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• Correct way to protect a private API key when versioning a python application on a public git repo

  - by systempuntoout

  I would like to open-source a python project on Github but it contains an API key that should not be distributed. I guess there's something better than removing the key each time a "push" is committed to the repo. Imagine a simplified foomodule.py : import urllib2 API_KEY = 'XXXXXXXXX' urllib2.urlopen("http://example.com/foo?id=123%s" % API_KEY ).read() What i'm thinking is: Move the API_KEY in a second key.py module importing it on foomodule.py; i would then add key.py on .gitignore file. Same as 1 but using ConfigParser Do you know a good programmatic way to handle this scenario?

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• What is a good cms that is postgres compatible, open source and either php or python based?

  - by hackg

  Php or python Use and connect to our existing postgres databases open source / or very low license fees Common features of cms, with admin tools to help manage / moderate community have a large member base on very basic site where members provide us contact info and info about their professional characteristics. About to expand to build new community site (to migrate our member base to) where the users will be able to msg each other, post to forums, blog, share private group discussions, and members will be sent inivitations to earn compensation for their expertise. Profile pages, job postings, and video chat would be plus. Already have a team of admins savvy with web apps to help manage it but our developer resources are limited (3-4 programmers) and looking to save time in development as opposed to building our new site from scratch.

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• Problem with fb:swf in Opera

  - by agog.iam

  Hi, I am embedding my flash game in the following way, which runs fine in IE, Firefox, Chrome but doesn't play in Opera. Please suggest what is wrong here. <div> <fb:swf waitforclick = "true" wmode="opaque" width="640" height="480" imgsrc=""http://mygame.jpg" swfsrc="http://mygame.swf" flashvars="sid=<?php echo $id;?>&musicVal=<?php echo $musicVal;?>&efxVal=<?php echo $efxVal;?>&muteVal=<?php echo $muteVal;?>"/> </div> Thanks in advance, agog.iam

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• Python: How to quit CLI when stuck in blocking raw_input?

  - by christianschluchter

  I have a GUI program which should also be controllable via CLI (for monitoring). The CLI is implemented in a while loop using raw_input. If I quit the program via a GUI close button, it hangs in raw_input and does not quit until it gets an input. How can I immediately abort raw_input without entering an input? I run it on WinXP but I want it to be platform independent, it should also work within Eclipse since it is a developer tool. Python version is 2.6. I searched stackoverflow for hours and I know there are many answers to that topic, but is there really no platform independent solution to have a non-blocking CLI reader? If not, what would be the best way to overcome this problem? Thanks

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• How do I get the key of an item when doing a FOR loop through a dictionary or list in Python?

  - by Mike Hayes

  Hi I am new to Python. Say I have a list: list = ['A','B','C','D'] The key for each item respectively here is 0,1,2,3 - right? Now I am going to loop through it with a for loop... for item in list: print item That's great, I can print out my list. How do I get the key here? For example being able to do: print key print item on each loop? If this isn't possible with a list, where keys are not declared myself, is it possible with a Dictionary? Thanks

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• : for displaying all elements in a multidimensional array in python 3.1.

  - by Leif Andersen

  I have a multidimensional array in python like: arr = [['foo', 1], ['bar',2]] Now, if I want to print out everything in the array, I could do: print(arr[:][:]) Or I could also just do print(arr). However, If I only wanted to print out the first element of each box (for arr, that would be 'foo', 'bar'), I would imagine I would do something like: print(arr[:][0]) however, that just prints out the first data blog (['foo', 1]), also, I tried reversing it (just in case): print(arr[0][:]) and I got the same thing. So, is there anyway that I can get it to print the first element in each tuple (other than: for tuple in arr: print(tuple[0]) )? Thanks.

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• What is the best, python or bash for selectively concatenating lots of files?

  - by Werner

  Hi, I have around 20000 files coming from the output of some program, and their names follow the format: data1.txt data2.txt ... data99.txt data100.txt ... data999.txt data1000.txt ... data20000.txt I would like to write a script that gets as input argument the number N. Then it makes blocks of N concatenated files, so if N=5, it would make the following new files: data_new_1.txt: it would contain (concatenated) data1.txt to data5.txt (like cat data1.txt data2.txt ... data_new_1.txt ) data_new_2.txt: it would contain (concatenated) data6.txt to data10.txt ..... I wonder what do you think would be the best approach to do this, whether bash, python or another one like awk, perl, etc. The best approach I mean in terms of simplest code. Thanks

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• Why is Python 3.1 throwing a SyntaxError when printing after loop?

  - by bubersson

  Hi, I'm trying to run this snippet in Python 3.1 console and I'm getting SyntaxError: >>> while True: ... a=5 ... if a<6: ... break ... print("hello") File "<stdin>", line 5 print("hello") ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> (This is just shortened code to make a point.) Am I missing something? Is there some other Magic I don't know about? Thanks for your help (since this is my first StackOverflow question and I'm not a native English speaker)

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• "public" or "private" attribute in Python ? What is the best way ?

  - by SeyZ

  Hi ! In Python, I have the following example class : class Foo: self._attr = 0 @property def attr(self): return self._attr @attr.setter def attr(self, value): self._attr = value @attr.deleter def attr(self): del self._attr As you can see, I have a simple "private" attribute "_attr" and a property to access it. There is a lot of codes to declare a simple private attribute and I think that it's not respecting the "KISS" philosophy to declare all attributes like that. So, why not declare all my attributes as public attributes if I don't need a particular getter/setter/deleter ? My answer will be : Because the principle of encapsulation (OOP) says otherwise! What is the best way ? Thanks !

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• How to make a call to an executable from Python script?

  - by fx

  I need to execute this script from my Python script. Is it possible? The script generate some outputs with some files being written. How do I access these files? I have tried with subprocess call function but without success. fx@fx-ubuntu:~/Documents/projects/foo$ bin/bar -c somefile.xml -d text.txt -r aString -f anotherString >output The application "bar" also references to some libraries, it also creates some files besides the output. How do I get access to these files? Just by using open()? Thank you,

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• Any way to stringify a variable id / symbol in Python?

  - by otz

  I'm wondering if it is possible at all in python to stringify variable id/symbol -- that is, a function that behaves as follows: >>> symbol = 'whatever' >>> symbol_name(symbol) 'symbol' Now, it is easy to do it on a function or a class (if it is a direct reference to the object): >>> def fn(): pass >>> fn.func_name 'fn' But I'm looking for a general method that works on all cases, even for indirect object references. I've thought of somehow using id(var), but no luck yet. Is there any way to do it?

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• How to pass multiple params to function in python?

  - by user1322731

  I am implementing 8bit adder in python. Here is the adder function definition: def add8(a0,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,b0,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,c0): All function parameters are boolean. I have implemented function that converts int into binary: def intTObin8(num): bits = [False]*8 i = 7 while num >= 1: if num % 2 == 1: bits[i] = True else: bits[i] = False i = i - 1 num /= 2 print bits return [bits[x] for x in range(0,8)] I want this function to return 8 bits. And to use this two functions as follows: add8(intTObin8(1),intTObin8(1),0) So the question is: How to pass 8 parameters using one function?

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• How do I manage a Python based daemon on Linux?

  - by BCS

  I have a working Python based program that I want to run as a daemon. Currently I'm doing it in a very hackish manner of starting it in with screen-d -m name session and killing it with pkill -f name. Eventually I'm doing to have to move this to the better system we use here (thus I don't want to modify the program) but in the interim, I'm looking for a cleaner way to do this. My current thinking is kick it off as a background task from an inti.d script but how do I bring it back down?

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• Iterating over a large data set in long running Python process - memory issues?

  - by user1094786

  I am working on a long running Python program (a part of it is a Flask API, and the other realtime data fetcher). Both my long running processes iterate, quite often (the API one might even do so hundreds of times a second) over large data sets (second by second observations of certain economic series, for example 1-5MB worth of data or even more). They also interpolate, compare and do calculations between series etc. What techniques, for the sake of keeping my processes alive, can I practice when iterating / passing as parameters / processing these large data sets? For instance, should I use the gc module and collect manually? Any advice would be appreciated. Thanks!

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• Does '[ab]+' equal '(a|b)+' in python re module?

  - by user1477871

  I think pat1 = '[ab]' and pat2 = 'a|b' have the same function in Python(python2.7, windows) 're' module as a regular expression pattern. But I am confused with '[ab]+' and '(a|b)+', do they have the same function, if not plz explain details. ''' Created on 2012-9-4 @author: melo ''' import re pat1 = '(a|b)+' pat2 = '[ab]+' text = '22ababbbaa33aaa44b55bb66abaa77babab88' m1 = re.search(pat1, text) m2 = re.search(pat2, text) print 'search with pat1:', m1.group() print 'search with pat2:', m2.group() m11 = re.split(pat1, text) m22 = re.split(pat2, text) print 'split with pat1:', m11 print 'split with pat2:', m22 m111 = re.findall(pat1, text) m222 = re.findall(pat2, text) print 'findall with pat1:', m111 print 'findall with pat2:', m222 output as below: search with pat1: ababbbaa search with pat2: ababbbaa split with pat1: ['22', 'a', '33', 'a', '44', 'b', '55', 'b', '66', 'a', '77', 'b', '88'] split with pat2: ['22', '33', '44', '55', '66', '77', '88'] findall with pat1: ['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'a', 'b'] findall with pat2: ['ababbbaa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'abaa', 'babab'] why are 'pat1' and 'pat2' different and what's their difference? what kind of strings can 'pat1' actually match?

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• Why is Python 3.1 throwing a SyntaxError when printing after loop? [resolved]

  - by bubersson

  Hi, I'm trying to run this snippet in Python 3.1 console and I'm getting SyntaxError: >>> while True: ... a=5 ... if a<6: ... break ... print("hello") File "<stdin>", line 5 print("hello") ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> (This is just shortened code to make a point.) Am I missing something? Is there some other Magic I don't know about? Thanks for your help (since this is my first StackOverflow question and I'm not a native English speaker)

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• [Python] