execute command - Page 214

SQL SERVER – How to Recover SQL Database Data Deleted by Accident

- by Pinal Dave

In Repair a SQL Server database using a transaction log explorer, I showed how to use ApexSQL Log, a SQL Server transaction log viewer, to recover a SQL Server database after a disaster. In this blog, I’ll show you how to use another SQL Server disaster recovery tool from ApexSQL in a situation when data is accidentally deleted. You can download ApexSQL Recover here, install, and play along. With a good SQL Server disaster recovery strategy, data recovery is not a problem. You have a reliable full database backup with valid data, a full database backup and subsequent differential database backups, or a full database backup and a chain of transaction log backups. But not all situations are ideal. Here we’ll address some sub-optimal scenarios, where you can still successfully recover data. If you have only a full database backup This is the least optimal SQL Server disaster recovery strategy, as it doesn’t ensure minimal data loss. For example, data was deleted on Wednesday. Your last full database backup was created on Sunday, three days before the records were deleted. By using the full database backup created on Sunday, you will be able to recover SQL database records that existed in the table on Sunday. If there were any records inserted into the table on Monday or Tuesday, they will be lost forever. The same goes for records modified in this period. This method will not bring back modified records, only the old records that existed on Sunday. If you restore this full database backup, all your changes (intentional and accidental) will be lost and the database will be reverted to the state it had on Sunday. What you have to do is compare the records that were in the table on Sunday to the records on Wednesday, create a synchronization script, and execute it against the Wednesday database. If you have a full database backup followed by differential database backups Let’s say the situation is the same as in the example above, only you create a differential database backup every night. Use the full database backup created on Sunday, and the last differential database backup (created on Tuesday). In this scenario, you will lose only the data inserted and updated after the differential backup created on Tuesday. If you have a full database backup and a chain of transaction log backups This is the SQL Server disaster recovery strategy that provides minimal data loss. With a full chain of transaction logs, you can recover the SQL database to an exact point in time. To provide optimal results, you have to know exactly when the records were deleted, because restoring to a later point will not bring back the records. This method requires restoring the full database backup first. If you have any differential log backup created after the last full database backup, restore the most recent one. Then, restore transaction log backups, one by one, it the order they were created starting with the first created after the restored differential database backup. Now, the table will be in the state before the records were deleted. You have to identify the deleted records, script them and run the script against the original database. Although this method is reliable, it is time-consuming and requires a lot of space on disk. How to easily recover deleted records? The following solution enables you to recover SQL database records even if you have no full or differential database backups and no transaction log backups. To understand how ApexSQL Recover works, I’ll explain what happens when table data is deleted. Table data is stored in data pages. When you delete table records, they are not immediately deleted from the data pages, but marked to be overwritten by new records. Such records are not shown as existing anymore, but ApexSQL Recover can read them and create undo script for them. How long will deleted records stay in the MDF file? It depends on many factors, as time passes it’s less likely that the records will not be overwritten. The more transactions occur after the deletion, the more chances the records will be overwritten and permanently lost. Therefore, it’s recommended to create a copy of the database MDF and LDF files immediately (if you cannot take your database offline until the issue is solved) and run ApexSQL Recover on them. Note that a full database backup will not help here, as the records marked for overwriting are not included in the backup. First, I’ll delete some records from the Person.EmailAddress table in the AdventureWorks database. I can delete these records in SQL Server Management Studio, or execute a script such as DELETE FROM Person.EmailAddress WHERE BusinessEntityID BETWEEN 70 AND 80 Then, I’ll start ApexSQL Recover and select From DELETE operation in the Recovery tab. In the Select the database to recover step, first select the SQL Server instance. If it’s not shown in the drop-down list, click the Server icon right to the Server drop-down list and browse for the SQL Server instance, or type the instance name manually. Specify the authentication type and select the database in the Database drop-down list. In the next step, you’re prompted to add additional data sources. As this can be a tricky step, especially for new users, ApexSQL Recover offers help via the Help me decide option. The Help me decide option guides you through a series of questions about the database transaction log and advises what files to add. If you know that you have no transaction log backups or detached transaction logs, or the online transaction log file has been truncated after the data was deleted, select No additional transaction logs are available. If you know that you have transaction log backups that contain the delete transactions you want to recover, click Add transaction logs. The online transaction log is listed and selected automatically. Click Add if to add transaction log backups. It would be best if you have a full transaction log chain, as explained above. The next step for this option is to specify the time range. Selecting a small time range for the time of deletion will create the recovery script just for the accidentally deleted records. A wide time range might script the records deleted on purpose, and you don’t want that. If needed, you can check the script generated and manually remove such records. After that, for all data sources options, the next step is to select the tables. Be careful here, if you deleted some data from other tables on purpose, and don’t want to recover them, don’t select all tables, as ApexSQL Recover will create the INSERT script for them too. The next step offers two options: to create a recovery script that will insert the deleted records back into the Person.EmailAddress table, or to create a new database, create the Person.EmailAddress table in it, and insert the deleted records. I’ll select the first one. The recovery process is completed and 11 records are found and scripted, as expected. To see the script, click View script. ApexSQL Recover has its own script editor, where you can review, modify, and execute the recovery script. The insert into statements look like: INSERT INTO Person.EmailAddress( BusinessEntityID, EmailAddressID, EmailAddress, rowguid, ModifiedDate) VALUES( 70, 70, N'[email protected]' COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS, 'd62c5b4e-c91f-403f-b630-7b7e0fda70ce', '20030109 00:00:00.000' ); To execute the script, click Execute in the menu. If you want to check whether the records are really back, execute SELECT * FROM Person.EmailAddress WHERE BusinessEntityID BETWEEN 70 AND 80 As shown, ApexSQL Recover recovers SQL database data after accidental deletes even without the database backup that contains the deleted data and relevant transaction log backups. ApexSQL Recover reads the deleted data from the database data file, so this method can be used even for databases in the Simple recovery model. Besides recovering SQL database records from a DELETE statement, ApexSQL Recover can help when the records are lost due to a DROP TABLE, or TRUNCATE statement, as well as repair a corrupted MDF file that cannot be attached to as SQL Server instance. You can find more information about how to recover SQL database lost data and repair a SQL Server database on ApexSQL Solution center. There are solutions for various situations when data needs to be recovered. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com)Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Backup and Restore, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL

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Nagios NRPE “No Output returned from plugin“ error

- by user118074

So I've just started configuring Nagios in my environment and I'm getting the above error when trying to user the NRPE plugin. The host file is as follows: define { host_name servername alias servername address xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx use generic-host } define service { use generic-service host_name servername service_description CPU load check_command check_nrpe!alias_cpu } This is the check_nrpe.cfg file that is located in /etc/nagios-plugins/config NOTE: this command runs a program $ARG1$ with arguments $ARG2$ define command { command_name check_nrpe command_line /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$ -a $ARG2$ } NOTE: this command runs a program $ARG1$ with no arguments define command { command_name check_nrpe_1arg command_line /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$ } Any ideas what is wrong or where to start to solve this?

