir Malik
    Hi I've been struggling a lot with Samba on Centos 5.5 lately. I develop in Windows 7 and send files through scp (ant task), but it's to slow and wanted to setup thoroughly samba. After installing and following some guides I've done the following: Disable firewall (iptables) Disable SelLinux (didn't do that at the start, but didn't help either) setup my smbusers file to map my windows user to root (root = "Tahir Malik" -- works) added a current user mitco to the sambapassdb with the command smbpasswd -a mitco , because the windows user had only read access So both the users have read access to my share. Here is my smb.conf snippit: [global] workgroup = MITCO server string = Samba Server Version %v netbios name = centos ; interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 ; hosts allow = 127. 192.168.12. 192.168.13. [alf4] comment = Alfresco 4 path = /opt read only = no valid users = mitco, mitco force user = root force group = root admin users = mitco , mitco writeable = yes ; browseable = yes What also maybe important is that the /opt is only writable by root, but that shouldn't matter because I use the force user and group or admin users. The log file : [2012/09/29 07:43:44, 0] smbd/server.c:main(958) smbd version 3.0.33-3.39.el5_8 started. Copyright Andrew Tridgell and the Samba Team 1992-2008 [2012/09/29 07:43:59, 1] smbd/service.c:make_connection_snum(1085) mitco-tahir (192.168.13.1) connect to service alf4 initially as user root (uid=0, gid=0) (pid 5228)

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  • How to calculate time spent for Linux system administration?

    - by Jaakko
    I would love figuring out how much time I actually have spent in shell performing administrative duties. For billing of course, this information is not sufficient, but it would be helpful to figure out how much time I have actually spent in shell. My question is: How anyone got tips on how to calculate time spent in shell (in hours + minutes), let's say per user account? Could anyone recommend a software that could be used to analyze this time? Optionally I would like to know about ways how to categorise time spent (e.g. 1 hour for Apache, 2 hours for Samba, etc.) Also, your takes on how you monitor your admin time, are also much appreciated! To narrow down the problem, I am specifically interested in ways of tracking time spent in shell for Linux system administration

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  • Why is mcrypt not included in most Linux distributions?

    - by Daniel Lopez
    libmcrypt is a powerful encryption library that is very popular with PHP-based applications. However, most Linux distributions do not include it. This causes problems for many users that need to download and compile it separately. I am guessing that the reason it is not shipped is related to encryption or patent issues. However, the source code for library itself is hosted and available on sourceforge.net I have been searching unsuccessfully for a document of authoritative post that explains the exact issues why this extension is not bundled with mainstream distributions. Can anyone provide a pointer to such material or provide an explanation?

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  • Which Linux distributive could you advise for a webserver with PIII-700MHz and 512Mb RAM?

    - by Andrei
    Hi everybody, We need to update our webserver (PIII-700MHz and 512Mb RAM) and could not do that without reinstalling the whole system. However my choice to put Ubuntu 9.10 was probably not the best and the machine works very slow now. Actually, we need it just for simple LAPM configuration and we really want to use the old box for this purpose. It used to have old version of Linux Slackware in which I didn't manage to update PHP due to a very complicated non-standard setup. What would you recommend?

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  • How to display certain lines from a text file in Linux?

    - by Boaz
    Hi, I guess everyone knows the useful Linux cmd line utilities head and tail. Head allows you to print the first X lines of a file, tail does the same but prints the end of the file. What is a good command to print the middle of a file? something like middle --start 10000000 --count 20 (print the 10,000,000th till th 10,000,010th lines). I'm looking for something that will deal with large files efficiently. I tried tail -n 10000000 | head 10 and it's horrifically slow. Thanks, Boaz

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  • Scripting an 'empty' password in /etc/shadow

    - by paddy
    I've written a script to add CVS and SVN users on a Linux server (Slackware 14.0). This script creates the user if necessary, and either copies the user's SSH key from an existing shell account or generates a new SSH key. Just to be clear, the accounts are specifically for SVN or CVS. So the entry in /home/${username}/.ssh/authorized_keys begins with (using CVS as an example): command="/usr/bin/cvs server",no-port-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-pty ssh-rsa ....etc...etc...etc... Actual shell access will never be allowed for these users - they are purely there to provide access to our source repositories via SSH. My problem is that when I add a new user, they get an empty password in /etc/shadow by default. It looks like: paddycvs:!:15679:0:99999:7::: If I leave the shadow file as is (with the !), SSH authentication fails. To enable SSH, I must first run passwd for the new user and enter something. I have two issues with doing that. First, it requires user input which I can't allow in this script. Second, it potentially allows the user to login at the physical terminal (if they have physical access, which they might, and know the secret password -- okay, so that's unlikely). The way I normally prevent users from logging in is to set their shell to /bin/false, but if I do that then SSH doesn't work either! Does anyone have a suggestion for scripting this? Should I simply use sed or something and replace the relevant line in the shadow file with a preset encrypted secret password string? Or is there a better way? Cheers =)

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  • Linux: How to break a large file into smaller files?

