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  • Analysis and Design for Functional Programming

    - by edalorzo
    How do you deal with analysis and design phases when you plan to develop a system using a functional programming language like Haskell? My background is in imperative/object-oriented programming languages, and therefore, I am used to use case analysis and the use of UML to document the design of program. But the thing is that UML is inherently related to the object-oriented way of doing software. And I am intrigued about what would be the best way to develop documentation and define software designs for a system that is going to be developed using functional programming. Would you still use use case analysis or perhaps structured analysis and design instead? How do software architects define the high-level design of the system so that developers follow it? What do you show to you clients or to new developers when you are supposed to present a design of the solution? How do you document a picture of the whole thing without having first to write it all? Is there anything comparable to UML in the functional world?

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  • Idiomatic scheme and generic programming, why only on numbers ?

    - by Skeptic
    Hi, In Scheme, procedures like +, -, *, / works on different types of numbers, but we don't much see any other generic procedures. For example, length works only on list so that vector-length and string-length are needed. I guess it comes from the fact that the language doesn't really offer any mechanism for defining generic procedure (except cond of course) like "type classes" in Haskell or a standardized object system. Is there an idiomatic scheme way to handle generic procedures that I'm not aware of ?

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  • Does a persons' first programming language affect their programming style and if so, how? [closed]

    - by Scott Walsh
    I was speaking to an experienced lecturer recently who told me he could usually tell which programming language a student had learnt to program in by looking at their coding style (more specifically, when programming in other languages to the one which they were most comfortable with). He said that there have been multiple times when he's witnessed students attempted to write C# in Prolog. So I began to wonder, what specific traits do people gain from their first (or favourite) language which are carried over into their overall programming style, and more interestingly what good or bad habits do you think people would benefit from or should be wary of when learning specific language?

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  • How to learn web-programming (Javascript, PHP)?

    - by metal-gear-solid
    If I'm going to learn programming first time, How i should start? I don't know programming yet but I'm good at XHTML and CSS. my main aim is to learn first Javascript than second PHP. after having good command in Javascript I'll move to PHP. all these i want to learn to get good command in all areas of Wordpress design and Development. Although i can use basic javascript, jquery, PHP scripts in my projects but know i want to learn programming concept and want to get good knowledge.

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  • How can I traverse a reverse generic relation in a Django template?

    - by user569139
    I have the following class that I am using to bookmark items: class BookmarkedItem(models.Model): is_bookmarked = models.BooleanField(default=False) user = models.ForeignKey(User) content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType) object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey() And I am defining a reverse generic relationship as follows: class Link(models.Model): url = models.URLField() bookmarks = generic.GenericRelation(BookmarkedItem) In one of my views I generate a queryset of all links and add this to a context: links = Link.objects.all() context = { 'links': links } return render_to_response('links.html', context) The problem I am having is how to traverse the generic relationship in my template. For each link I want to be able to check the is_bookmarked attribute and change the add/remove bookmark button according to whether the user already has it bookmarked or not. Is this possible to do in the template? Or do I have to do some additional filtering in the view and pass another queryset?

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  • how to solve this problem

    - by Surbir
    root@me-desktop:~# sudo apt-get install aircrack-ng Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: aircrack-ng 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 446 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 1,579kB of archives. After this operation, 2,843kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/universe aircrack-ng i386 1:1.1-1 [1,579kB] Fetched 1,579kB in 1min 9s (22.7kB/s) Selecting previously deselected package aircrack-ng. (Reading database ... 520739 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking aircrack-ng (from .../aircrack-ng_1%3a1.1-1_i386.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic (3.0.1-030001.201108060905) ... Running depmod. update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.0.1-030001-generic Warning: No support for locale: en_US.utf8 Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d. run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/nvidia-common 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/pm-utils 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 3.0.1-030001-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.1-030001-generic exec: 15: update-grub: not found run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 2 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postinst.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic.postinst line 1010. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 2 Setting up aircrack-ng (1:1.1-1) ... Errors were encountered while processing: linux-image-3.0.1-030001-generic E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) root@me-desktop:~#

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  • C# 4.0: Covariance And Contravariance In Generics