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Adventures in MVVM – My ViewModel Base

- by Brian Genisio's House Of Bilz

More Adventures in MVVM First, I’d like to say: THIS IS NOT A NEW MVVM FRAMEWORK. I tend to believe that MVVM support code should be specific to the system you are building and the developers working on it. I have yet to find an MVVM framework that does everything I want it to without doing too much. Don’t get me wrong… there are some good frameworks out there. I just like to pick and choose things that make sense for me. I’d also like to add that some of these features only work in WPF. As of Silveright 4, they don’t support binding to dynamic properties, so some of the capabilities are lost. That being said, I want to share my ViewModel base class with the world. I have had several conversations with people about the problems I have solved using this ViewModel base. A while back, I posted an article about some experiments with a “Rails Inspired ViewModel”. What followed from those ideas was a ViewModel base class that I take with me and use in my projects. It has a lot of features, all designed to reduce the friction in writing view models. I have put the code out on Codeplex under the project: ViewModelSupport. Finally, this article focuses on the ViewModel and only glosses over the View and the Model. Without all three, you don’t have MVVM. But this base class is for the ViewModel, so that is what I am focusing on. Features: Automatic Command Plumbing Property Change Notification Strongly Typed Property Getter/Setters Dynamic Properties Default Property values Derived Properties Automatic Method Execution Command CanExecute Change Notification Design-Time Detection What about Silverlight? Automatic Command Plumbing This feature takes the plumbing out of creating commands. The common pattern for commands in a ViewModel is to have an Execute method as well as an optional CanExecute method. To plumb that together, you create an ICommand Property, and set it in the constructor like so: Before public class AutomaticCommandViewModel { public AutomaticCommandViewModel() { MyCommand = new DelegateCommand(Execute_MyCommand, CanExecute_MyCommand); } public void Execute_MyCommand() { // Do something } public bool CanExecute_MyCommand() { // Are we in a state to do something? return true; } public DelegateCommand MyCommand { get; private set; } } With the base class, this plumbing is automatic and the property (MyCommand of type ICommand) is created for you. The base class uses the convention that methods be prefixed with Execute_ and CanExecute_ in order to be plumbed into commands with the property name after the prefix. You are left to be expressive with your behavior without the plumbing. If you are wondering how CanExecuteChanged is raised, see the later section “Command CanExecute Change Notification”. After public class AutomaticCommandViewModel : ViewModelBase { public void Execute_MyCommand() { // Do something } public bool CanExecute_MyCommand() { // Are we in a state to do something? return true; } } Property Change Notification One thing that always kills me when implementing ViewModels is how to make properties that notify when they change (via the INotifyPropertyChanged interface). There have been many attempts to make this more automatic. My base class includes one option. There are others, but I feel like this works best for me. The common pattern (without my base class) is to create a private backing store for the variable and specify a getter that returns the private field. The setter will set the private field and fire an event that notifies the change, only if the value has changed. Before public class PropertyHelpersViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged { private string text; public string Text { get { return text; } set { if(text != value) { text = value; RaisePropertyChanged("Text"); } } } protected void RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName) { var handlers = PropertyChanged; if(handlers != null) handlers(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName)); } public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged; } This way of defining properties is error-prone and tedious. Too much plumbing. My base class eliminates much of that plumbing with the same functionality: After public class PropertyHelpersViewModel : ViewModelBase { public string Text { get { return Get<string>("Text"); } set { Set("Text", value);} } } Strongly Typed Property Getters/Setters It turns out that we can do better than that. We are using a strongly typed language where the use of “Magic Strings” is often frowned upon. Lets make the names in the getters and setters strongly typed: A refinement public class PropertyHelpersViewModel : ViewModelBase { public string Text { get { return Get(() => Text); } set { Set(() => Text, value); } } } Dynamic Properties In C# 4.0, we have the ability to program statically OR dynamically. This base class lets us leverage the powerful dynamic capabilities in our ecosystem. (This is how the automatic commands are implemented, BTW) By calling Set(“Foo”, 1), you have now created a dynamic property called Foo. It can be bound against like any static property. The opportunities are endless. One great way to exploit this behavior is if you have a customizable view engine with templates that bind to properties defined by the user. The base class just needs to create the dynamic properties at runtime from information in the model, and the custom template can bind even though the static properties do not exist. All dynamic properties still benefit from the notifiable capabilities that static properties do. For any nay-sayers out there that don’t like using the dynamic features of C#, just remember this: the act of binding the View to a ViewModel is dynamic already. Why not exploit it? Get over it :) Just declare the property dynamically public class DynamicPropertyViewModel : ViewModelBase { public DynamicPropertyViewModel() { Set("Foo", "Bar"); } } Then reference it normally <TextBlock Text="{Binding Foo}" /> Default Property Values The Get() method also allows for default properties to be set. Don’t set them in the constructor. Set them in the property and keep the related code together: public string Text { get { return Get(() => Text, "This is the default value"); } set { Set(() => Text, value);} } Derived Properties This is something I blogged about a while back in more detail. This feature came from the chaining of property notifications when one property affects the results of another, like this: Before public class DependantPropertiesViewModel : ViewModelBase { public double Score { get { return Get(() => Score); } set { Set(() => Score, value); RaisePropertyChanged("Percentage"); RaisePropertyChanged("Output"); } } public int Percentage { get { return (int)(100 * Score); } } public string Output { get { return "You scored " + Percentage + "%."; } } } The problem is: The setter for Score has to be responsible for notifying the world that Percentage and Output have also changed. This, to me, is backwards. It certainly violates the “Single Responsibility Principle.” I have been bitten in the rear more than once by problems created from code like this. What we really want to do is invert the dependency. Let the Percentage property declare that it changes when the Score Property changes. After public class DependantPropertiesViewModel : ViewModelBase { public double Score { get { return Get(() => Score); } set { Set(() => Score, value); } } [DependsUpon("Score")] public int Percentage { get { return (int)(100 * Score); } } [DependsUpon("Percentage")] public string Output { get { return "You scored " + Percentage + "%."; } } } Automatic Method Execution This one is extremely similar to the previous, but it deals with method execution as opposed to property. When you want to execute a method triggered by property changes, let the method declare the dependency instead of the other way around. Before public class DependantMethodsViewModel : ViewModelBase { public double Score { get { return Get(() => Score); } set { Set(() => Score, value); WhenScoreChanges(); } } public void WhenScoreChanges() { // Handle this case } } After public class DependantMethodsViewModel : ViewModelBase { public double Score { get { return Get(() => Score); } set { Set(() => Score, value); } } [DependsUpon("Score")] public void WhenScoreChanges() { // Handle this case } } Command CanExecute Change Notification Back to Commands. One of the responsibilities of commands that implement ICommand – it must fire an event declaring that CanExecute() needs to be re-evaluated. I wanted to wait until we got past a few concepts before explaining this behavior. You can use the same mechanism here to fire off the change. In the CanExecute_ method, declare the property that it depends upon. When that property changes, the command will fire a CanExecuteChanged event, telling the View to re-evaluate the state of the command. The View will make appropriate adjustments, like disabling the button. DependsUpon works on CanExecute methods as well public class CanExecuteViewModel : ViewModelBase { public void Execute_MakeLower() { Output = Input.ToLower(); } [DependsUpon("Input")] public bool CanExecute_MakeLower() { return !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Input); } public string Input { get { return Get(() => Input); } set { Set(() => Input, value);} } public string Output { get { return Get(() => Output); } set { Set(() => Output, value); } } } Design-Time Detection If you want to add design-time data to your ViewModel, the base class has a property that lets you ask if you are in the designer. You can then set some default values that let your designer see what things might look like in runtime. Use the IsInDesignMode property public DependantPropertiesViewModel() { if(IsInDesignMode) { Score = .5; } } What About Silverlight? Some of the features in this base class only work in WPF. As of version 4, Silverlight does not support binding to dynamic properties. This, in my opinion, is a HUGE limitation. Not only does it keep you from using many of the features in this ViewModel, it also keeps you from binding to ViewModels designed in IronRuby. Does this mean that the base class will not work in Silverlight? No. Many of the features outlined in this article WILL work. All of the property abstractions are functional, as long as you refer to them statically in the View. This, of course, means that the automatic command hook-up doesn’t work in Silverlight. You need to plumb it to a static property in order for the Silverlight View to bind to it. Can I has a dynamic property in SL5? Good to go? So, that concludes the feature explanation of my ViewModel base class. Feel free to take it, fork it, whatever. It is hosted on CodePlex. When I find other useful additions, I will add them to the public repository. I use this base class every day. It is mature, and well tested. If, however, you find any problems with it, please let me know! Also, feel free to suggest patches to me via the CodePlex site. :)

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Amazon Ec2: Problem In Setting up FTP Server

- by Muntasir

after setting up My vsFtp Server ON Ec2 i am facing problem , my client is Filezilla and i am getting this error Response: 230 Login successful. Command: OPTS UTF8 ON Response: 200 Always in UTF8 mode. Status: Connected Status: Retrieving directory listing... Command: PWD Response: 257 "/" Command: TYPE I Response: 200 Switching to Binary mode. Command: PASV Response: 500 OOPS: invalid pasv_address Command: PORT 10,130,8,44,240,50 Response: 500 OOPS: priv_sock_get_cmd Error: Failed to retrieve directory listing Error: Connection closed by server this is the current setting in my vsftpd.conf #nopriv_user=ftpsecure #async_abor_enable=YES # ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol. #ascii_upload_enable=YES #ascii_download_enable=YES # You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently # useful for combatting certain DoS attacks. #deny_email_enable=YES # (default follows) #banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails # chroot_local_user=YES #chroot_list_enable=YES # (default follows) #chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list GNU nano 2.0.6 File: /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf # #ls_recurse_enable=YES # # When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and # listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction # with the listen_ipv6 directive. listen=YES # # This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. To listen on IPv4 and IPv6 # sockets, you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration files. # Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !! #listen_ipv6=YES pam_service_name=vsftpd userlist_enable=YES tcp_wrappers=YES pasv_enable=YES pasv_min_port=2345 pasv_max_port=2355 listen_port=1024 pasv_address=ec2-xxxxxxx.compute-1.amazonaws.com pasv_promiscuous=YES Note: i have already open those port in security group i mean listen port, min max if someone shows me how to fix this i will be very greatful thanks

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This file does not have a program associated with it for performing

- by Abu Hamzah

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Handler XXX (Default) REG_SZ {6C467336-8281-4E60-8204-430CED96822D} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers\{596AB062-B4D2-4215-9F74-E9109B0A8153} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\CopyHookHandlers HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\CopyHookHandlers\FileSystem (Default) REG_SZ {217FC9C0-3AEA-1069-A2DB-08002B30309D} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\CopyHookHandlers\Sharing (Default) REG_SZ {40dd6e20-7c17-11ce-a804-00aa003ca9f6} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\DragDropHandlers HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\DragDropHandlers\WinRAR (Default) REG_SZ {B41DB860-8EE4-11D2-9906-E49FADC173CA} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\DragDropHandlers\WS_FTP (Default) REG_SZ {1D83C7B3-C931-4850-BED0-D3FE8B3F5808} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers\Sharing (Default) REG_SZ {f81e9010-6ea4-11ce-a7ff-00aa003ca9f6} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers\{1f2e5c40-9550-11ce-99d2-00aa006e086c} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers\{4a7ded0a-ad25-11d0-98a8-0800361b1103} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers\{596AB062-B4D2-4215-9F74-E9109B0A8153} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers\{ECCDF543-45CC-11CE-B9BF-0080C87CDBA6} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shellex\PropertySheetHandlers\{ef43ecfe-2ab9-4632-bf21-58909dd177f0} (Default) REG_SZ I updated my IE9 from IE8 and after I reboot my machine and try to access my computer drive and I get this error message whenever I try to double click c:\ drive or other drives but other than that everything seems to be working fince except that I can not access my drives.... its very strange any help? <<<This file does not have a program associated with it for performing this action. Please install a program or, if one is already installed, create an association in the Default Programs control panel>>> using Windows 7 32 bit

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"Unable to open MRTG log file" error with nagios and mrtg

- by Simone Magnaschi

We have a strange issue with our setup of icinga / nagios and mrtg. Icinga is working great and has no problem, it can monitor basically everything without issues. We setup mrtg to gather bandwith data from our routers and switches. MRTG is working fine: it stores the log data in the /var/www/mrtg/ directory and displays the graph data via web. We assume so MRTG is doing great. We tried to setup bandwidth checks in nagios: define service{ use generic-service ; Inherit values from a template host_name zywall-agora service_description ZYWALL AGORA TRAFFICO check_command check_local_mrtgtraf!/var/www/mrtg/x.x.x.x_2.log!AVG!1000000,2000000!5000000,5000000!1000 check_interval 1 ; Check the service every 1 minute under normal conditions retry_interval 1 ; Re-check every minute until its final/hard state is determined } Where /var/www/mrtg/x.x.x.x_2.log is the correct log path file. We keep on getting Unable to open MRTG log file error in the test result in icinga web interface. We tried everything: give ownership to user nagios or icinga to the log file give chmod 777 to the file try to copy the file in another directory and give it full permission Same error. The strange thing is that if we use the command that nagios generate in a bash session the command works like a charm: /usr/lib64/nagios/plugins/check_mrtgtraf -F /var/www/mrtg/x.x.x.x_2.log -a AVG -w 10,20 -c 5000000,5000000 -e 10 Result: Traffic WARNING - Avg. In = 17.9 KB/s, Avg. Out = 5.0 KB/s|in=17.877930KB/s;10.000000;5000000.000000;0.000000 out=5.000000KB/s;20.000000;5000000.000000;0.000000 We ran that command line as root, as user nagios and as user icinga and all three worked ok. We thought that the command that nagios perform maybe has something wrong in it, so we debugged nagios but we found out that the generated command from nagios is the same as above. Searching on google for these kind of problem returns only issues of systems where mrtg is not installed or issues with the wrong path to the log file, but these seems not to be our case. We are stuck, can somebody help?

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Resetting TCP/IP Settings on Windows 8

- by cpx

Apparently, there's a command: netsh int ip reset which is known to reset TCP/IP settings for Windows XP/Vista/7 and I'm not sure how it works correctly on Windows 8. When I typed the command under command prompt (Admin) I got two errors as pointed out in the screenshot: Resetting , failed. Access is denied. At the end it said Resetting , OK! So, how do I confirm if it worked or not?

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Recover Data Like a Forensics Expert Using an Ubuntu Live CD

- by Trevor Bekolay

There are lots of utilities to recover deleted files, but what if you can’t boot up your computer, or the whole drive has been formatted? We’ll show you some tools that will dig deep and recover the most elusive deleted files, or even whole hard drive partitions. We’ve shown you simple ways to recover accidentally deleted files, even a simple method that can be done from an Ubuntu Live CD, but for hard disks that have been heavily corrupted, those methods aren’t going to cut it. In this article, we’ll examine four tools that can recover data from the most messed up hard drives, regardless of whether they were formatted for a Windows, Linux, or Mac computer, or even if the partition table is wiped out entirely. Note: These tools cannot recover data that has been overwritten on a hard disk. Whether a deleted file has been overwritten depends on many factors – the quicker you realize that you want to recover a file, the more likely you will be able to do so. Our setup To show these tools, we’ve set up a small 1 GB hard drive, with half of the space partitioned as ext2, a file system used in Linux, and half the space partitioned as FAT32, a file system used in older Windows systems. We stored ten random pictures on each hard drive. We then wiped the partition table from the hard drive by deleting the partitions in GParted. Is our data lost forever? Installing the tools All of the tools we’re going to use are in Ubuntu’s universe repository. To enable the repository, open Synaptic Package Manager by clicking on System in the top-left, then Administration > Synaptic Package Manager. Click on Settings > Repositories and add a check in the box labelled “Community-maintained Open Source software (universe)”. Click Close, and then in the main Synaptic Package Manager window, click the Reload button. Once the package list has reloaded, and the search index rebuilt, search for and mark for installation one or all of the following packages: testdisk, foremost, and scalpel. Testdisk includes TestDisk, which can recover lost partitions and repair boot sectors, and PhotoRec, which can recover many different types of files from tons of different file systems. Foremost, originally developed by the US Air Force Office of Special Investigations, recovers files based on their headers and other internal structures. Foremost operates on hard drives or drive image files generated by various tools. Finally, scalpel performs the same functions as foremost, but is focused on enhanced performance and lower memory usage. Scalpel may run better if you have an older machine with less RAM. Recover hard drive partitions If you can’t mount your hard drive, then its partition table might be corrupted. Before you start trying to recover your important files, it may be possible to recover one or more partitions on your drive, recovering all of your files with one step. Testdisk is the tool for the job. Start it by opening a terminal (Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and typing in: sudo testdisk If you’d like, you can create a log file, though it won’t affect how much data you recover. Once you make your choice, you’re greeted with a list of the storage media on your machine. You should be able to identify the hard drive you want to recover partitions from by its size and label. TestDisk asks you select the type of partition table to search for. In most cases (ext2/3, NTFS, FAT32, etc.) you should select Intel and press Enter. Highlight Analyse and press enter. In our case, our small hard drive has previously been formatted as NTFS. Amazingly, TestDisk finds this partition, though it is unable to recover it. It also finds the two partitions we just deleted. We are able to change their attributes, or add more partitions, but we’ll just recover them by pressing Enter. If TestDisk hasn’t found all of your partitions, you can try doing a deeper search by selecting that option with the left and right arrow keys. We only had these two partitions, so we’ll recover them by selecting Write and pressing Enter. Testdisk informs us that we will have to reboot. Note: If your Ubuntu Live CD is not persistent, then when you reboot you will have to reinstall any tools that you installed earlier. After restarting, both of our partitions are back to their original states, pictures and all. Recover files of certain types For the following examples, we deleted the 10 pictures from both partitions and then reformatted them. PhotoRec Of the three tools we’ll show, PhotoRec is the most user-friendly, despite being a console-based utility. To start recovering files, open a terminal (Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and type in: sudo photorec To begin, you are asked to select a storage device to search. You should be able to identify the right device by its size and label. Select the right device, and then hit Enter. PhotoRec asks you select the type of partition to search. In most cases (ext2/3, NTFS, FAT, etc.) you should select Intel and press Enter. You are given a list of the partitions on your selected hard drive. If you want to recover all of the files on a partition, then select Search and hit enter. However, this process can be very slow, and in our case we only want to search for pictures files, so instead we use the right arrow key to select File Opt and press Enter. PhotoRec can recover many different types of files, and deselecting each one would take a long time. Instead, we press “s” to clear all of the selections, and then find the appropriate file types – jpg, gif, and png – and select them by pressing the right arrow key. Once we’ve selected these three, we press “b” to save these selections. Press enter to return to the list of hard drive partitions. We want to search both of our partitions, so we highlight “No partition” and “Search” and then press Enter. PhotoRec prompts for a location to store the recovered files. If you have a different healthy hard drive, then we recommend storing the recovered files there. Since we’re not recovering very much, we’ll store it on the Ubuntu Live CD’s desktop. Note: Do not recover files to the hard drive you’re recovering from. PhotoRec is able to recover the 20 pictures from the partitions on our hard drive! A quick look in the recup_dir.1 directory that it creates confirms that PhotoRec has recovered all of our pictures, save for the file names. Foremost Foremost is a command-line program with no interactive interface like PhotoRec, but offers a number of command-line options to get as much data out of your had drive as possible. For a full list of options that can be tweaked via the command line, open up a terminal (Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and type in: foremost –h In our case, the command line options that we are going to use are: -t, a comma-separated list of types of files to search for. In our case, this is “jpeg,png,gif”. -v, enabling verbose-mode, giving us more information about what foremost is doing. -o, the output folder to store recovered files in. In our case, we created a directory called “foremost” on the desktop. -i, the input that will be searched for files. This can be a disk image in several different formats; however, we will use a hard disk, /dev/sda. Our foremost invocation is: sudo foremost –t jpeg,png,gif –o foremost –v –i /dev/sda Your invocation will differ depending on what you’re searching for and where you’re searching for it. Foremost is able to recover 17 of the 20 files stored on the hard drive. Looking at the files, we can confirm that these files were recovered relatively well, though we can see some errors in the thumbnail for 00622449.jpg. Part of this may be due to the ext2 filesystem. Foremost recommends using the –d command-line option for Linux file systems like ext2. We’ll run foremost again, adding the –d command-line option to our foremost invocation: sudo foremost –t jpeg,png,gif –d –o foremost –v –i /dev/sda This time, foremost is able to recover all 20 images! A final look at the pictures reveals that the pictures were recovered with no problems. Scalpel Scalpel is another powerful program that, like Foremost, is heavily configurable. Unlike Foremost, Scalpel requires you to edit a configuration file before attempting any data recovery. Any text editor will do, but we’ll use gedit to change the configuration file. In a terminal window (Applications > Accessories > Terminal), type in: sudo gedit /etc/scalpel/scalpel.conf scalpel.conf contains information about a number of different file types. Scroll through this file and uncomment lines that start with a file type that you want to recover (i.e. remove the “#” character at the start of those lines). Save the file and close it. Return to the terminal window. Scalpel also has a ton of command-line options that can help you search quickly and effectively; however, we’ll just define the input device (/dev/sda) and the output folder (a folder called “scalpel” that we created on the desktop). Our invocation is: sudo scalpel /dev/sda –o scalpel Scalpel is able to recover 18 of our 20 files. A quick look at the files scalpel recovered reveals that most of our files were recovered successfully, though there were some problems (e.g. 00000012.jpg). Conclusion In our quick toy example, TestDisk was able to recover two deleted partitions, and PhotoRec and Foremost were able to recover all 20 deleted images. Scalpel recovered most of the files, but it’s very likely that playing with the command-line options for scalpel would have enabled us to recover all 20 images. These tools are lifesavers when something goes wrong with your hard drive. If your data is on the hard drive somewhere, then one of these tools will track it down! Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Recover Deleted Files on an NTFS Hard Drive from a Ubuntu Live CDUse an Ubuntu Live CD to Securely Wipe Your PC’s Hard DriveReset Your Ubuntu Password Easily from the Live CDBackup Your Windows Live Writer SettingsAdding extra Repositories on Ubuntu TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows PC Tools Internet Security Suite 2010 Awe inspiring, inter-galactic theme (Win 7) Case Study – How to Optimize Popular Wordpress Sites Restore Hidden Updates in Windows 7 & Vista Iceland an Insurance Job? Find Downloads and Add-ins for Outlook Recycle !