    - by Runcible
    I have a giant file (20 gigs) sitting on my source machine and I need to transfer it to my target machine. For the purposes of this question, let's assume that I do not have network connectivity between the two machines. I need to break this file into a series of smaller files, write the smaller files to DVD(s), then re-assemble everything on the target machine. Both source and destination machines are Linux boxes. Is there a way to accomplish this using tar? I have a feeling that I need to use the --multi-volume parameter. What are my options? I need to be able to specify the size of the volume files, in order to make sure that each one will fit onto a single DVD. Thanks!

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  • How to erase a SSD to restore factory performance in Linux?

    - by Andy B
    Due to big performance issues with an mdraid-1 array I'd like to pull down from the array one of the devices (Samsung 840 Pro), erase it to restore factory performance and re-add it to the array. The reason I want to do this to one of the SSDs is because the poor performance seems to be related to one specific SSD out of the two (although they are the same brand, model and firmware ver). But how do I erase a SSD from Linux? I mention that hdparm indicates that both drives are frozen at this time. Maybe because they are part of an md array? Thanks in advance!

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  • Possible to write an implement of RAIDZ or RAIDZ2 for the MD driver in the Linux kernel?

    - by Pharaun
    I am curious on if it is possible to have an implement of RAIDZ and/or RAIDZ2 in the MD driver in the Linux kernel? From my understanding of it is that the RAIDZ version is equivalent to a RAID 5, and that a RAIDZ2 is equivalent to a RAID 6. The main difference is that the stripe size can be variable for RAIDZ as opposite to RAID 5/6 from my understanding, which helps performance. So what I am wondering is would it be possible to add this performance enhancing technique to RAID 5 & 6 in the MD driver in the kernel? Or is it tied too closely to how the ZFS works?

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  • Is there a test to see if hardware virtualization (vmx / svm) are presently enabled within a Linux session?

    - by Dr. Edward Morbius
    I'm writing procedures for configuring VirtualBox support for 64-bit SMP guests, which requires hardware virtualization suppot (VTx/Intel, AMD-V/AMD). I have successfully configured this myself, however I'd like the procedure to be clear. sed -ne '/^flags/s/^.*: //p' /proc/cpuinfo | egrep -q '(vmx|svm)' && echo Has hardware virt || echo No HW virt ... shows if the CPU is capable. I've still got to go enable the feature in BIOS. Any way to test from within Linux to see that this is no or not? Thanks. (Edit: s/xvm/svm/ in title)

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  • How does MySQL 5.5 and InnoDB on Linux use RAM?

    - by Loren
    Does MySQL 5.5 InnoDB keep indexes in memory and tables on disk? Does it ever do it's own in-memory caching of part or whole tables? Or does it completely rely on the OS page cache (I'm guessing that it does since Facebook's SSD cache that was built for MySQL was done at the OS-level: https://github.com/facebook/flashcache/)? Does Linux by default use all of the available RAM for the page cache? So if RAM size exceeds table size + memory used by processes, then when MySQL server starts and reads the whole table for the first time it will be from disk, and from that point on the whole table is in RAM? So using Alchemy Database (SQL on top of Redis, everything always in RAM: http://code.google.com/p/alchemydatabase/) shouldn't be much faster than MySQL, given the same size RAM and database?

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  • A button to set all processes to on-hold for Linux?

    - by fuenfundachtzig
    When Linux starts swapping you're basically doomed. Very soon the system won't react to any input any more, but happily swap on until the end of days... Can you think of a command that holds all processes whatsoever, thus (and while) allowing you to open a clean shell where you can examine the source of the problem and kill the process which ate up all the memory? (I guess this won't be easy, because as the memory is probably completely filled up you'd need to swap out some more memory to gather space for opening a shell, on the other hand all other swapping processes must be stopped.) If you tied such a command to a hot key then maybe you can use this as an emergency button saving you a lot a time. Any ideas if this is possible at all? Has somebody tried something like this before? If one could realize this it would be a cool feature :)

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  • How to build an outbound load balancer with linux?

    - by matnagel
    We have a small house in the countryside and there is no fixed broadband, so we had a mobile flatrate first, and for 2 people with 2 computers it was too slow, so now we have 2 flatrates for 2 client machines. So I pay 2 flatrates and have double bandwith theoretically. There is a local network in the house that connects everything. But when I am alone I wonder how I can use both connections at the same time. I want to build a solution where I can browse the web and page requests are spread between the 2 connections. I imagine there are expensive routers who can split the traffic between 2 lines. But is there a good way to do it with linux? The solution I am looking for will split the requests already for one page (multiple images, css files, javascrfipt files) between the two lines.

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  • How should I capture Linux kernel panic stack traces?

    - by Alnitak
    What's current best practice to capture full kernel stack traces on a Linux system (RHEL 5.x, kernel 2.6.18) that occasionally panics in a device driver? I'm used to the "old" SunOS way of doing things - crash dumps get written to swap, and on reboot the dump gets retrieved in the local file system. man 8 crash refers to diskdump, but that appears to be unsupported. and/or deprecated. I've played with kdump, but it's unclear whether I can get a stack trace from that. Triggering a panic via Magic SysRq didn't create one. It also seems wasteful to reserve so much memory (128MB) just for a kexec crash recovery kernel.

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  • How can I audit a Linux filesystem for files which have been changed or added within a specific time

    - by Bcos
    We are a website design/hosting company running several sites on a Linux server using Joomla 1.5.14 and recently someone was able exploit a vulnerability in the RW Cards component to write arbitrary files/modify existing files on our filesystem enabling them to do some nasty things to our customers sites. We have removed vulnerable modules from all sites but are still seeing some problems. We suspect that they still have some scripts installed and need a way to audit anything that has been changed or added in the last 10 days. Is there a command or script we can run to do this?

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  • How to manage several Linux workstation like a cluster?

    - by Richard Zak
    How does one go about managing a lab of Linux workstations? I'd like for users to be able to log in, run their GUI apps (LibreOffice, Firefox, Eclipse, etc), and for the computers to be able to be used as compute nodes (OpenMPI). This part I'm fine with. But how can I centrally deploy a new software package or upgrade an installed package? How can I reload the entire OS on a given node, as if these workstations were part of a super computing cluster? Is there a nice program to help with setting up PXE booting and image management, and remotely managing packages? Ideally such a system would work with Ubuntu. If there isn't a nice package, how could this be set up manually?

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  • Is it possible to use Linux to route between my office (which uses IPSec) and home network?

    - by Sam
    First of all, apologies if this seems vague - I'm not an admin of anything more than a home network. I have a Ubuntu box sitting on my network which does various odd tasks for me - svn serving, some file serving, Apache/MySQL/PHP which is all raring to go. I've started a new job and at the moment I'm using ShrewSoft VPN software to establish a VPN link to the office as I need it. I'd prefer to have something always running on my home network just for convenience. My home modem/router doesn't support holding a VPN connection open. What I would like to do is set up my Linux box to hold open a VPN connection to my office and keep it open permanently, and then all applicable traffic for the office be routed through this box. I'm not sure if this is possible, or how to configure the routing on the desktop PCs (Windows 7). Would appreciate any guides, etc that could help me out.

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  • How can I increase space on the Filesystem linux?

    - by xtrimsky
    I am renting a dedicated server with Parallel Plesk on it (which I hate and I try to use command line). I have a filesystem that is full,"df -H" prints this: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 4.0G 4.0G 361k 100% / /dev/mapper/vg00-usr 4.3G 1.4G 3.0G 32% /usr /dev/mapper/vg00-var 4.3G 2.8G 1.6G 64% /var /dev/mapper/vg00-home 4.3G 4.4M 4.3G 1% /home none 1.1G 24M 1.1G 3% /tmp tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /usr/local/psa/handlers/before-local tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /usr/local/psa/handlers/before-queue tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /usr/local/psa/handlers/before-remote tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /usr/local/psa/handlers/info tmpfs 1.1G 0 1.1G 0% /usr/local/psa/handlers/spool The server I'm renting has 1TB of hard drive. Why are these so small, how can I increase my storage ? (I'm pretty beginner with Linux). Thank you

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