    - by Paulo Morgado
    C# 4.0 (and .NET 4.0) introduced covariance and contravariance to generic interfaces and delegates. But what is this variance thing? According to Wikipedia, in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometrical or physical entities changes when passing from one coordinate system to another.(*) But what does this have to do with C# or .NET? In type theory, a the type T is greater (>) than type S if S is a subtype (derives from) T, which means that there is a quantitative description for types in a type hierarchy. So, how does covariance and contravariance apply to C# (and .NET) generic types? In C# (and .NET), variance applies to generic type parameters and not to the resulting generic type. A generic type parameter is: covariant if the ordering of the generic types follows the ordering of the generic type parameters: Generic<T> = Generic<S> for T = S. contravariant if the ordering of the generic types is reversed from the ordering of the generic type parameters: Generic<T> = Generic<S> for T = S. invariant if neither of the above apply. If this definition is applied to arrays, we can see that arrays have always been covariant because this is valid code: object[] objectArray = new string[] { "string 1", "string 2" }; objectArray[0] = "string 3"; objectArray[1] = new object(); However, when we try to run this code, the second assignment will throw an ArrayTypeMismatchException. Although the compiler was fooled into thinking this was valid code because an object is being assigned to an element of an array of object, at run time, there is always a type check to guarantee that the runtime type of the definition of the elements of the array is greater or equal to the instance being assigned to the element. In the above example, because the runtime type of the array is array of string, the first assignment of array elements is valid because string = string and the second is invalid because string = object. This leads to the conclusion that, although arrays have always been covariant, they are not safely covariant – code that compiles is not guaranteed to run without errors. In C#, the way to define that a generic type parameter as covariant is using the out generic modifier: public interface IEnumerable<out T> { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> { T Current { get; } bool MoveNext(); } Notice the convenient use the pre-existing out keyword. Besides the benefit of not having to remember a new hypothetic covariant keyword, out is easier to remember because it defines that the generic type parameter can only appear in output positions — read-only properties and method return values. In a similar way, the way to define a type parameter as contravariant is using the in generic modifier: public interface IComparer<in T> { int Compare(T x, T y); } Once again, the use of the pre-existing in keyword makes it easier to remember that the generic type parameter can only be used in input positions — write-only properties and method non ref and non out parameters. Because covariance and contravariance apply only to the generic type parameters, a generic type definition can have both covariant and contravariant generic type parameters in its definition: public delegate TResult Func<in T, out TResult>(T arg); A generic type parameter that is not marked covariant (out) or contravariant (in) is invariant. All the types in the .NET Framework where variance could be applied to its generic type parameters have been modified to take advantage of this new feature. In summary, the rules for variance in C# (and .NET) are: Variance in type parameters are restricted to generic interface and generic delegate types. A generic interface or generic delegate type can have both covariant and contravariant type parameters. Variance applies only to reference types; if you specify a value type for a variant type parameter, that type parameter is invariant for the resulting constructed type. Variance does not apply to delegate combination. That is, given two delegates of types Action<Derived> and Action<Base>, you cannot combine the second delegate with the first although the result would be type safe. Variance allows the second delegate to be assigned to a variable of type Action<Derived>, but delegates can combine only if their types match exactly. If you want to learn more about variance in C# (and .NET), you can always read: Covariance and Contravariance in Generics — MSDN Library Exact rules for variance validity — Eric Lippert Events get a little overhaul in C# 4, Afterward: Effective Events — Chris Burrows Note: Because variance is a feature of .NET 4.0 and not only of C# 4.0, all this also applies to Visual Basic 10.

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  • Example of DOD design (on a generic Zombie game)

    - by Jeffrey
    I can't seem to find a nice explanation of the Data Oriented Design for a generic zombie game (it's just an example, pretty common example). Could you make an example of the Data Oriented Design on creating a generic zombie class? Is the following good? Zombie list class: class ZombieList { GLuint vbo; // generic zombie vertex model std::vector<color>; // object default color std::vector<texture>; // objects textures std::vector<vector3D>; // objects positions public: unsigned int create(); // return object id void move(unsigned int objId, vector3D offset); void rotate(unsigned int objId, float angle); void setColor(unsigned int objId, color c); void setPosition(unsigned int objId, color c); void setTexture(unsigned int, unsigned int); ... void update(Player*); // move towards player, attack if near } Example: Player p; Zombielist zl; unsigned int first = zl.create(); zl.setPosition(first, vector3D(50, 50)); zl.setTexture(first, texture("zombie1.png")); ... while (running) { // main loop ... zl.update(&p); zl.draw(); // draw every zombie } Or would creating a generic World container that contains every action from bite(zombieId, playerId) to moveTo(playerId, vector) to createPlayer() to shoot(playerId, vector) to face(radians)/face(vector); and contains: std::vector<zombie> std::vector<player> ... std::vector<mapchunk> ... std::vector<vbobufferid> player_run_animation; ... be a good example? Whats the proper way to organize a game with DOD?

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  • Ideal data structure/techniques for storing generic scheduler data in C#

    - by GraemeMiller
    I am trying to implement a generic scheduler object in C# 4 which will output a table in HTML. Basic aim is to show some object along with various attributes, and whether it was doing something in a given time period. The scheduler will output a table displaying the headers: Detail Field 1 ....N| Date1.........N I want to initialise the table with a start date and an end date to create the date range (ideally could also do other time periods e.g. hours but that isn't vital). I then want to provide a generic object which will have associated events. Where an object has events within the period I want a table cell to be marked E.g. Name Height Weight 1/1/2011 2/1/2011 3/1/20011...... 31/1/2011 Ben 5.11 75 X X X Bill 5.7 83 X X So I created scheduler with Start Date=1/1/2011 and end date 31/1/2011 I'd like to give it my person object (already sorted) and tell it which fields I want displayed (Name, Height, Weight) Each person has events which have a start date and end date. Some events will start and end outwith but they should still be shown on the relevant date etc. Ideally I'd like to have been able to provide it with say a class booking object as well. So I'm trying to keep it generic. I have seen Javasript implementations etc of similar. What would a good data structure be for this? Any thoughts on techniques I could use to make it generic. I am not great with generics so any tips appreciated.

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  • 3.2.0-31-generic version doesn't boot

    - by user92526
    12.04 used to work just fine a month ago. Since August, I installed all of the available updates. Since then my mac-pro is acting weird. If I restart the computer, the screen gets stuck in the purple back ground without any texts. Then if I restart again, I can choose what versions of linux I want to run. If I select 3.2.0-31-generic, the machine gets stuck in a state of blinking cursor. If I boot again to run 3.2.0-31-generic recovery mode, the machine gets stuck in a "..... memory freed End of Stack" mode. I can't boot through this kernel. I have to choose an older version of linux like 3.2.0-12-generic to boot into my mac pro, but I have too boot twice to get into this version. I was wondering --if you could provide me a solution to boot the 3.2.0-31-generic version. -- if you could provide me a solution to boot into any version the first time I restart. (Usually I have to kill the first restart) --- If there is an option in linux to choose what version I want to run every time I restart so that I don't have to choose everytime. Thank you

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  • I don't get object-oriented programming

    - by Joel J. Adamson
    Note: this question is an edited excerpt from a blog posting I wrote a few months ago. After placing a link to the blog in a comment on Programmers.SE someone requested that I post a question here so that they could answer it. This posting is my most popular, as people seem to type "I don't get object-oriented programming" into Google a lot. Feel free to answer here, or in a comment at Wordpress. What is object-oriented programming? No one has given me a satisfactory answer. I feel like you will not get a good definition from someone who goes around saying “object” and “object-oriented” with his nose in the air. Nor will you get a good definition from someone who has done nothing but object-oriented programming. No one who understands both procedural and object-oriented programming has ever given me a consistent idea of what an object-oriented program actually does. Can someone please give me their ideas of the advantages of object-oriented programming?

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  • I don't get object-oriented programming

    - by Joel J. Adamson
    Note: this question is an edited excerpt from a blog posting I wrote a few months ago. After placing a link to the blog in a comment on Programmers.SE someone requested that I post a question here so that they could answer it. This posting is my most popular, as people seem to type "I don't get object-oriented programming" into Google a lot. Feel free to answer here, or in a comment at Wordpress. What is object-oriented programming? No one has given me a satisfactory answer. I feel like you will not get a good definition from someone who goes around saying “object” and “object-oriented” with his nose in the air. Nor will you get a good definition from someone who has done nothing but object-oriented programming. No one who understands both procedural and object-oriented programming has ever given me a consistent idea of what an object-oriented program actually does. Can someone please give me their ideas of the advantages of object-oriented programming?

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  • Dependently typed language best suited to “real world” programming?

    - by Kim
    Which dependently typed programming languages could be used for real world application development? I will mostly be writing toy applications at first, after that maybe web development or a simple DBMS. These are some points, that I think are important: documentation example programs a good/big standard library an easy to use foreign function interface a community of people using the language for real world tasks tool support

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  • What are some great papers/publications relating to game programming?

    - by Archagon
    What are some of your favorite papers and publications that closely relate to game programming? I'm particularly looking for examples that are well-written and illustrated, and/or have had a profound influence on the industry. (Here's one example: in this GDC talk, Bungie's David Aldridge mentions that a paper called "The TRIBES Engine Networking Model" was the starting point for Halo's network code.)

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  • Are there studies on what programming languages does to the brain? [closed]

    - by Eduard Florinescu
    Are there studies on what effects have programming languages on the brain or for that matter any other artificial languages in general, like mathematics ? Speaking from my personal experience I feel very different every time I speak Italian, I feel like a virtuoso on a quest but at the other end when I coded in machine code in debug.exe I felt like the main charcter inp(Movie). Why do I bring this up because I am suspecting that languages affect your mind and popular legends back this up too often: are full of mathematicians that crossed the Rubicon.

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  • When is it reasonable to create my own programming language?

    - by Daniel Rikowski
    Are there types of killer applications, classes of algorithmic problems, etc., where it is better, in the long run, to create my own language? PS: Just to be sure, I mean a new programming language and a compiler, not a new compiler for an existing language. EDIT: Thank you for the answers. Can you provide some examples, where it is absolutly unnecessary to create a DSL or cases in which a DSL might be a good idea?

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  • Why do programming languages allow shadowing/hiding of variables and functions?

    - by Simon
    Many of the most popular programming languges (such as C++, Java, Python etc.) have the concept of hiding / shadowing of variables or functions. When I've encountered hiding or shadowing they have been the cause of hard to find bugs and I've never seen a case where I found it necessary to use these features of the languages. To me it would seem better to disallow hiding and shadowing. Does anybody know of a good use of these concepts?

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  • How do you demonstrate performance in paired-programming environments?

    - by NT3RP
    Performance reviews have come up recently at my work, and I was put in an interesting position. Our team does a lot of pair programming, which has a tendency of averaging out the skill differences between team members (especially considering we rotate pairs). Generally, when doing performance reviews, you look back at the work you've done, and demonstrate what you've accomplished, and how you've exceeded expectations to try to negotiate a raise or other benefits. How do you demonstrate (or even measure) individual performance in an environment like this?

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  • Start Programming embedded devices

    - by user1611753
    I am good at C programming and also I am good at embedded devices. I have setup an embedded circuit myself using the basic arduino and by interfacing some devices with it. But the main problem is that I do not know where and how to start programming this device with the known C programming skills. The device has an on chip boot loader. By "start programming", I mean how to bring the embedded device into my programming and stuff. I know program starts from a main() and an infinite loop makes the application run. But the real question is, how to start this all and integrate the hardware with the software which I write. Kindly help with this. Thanks for the help in advance.

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  • Facebook Game Development - Which Programming languages?

    - by Ben
    Hi folks, I am going to develop a facebook game as topic for my thesis. I am wondering which programming languages i should choice. I am used to programming in .NET. But i am also comfortable in C++ and Java. I don't want to use Flash as the graphical frontend since i don't like it. So i guess i'll go with ASP.NET + Silverlight. What do you think?

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  • Does functional programming mandate new naming conventions?

    - by Jakob
    I recently started studying functional programming using Haskell and came upon this article on the official Haskell wiki: How to read Haskell. The article claims that short variable names such as x, xs, and f are fitting for Haskell code, because of conciseness and abstraction. In essence, it claims that functional programming is such a distinct paradigm that the naming conventions from other paradigms don't apply. What are your thoughts on this?

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  • Genetic Programming in C#

    - by Mac
    I've been looking for some good genetic programming examples for C#. Anyone knows of good online/book resources? Wonder if there is a C# library out there for Evolutionary/Genetic programming?

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  • Perl - socket programming

    - by Octopus
    I have just started learning socket programming using perl. I am wondering if there is any method to send the output (STDOUT) data/images from already running scripts/tools using perl socket programming. If anyone could explain or provide reference for the same. Any suggestions to write perl programs to automate this task.

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