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How to check on which port apache is running

- by Mirage

Is there any command to find out if apache is running or not. and on which port except by seeingports.conf files When i try netstat command then apaches does not appear in that. but when i use apache2 restart command then it says restart ok i don't know where it is running

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Windows 7 + Deep Freeze - I'm stuck in an endless reboot loop

- by myermian

I have the following setup: Windows 7 Ultimate Deep Freeze I "thawed" my machine last night and performed a Windows Update. The update is having issues (it gets stuck at 32%, fails, and restarts my machine). When it reboots it attempts it again, and again, and again, etc. (Endless loop). I looked online and found some solutions, but none of them seem to be working: When I run Safe Mode, Safe Mode w/ Network, or Safe Mode w/ Command Prompt it attempts to revert the Windows Update changes. However, the problem is with Deep Freeze on (and now in "Frozen" mode) the reverted changes don't stay, and I'm back into the loop of death. Oh, and side note: "Safe Mode w/ Command Prompt" does not actually take me to a command prompt window? Perhaps because it is attempting to complete the Windows Update changes first? I have tried to select the option to NOT restart when an windows error occurs, but it still does. I tried the remainder of all the other options in the F8 screen. The only other option left is to find my Windows 7 Media Disc (I can't find it right now) and use it to repair windows (because for some reason the repair option does not show up in the F8 screen). Is there a way to disable Deep Freeze from loading? When I selected "Safe Mode w/ Command Prompt" I noticed that it loads the DpFrz.sys file. I know that when I'm in the Windows Boot Manager if I press F10 instead of F8 (while highlighting Windows 7) it takes me to an "Edit Boot Options" screen: Edit Windows boot options for: Windows 7 Path: \Windows\system32\winload.exe Partition: 2 Hard Disk: 8e90e329 [ /NOEXECUTE=OPTIN (I CAN EDIT THIS LINE) ] Update: I found my Windows 7 Media Disk and it did not help out. The laptop had the "System Restore" as a partition on the HDD. I later received (in the mail) a Windows 7 Upgrade Disc from Sony to upgrade my system from Windows Vista to Windows 7 Ultimate. I placed the disc into the DVD drive and it does not come up as a "bootable" disc. I'm going to try to find an alternative disc to see if I can get into Command Prompt. Update 2: I got a Windows Repair disc and got into a command prompt window. I got into the registry and disabled Deep Freeze. Also: I renamed the Pending.xml file to Pending.old I cleared out the Windows Temp directory I still am stuck in the loop (though, it isn't an issue with DeepFreeze anymore because I can make changes to the hard drive and they persist). Not sure what to do at this point? Update 3: I ran the repair option and it couldn't repair, but it did point me to something. It says the error was due to a driver that was failing. I have a feeling it is my UPEK Fingerprint scanner.

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Replication Services as ETL extraction tool

- by jorg

In my last blog post I explained the principles of Replication Services and the possibilities it offers in a BI environment. One of the possibilities I described was the use of snapshot replication as an ETL extraction tool: “Snapshot Replication can also be useful in BI environments, if you don’t need a near real-time copy of the database, you can choose to use this form of replication. Next to an alternative for Transactional Replication it can be used to stage data so it can be transformed and moved into the data warehousing environment afterwards. In many solutions I have seen developers create multiple SSIS packages that simply copies data from one or more source systems to a staging database that figures as source for the ETL process. The creation of these packages takes a lot of (boring) time, while Replication Services can do the same in minutes. It is possible to filter out columns and/or records and it can even apply schema changes automatically so I think it offers enough features here. I don’t know how the performance will be and if it really works as good for this purpose as I expect, but I want to try this out soon!” Well I have tried it out and I must say it worked well. I was able to let replication services do work in a fraction of the time it would cost me to do the same in SSIS. What I did was the following: Configure snapshot replication for some Adventure Works tables, this was quite simple and straightforward. Create an SSIS package that executes the snapshot replication on demand and waits for its completion. This is something that you can’t do with out of the box functionality. While configuring the snapshot replication two SQL Agent Jobs are created, one for the creation of the snapshot and one for the distribution of the snapshot. Unfortunately these jobs are asynchronous which means that if you execute them they immediately report back if the job started successfully or not, they do not wait for completion and report its result afterwards. So I had to create an SSIS package that executes the jobs and waits for their completion before the rest of the ETL process continues. Fortunately I was able to create the SSIS package with the desired functionality. I have made a step-by-step guide that will help you configure the snapshot replication and I have uploaded the SSIS package you need to execute it. Configure snapshot replication The first step is to create a publication on the database you want to replicate. Connect to SQL Server Management Studio and right-click Replication, choose for New.. Publication… The New Publication Wizard appears, click Next Choose your “source” database and click Next Choose Snapshot publication and click Next You can now select tables and other objects that you want to publish Expand Tables and select the tables that are needed in your ETL process In the next screen you can add filters on the selected tables which can be very useful. Think about selecting only the last x days of data for example. Its possible to filter out rows and/or columns. In this example I did not apply any filters. Schedule the Snapshot Agent to run at a desired time, by doing this a SQL Agent Job is created which we need to execute from a SSIS package later on. Next you need to set the Security Settings for the Snapshot Agent. Click on the Security Settings button. In this example I ran the Agent under the SQL Server Agent service account. This is not recommended as a security best practice. Fortunately there is an excellent article on TechNet which tells you exactly how to set up the security for replication services. Read it here and make sure you follow the guidelines! On the next screen choose to create the publication at the end of the wizard Give the publication a name (SnapshotTest) and complete the wizard The publication is created and the articles (tables in this case) are added Now the publication is created successfully its time to create a new subscription for this publication. Expand the Replication folder in SSMS and right click Local Subscriptions, choose New Subscriptions The New Subscription Wizard appears Select the publisher on which you just created your publication and select the database and publication (SnapshotTest) You can now choose where the Distribution Agent should run. If it runs at the distributor (push subscriptions) it causes extra processing overhead. If you use a separate server for your ETL process and databases choose to run each agent at its subscriber (pull subscriptions) to reduce the processing overhead at the distributor. Of course we need a database for the subscription and fortunately the Wizard can create it for you. Choose for New database Give the database the desired name, set the desired options and click OK You can now add multiple SQL Server Subscribers which is not necessary in this case but can be very useful. You now need to set the security settings for the Distribution Agent. Click on the …. button Again, in this example I ran the Agent under the SQL Server Agent service account. Read the security best practices here Click Next Make sure you create a synchronization job schedule again. This job is also necessary in the SSIS package later on. Initialize the subscription at first synchronization Select the first box to create the subscription when finishing this wizard Complete the wizard by clicking Finish The subscription will be created In SSMS you see a new database is created, the subscriber. There are no tables or other objects in the database available yet because the replication jobs did not ran yet. Now expand the SQL Server Agent, go to Jobs and search for the job that creates the snapshot: Rename this job to “CreateSnapshot” Now search for the job that distributes the snapshot: Rename this job to “DistributeSnapshot” Create an SSIS package that executes the snapshot replication We now need an SSIS package that will take care of the execution of both jobs. The CreateSnapshot job needs to execute and finish before the DistributeSnapshot job runs. After the DistributeSnapshot job has started the package needs to wait until its finished before the package execution finishes. The Execute SQL Server Agent Job Task is designed to execute SQL Agent Jobs from SSIS. Unfortunately this SSIS task only executes the job and reports back if the job started succesfully or not, it does not report if the job actually completed with success or failure. This is because these jobs are asynchronous. The SSIS package I’ve created does the following: It runs the CreateSnapshot job It checks every 5 seconds if the job is completed with a for loop When the CreateSnapshot job is completed it starts the DistributeSnapshot job And again it waits until the snapshot is delivered before the package will finish successfully Quite simple and the package is ready to use as standalone extract mechanism. After executing the package the replicated tables are added to the subscriber database and are filled with data: Download the SSIS package here (SSIS 2008) Conclusion In this example I only replicated 5 tables, I could create a SSIS package that does the same in approximately the same amount of time. But if I replicated all the 70+ AdventureWorks tables I would save a lot of time and boring work! With replication services you also benefit from the feature that schema changes are applied automatically which means your entire extract phase wont break. Because a snapshot is created using the bcp utility (bulk copy) it’s also quite fast, so the performance will be quite good. Disadvantages of using snapshot replication as extraction tool is the limitation on source systems. You can only choose SQL Server or Oracle databases to act as a publisher. So if you plan to build an extract phase for your ETL process that will invoke a lot of tables think about replication services, it would save you a lot of time and thanks to the Extract SSIS package I’ve created you can perfectly fit it in your usual SSIS ETL process.

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Bind the windows key to Lubuntu start menu

- by abel

I am running Lubuntu 11.10. By default the main menu is bound to Alt+F1 (A-F1) which works. Here is the relevant code from ~/.config/openbox/lubuntu-rc.xml <keybind key="A-F1"> <action name="Execute"> <command>lxpanelctl menu</command> </action> </keybind> This works. When I hit Alt+F1, I can see the start menu. If I change the keys to "Windows key + M" (W-m), I can pull up the start menu using Win+M <keybind key="W-m"> <action name="Execute"> <command>lxpanelctl menu</command> </action> </keybind> However, I cannot bind the start menu to the Windows key alone. If I try replacing "W-m" by "W", the "W" alphabet key gets bound to the start menu. If I try "W-" nothing happens, I have tried the "Super" option too but to no avail. How can I bind the Lubuntu main menu to the windows Key? I have been through some relevant lubuntu questions, like this one, which tries to do the opposite. How do I unbind Super key from menu in Lubuntu

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How to open python scripts directly by typing in their name in terminal (Mac OS X)

- by Haffi112

I'm working on installing django and running it on my system. I have a problem though, in this tutorial creating a project is explained by running the command django-admin.py startproject mysite My issue is that this doesn't work. I changed to the directory where django-admin.py is located and ran the command chmod +x django-admin.py with no results. I tried adding the directory with the file to my path without results. I ended up fixing my problem with this command python /location/of/django-admin.py startproject mysite which yielded the outcome I expected. My problem is: What do I need to change/configure such that command django-admin.py startproject mysite would be sufficient? Here are some experiments: 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > django-admin.py startproject mysite -bash: django-admin.py: command not found 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > ./django-admin.py startproject mysite -bash: ./django-admin.py: No such file or directory 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > python django-admin.py startproject mysite python: can't open file 'django-admin.py': [Errno 2] No such file or directory 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py startproject prufa1 -bash: /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py: /opt/local/bin: bad interpreter: Permission denied 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > sudo /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py startproject prufa1Password: sudo: unable to execute /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py: Permission denied 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > sudo /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py startproject prufa1sudo: unable to execute /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py: Permission denied 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > python /opt/local/lib/python2.4/site-packages/django/bin/django-admin.py startproject prufa1 21:09~/Desktop/HI/NSN/Polls > ls mysite prufa1 Final edit: The problem is solved, see Ian C's answer for the right solution. Thank you everyone for helping my out, this was very fast!

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Setting up VSFTPD on AWS EC2 Instance

- by Robert Ling III

I'm trying to set up VSFTPD passive hosting on my EC2 instance. I ran through these instructions http://www.synergycode.com/knowledgebase/blog/item/ftp-server-on-amazon-ec2 . However, when I tried to connect in FileZilla, I got Command: CWD /home/lingiii/ftp Response: 250 Directory successfully changed. Command: TYPE I Response: 200 Switching to Binary mode Command: PASV Response: 227 Entering Passive Mode (10,222,206,33,54,184). Status: Server sent passive reply with unroutable address. Using server address instead. Command: LIST Error: Connection timed out Error: Failed to retrieve directory listing Where directory /home/lingiii/ftp is set to wrx permissions for user lingiii, group developers (of which lingiii is a member) AND I'm logging in as user lingiii. Any advice?

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Want to Run OS Commands From WLST?

- by Bala Kothandaraman

If you spend a lot of time with WLST in the interactive mode, I am sure you have opened another command prompt/shell to check something at the OS file system level. If you wonder whether can execute an OS command from within WLST prompt, the answer is "Yes". This is very convenient similar to how you can execute OS commands from within "Vi" editor. In fact this feature is not from WLST but from underlying Jython. There is "os" module in Jython that provides a unified interface to a number of operating system functions. There is "system" function in the "os" module that can take a OS command as a string input and returns either "0" or "1" depends on whether the command was successful or failed. So this feature can also be used with scripting mode where the return code can be verified for further processing in the script. For eg. os.system(r'dir c:\bea') can list the contents of the bea folder under c drive. Notice the use of the preceding 'r' for escaping the entire string.

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perl hide system output

- by Chris

Using perl 5.8.8 on linux, need the output of a perl 'system' command to be hidden. The command in my code is : system("wget", "$url", "-Omy_folder/$date-$target.html", "--user-agent=$useragent"); I've tried using " /dev/null 2&1" in different places in the system command, like this- system("wget", "$url", "-Omy_folder/$date-$target.html", "--user-agent=$useragent"," /dev/null 2&1"); Can anyone help me with where the redirection to /dev/null should be?

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How do I implement the bg, &, and fg commands functionaliity in my custom unix shell program written in C

- by user1631009

I am extending the functionality of a custom unix shell which I wrote as part of my lab assignment. It currently supports all commands through execvp calls, in-built commands like pwd, cd, history, echo and export, and also redirection and pipes. Now I wanted to add support for running a command in background e.g. $ls -la& I also want to implement bg and fg job control commands. I know this can be achieved if I execute the command by forking a new child process and not waiting for it in the parent process. But how do I again bring this command to foreground using fg? I have the idea of entering each background command in a list assigning each of them a serial number. But I don't know how do I make the processes execute in the background, then bring them back to foreground. I guess wait() and waitpid() system calls would come handy but I am not that comfortable with them. I tried reading the man pages but still am in the dark. Can someone please explain in a layman's language how to achieve this in UNIX system programming? And does it have something to do with SIGCONT and SIGSTP signals?

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Why do Finder and du report different file size?

- by flipdoubt

I am writing a geektool 3 script to show the size of a particular VMware Fusion virtual machine. Get Info in Finder says the file is "52.91 GB". I run the following du command to get the file size: > du -hs ~/Documents/Virtual\ Machines.localized/MY-PRECIOUS-7.vmwarevm | awk '{print $1}' This du -hs command returns the file size as "49G". What accounts for the difference from what Finder reports? Alternatively, I have tried replacing the -s option with the -d option like so: du -hd ~/Documents/Virtual\ Machines.localized/MY-PRECIOUS-7.vmwarevm | awk '{print $1}' This du -hd command returns the file size as "59G". What accounts for the difference between Finder, du -hd, and du -hs? Also, this du -hd command produces no output in geektool 3. What gives?

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How to solve package issues/dependencies

- by Wolfgang Kuehne

Background info I am trying to install Veins simulation environment by following the tutorial provided by the author. In step 1 it is required to install some packages in Linux, the tutorial suggest this commands to be executed on Terminal: sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc g++ bison flex perl tcl-dev tk-dev blt libxml2-dev zlib1g-dev default-jre doxygen graphviz libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 openmpi-bin libopenmpi-dev libpcap-dev autoconf automake libtool libxerces-c2-dev proj libgdal1-dev libfox-1.6-dev When I execute this command, I immediately get: E: Package 'proj' has no installation candidate Then I remove the proj from the command and execute it again without proj in it, next I get: The following packages have unmet dependencies: libgdal1-dev : Depends: libgdal-dev but it is not going to be installed E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages. So, I remove libgdal1-dev from the command as well. And it executes file, by downloading the remaining packages. To troubleshoot the problem with proj and libdgal1-dev I go to the Synaptic Package Manager. libgdal1-dev I search for libgdal1-dev in Synaptic Package Manager and I get an entry. I Mark for Installation and then Synaptic Package Manager suggests removing libxerces-c2-dev which is actually added via the initial command. Should I trust Synaptic Package Manager with this suggestion, and proceed further? proj What should I do about proj. There are some packages in Synaptic Package Manager such as proj-bin or libproj-dev. Should I install them? I think proj has to do with this and this What should I do to make sure that this simulation tool works fine?

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DENY select on sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats

- by steveh99999

Technorati Tags: security,DMV,permission,sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats I recently saw an interesting blog article by Paul Randal about the performance overhead of querying the sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats. So I was thinking, would it be possible to let non-sysadmin users query DMVs on a SQL server but stop them querying this I/O intensive DMV ? Yes it is, here’s how… 1. Create a new login for test purposes, with permissions to access AdventureWorks database only … CREATE LOGIN [test] WITH PASSWORD='xxxx', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[AdventureWorks] GO USE [AdventureWorks] GO CREATE USER [test] FOR LOGIN [test] WITH DEFAULT_SCHEMA=[dbo] GO 2.login as user test and issue command SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID('AdventureWorks'),NULL,NULL,NULL,'DETAILED') gets error :- Msg 297, Level 16, State 12, Line 1 The user does not have permission to perform this action. 3.As a sysadmin, issue command :- USE AdventureWorks GRANT VIEW DATABASE STATE TO [test] or GRANT VIEW SERVER STATE TO [test] if all databases can be queried via DMV. 4. Try again as user test to issue command SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID('AdventureWorks '),NULL,NULL,NULL,'DETAILED') -- now produces valid results from the DMV.. 5 now create the test user in master database, public role only USE master CREATE USER [test] FOR LOGIN [test] 6 issue command :- USE master DENY SELECT ON sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats TO [test] 7 Now go back to AdventureWorks using test login and try SELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID('AdventureWorks’),NULL,NULL,NULL,’DETAILED') Now gets error... Msg 229, Level 14, State 5, Line 1 The SELECT permission was denied on the object 'dm_db_index_physical_stats', database 'mssqlsystemresource', schema 'sys'. but the user is still able to query all other non-IO-intensive DMVs. If the user attempts to view the index physical stats via a builtin management studio report – see recent blog post by Pinal Dave they get an error also

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svn: Syncing main source code with committed source code

- by alam

To manage my source code I have created SVN subversion server by using command svnadmin create /myrepos svn import /root/MySourceCode file:///myrepos I have created user and provided rw access to him. User can easily commit their changes in repository. How can I update my sourcecode (/root/MySourceCode) used in command svn import ? Is there any svn command to update my MySourceCode with commited code?

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MySQL – Beginning Temporary Tables in MySQL

- by Pinal Dave

MySQL supports Temporary tables to store the resultsets temporarily for a given connection. Temporary tables are created with the keyword TEMPORARY along with the CREATE TABLE statement. Let us create the temporary table named Temp CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE TEMP (id INT); Now you can find out the column names using DESC command DESC TEMP; The above returns the following result This table can be accessed only for the current connection and it can be used like a permanent table and automatically dropped when the connection is closed. However, you can not find temporary tables using INFORMATION_SCHEMA. TABLES system view. It will only list out the permanent tables. MySQL usually stores the data of temporary tables in memory and processed by Memory Storage engine. But if the data size is too large MySQL automatically converts this to the on – disk table and use MyISAM engine. You can also create a permanent table with the same name of a temporary table in the same connection. However the structure of permanent table is visible only if the temporary table with the same name is dropped. Let us create a permanent table with the same name Temp as below CREATE TABLE TEMP (id INT, names VARCHAR(100)); Now running the following command stills gives you the structure of the temporary table temp created earlier. DESC TEMP; You can drop the temporary table using DROP TEMPORARY TABLE command; DROP TEMPORARY TABLE TEMP; After you executed the temporary table, run the following command DESC TEMP; Now you will see the structure of the permanent table named temp In summary – If there is a Temporary Table in MySQL it gets first priority over the permanent table in the session. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com)Filed under: MySQL, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL

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Powershell import-module webadministration

- by David

Every time I execute this command invoke-command -computername REMOTEPC -scriptblock { import-module WebAdministration; new-item "$env:systemdrive\inetpub\testsite" -type directory; New-WebSite -Name TestSite -Port 81 -PhysicalPath "$env:systemdrive\inetpub\testsite" } I get the following error Invalid class string (Exception from HRESULT: 0x800401F3 (CO_E_CLASSSTRING)) + CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (:) [Get-ChildItem], COMException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : System.Runtime.InteropServices.COMException,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetChildItemCommand The website is created successfully as far as I can see. The following command gives the same error when enumerating the testsite Invoke-Command -computername REMOTEPC { import-module webadministration; dir -path IIS:\Sites\ } Name ID State Physical Path Bindings PSComputerName Default Web Site 1 Started http *:80: REMOTEPC Invalid class string (Exception from HRESULT: 0x800401F3 (CO_E_CLASSSTRING)) + CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (:) [Get-ChildItem], COMException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : System.Runtime.InteropServices.COMException,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.GetChildItemCo mmand Any suggestions would be appreciated

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Tip 16 : Open Multiple Documents within Single Application Instance Using C#

- by StanleyGu

1. Using Microsoft Word 2007 as an example, you can open test1.docx and test2.docx at same time. The two documents are opened within single instance of the word application. World application supports command line argument of passing multiple documents. 2. Again, Using Microsoft Word 2007 as an example, you can open test1.docx first and then test2.docx. The two documents are opened within single instance of the Word application. Word application supports Multiple Document Interface (MDI). 3. Using Notepad as an example, you receive error message of “The filename, directory name, or volume label syntax is incorrect” if you want to open two documents at the same time. Notepad does not support command line argument of passing multiple documents 4. Again, using Notepad as an example, you can open test1.txt first and then test2.txt. The two documents are opened to two different instances of Notepad application. Notepad does not support Multiple Document Interface (MDI). 5. In conclusion, there is nothing you can do trying to rely on System.Diagnostics.Process class to open multiple documents within a single instance of an application because it is controlled by the application itself. The best approach is to read any developer or user guide of the application and make sure: 1. The application supports Multiple Document Interface (MDI) 2. The application provides command line argument of passing multiple documents. Then, you can use Process class and the command line argument syntax to open multiple documents for the application.

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Organizations & Architecture UNISA Studies – Chap 7

- by MarkPearl

Learning Outcomes Name different device categories Discuss the functions and structure of I/.O modules Describe the principles of Programmed I/O Describe the principles of Interrupt-driven I/O Describe the principles of DMA Discuss the evolution characteristic of I/O channels Describe different types of I/O interface Explain the principles of point-to-point and multipoint configurations Discuss the way in which a FireWire serial bus functions Discuss the principles of InfiniBand architecture External Devices An external device attaches to the computer by a link to an I/O module. The link is used to exchange control, status, and data between the I/O module and the external device. External devices can be classified into 3 categories… Human readable – e.g. video display Machine readable – e.g. magnetic disk Communications – e.g. wifi card I/O Modules An I/O module has two major functions… Interface to the processor and memory via the system bus or central switch Interface to one or more peripheral devices by tailored data links Module Functions The major functions or requirements for an I/O module fall into the following categories… Control and timing Processor communication Device communication Data buffering Error detection I/O function includes a control and timing requirement, to coordinate the flow of traffic between internal resources and external devices. Processor communication involves the following… Command decoding Data Status reporting Address recognition The I/O device must be able to perform device communication. This communication involves commands, status information, and data. An essential task of an I/O module is data buffering due to the relative slow speeds of most external devices. An I/O module is often responsible for error detection and for subsequently reporting errors to the processor. I/O Module Structure An I/O module functions to allow the processor to view a wide range of devices in a simple minded way. The I/O module may hide the details of timing, formats, and the electro mechanics of an external device so that the processor can function in terms of simple reads and write commands. An I/O channel/processor is an I/O module that takes on most of the detailed processing burden, presenting a high-level interface to the processor. There are 3 techniques are possible for I/O operations Programmed I/O Interrupt[t I/O DMA Access Programmed I/O When a processor is executing a program and encounters an instruction relating to I/O it executes that instruction by issuing a command to the appropriate I/O module. With programmed I/O, the I/O module will perform the requested action and then set the appropriate bits in the I/O status register. The I/O module takes no further actions to alert the processor. I/O Commands To execute an I/O related instruction, the processor issues an address, specifying the particular I/O module and external device, and an I/O command. There are four types of I/O commands that an I/O module may receive when it is addressed by a processor… Control – used to activate a peripheral and tell it what to do Test – Used to test various status conditions associated with an I/O module and its peripherals Read – Causes the I/O module to obtain an item of data from the peripheral and place it in an internal buffer Write – Causes the I/O module to take an item of data form the data bus and subsequently transmit that data item to the peripheral The main disadvantage of this technique is it is a time consuming process that keeps the processor busy needlessly I/O Instructions With programmed I/O there is a close correspondence between the I/O related instructions that the processor fetches from memory and the I/O commands that the processor issues to an I/O module to execute the instructions. Typically there will be many I/O devices connected through I/O modules to the system – each device is given a unique identifier or address – when the processor issues an I/O command, the command contains the address of the address of the desired device, thus each I/O module must interpret the address lines to determine if the command is for itself. When the processor, main memory and I/O share a common bus, two modes of addressing are possible… Memory mapped I/O Isolated I/O (for a detailed explanation read page 245 of book) The advantage of memory mapped I/O over isolated I/O is that it has a large repertoire of instructions that can be used, allowing more efficient programming. The disadvantage of memory mapped I/O over isolated I/O is that valuable memory address space is sued up. Interrupts driven I/O Interrupt driven I/O works as follows… The processor issues an I/O command to a module and then goes on to do some other useful work The I/O module will then interrupts the processor to request service when is is ready to exchange data with the processor The processor then executes the data transfer and then resumes its former processing Interrupt Processing The occurrence of an interrupt triggers a number of events, both in the processor hardware and in software. When an I/O device completes an I/O operations the following sequence of hardware events occurs… The device issues an interrupt signal to the processor The processor finishes execution of the current instruction before responding to the interrupt The processor tests for an interrupt – determines that there is one – and sends an acknowledgement signal to the device that issues the interrupt. The acknowledgement allows the device to remove its interrupt signal The processor now needs to prepare to transfer control to the interrupt routine. To begin, it needs to save information needed to resume the current program at the point of interrupt. The minimum information required is the status of the processor and the location of the next instruction to be executed. The processor now loads the program counter with the entry location of the interrupt-handling program that will respond to this interrupt. It also saves the values of the process registers because the Interrupt operation may modify these The interrupt handler processes the interrupt – this includes examination of status information relating to the I/O operation or other event that caused an interrupt When interrupt processing is complete, the saved register values are retrieved from the stack and restored to the registers Finally, the PSW and program counter values from the stack are restored. Design Issues Two design issues arise in implementing interrupt I/O Because there will be multiple I/O modules, how does the processor determine which device issued the interrupt? If multiple interrupts have occurred, how does the processor decide which one to process? Addressing device recognition, 4 general categories of techniques are in common use… Multiple interrupt lines Software poll Daisy chain Bus arbitration For a detailed explanation of these approaches read page 250 of the textbook. Interrupt driven I/O while more efficient than simple programmed I/O still requires the active intervention of the processor to transfer data between memory and an I/O module, and any data transfer must traverse a path through the processor. Thus is suffers from two inherent drawbacks… The I/O transfer rate is limited by the speed with which the processor can test and service a device The processor is tied up in managing an I/O transfer; a number of instructions must be executed for each I/O transfer Direct Memory Access When large volumes of data are to be moved, an efficient technique is direct memory access (DMA) DMA Function DMA involves an additional module on the system bus. The DMA module is capable of mimicking the processor and taking over control of the system from the processor. It needs to do this to transfer data to and from memory over the system bus. DMA must the bus only when the processor does not need it, or it must force the processor to suspend operation temporarily (most common – referred to as cycle stealing). When the processor wishes to read or write a block of data, it issues a command to the DMA module by sending to the DMA module the following information… Whether a read or write is requested using the read or write control line between the processor and the DMA module The address of the I/O device involved, communicated on the data lines The starting location in memory to read from or write to, communicated on the data lines and stored by the DMA module in its address register The number of words to be read or written, communicated via the data lines and stored in the data count register The processor then continues with other work, it delegates the I/O operation to the DMA module which transfers the entire block of data, one word at a time, directly to or from memory without going through the processor. When the transfer is complete, the DMA module sends an interrupt signal to the processor, this the processor is involved only at the beginning and end of the transfer. I/O Channels and Processors Characteristics of I/O Channels As one proceeds along the evolutionary path, more and more of the I/O function is performed without CPU involvement. The I/O channel represents an extension of the DMA concept. An I/O channel ahs the ability to execute I/O instructions, which gives it complete control over I/O operations. In a computer system with such devices, the CPU does not execute I/O instructions – such instructions are stored in main memory to be executed by a special purpose processor in the I/O channel itself. Two types of I/O channels are common A selector channel controls multiple high-speed devices. A multiplexor channel can handle I/O with multiple characters as fast as possible to multiple devices. The external interface: FireWire and InfiniBand Types of Interfaces One major characteristic of the interface is whether it is serial or parallel parallel interface – there are multiple lines connecting the I/O module and the peripheral, and multiple bits are transferred simultaneously serial interface – there is only one line used to transmit data, and bits must be transmitted one at a time With new generation serial interfaces, parallel interfaces are becoming less common. In either case, the I/O module must engage in a dialogue with the peripheral. In general terms the dialog may look as follows… The I/O module sends a control signal requesting permission to send data The peripheral acknowledges the request The I/O module transfers data The peripheral acknowledges receipt of data For a detailed explanation of FireWire and InfiniBand technology read page 264 – 270 of the textbook

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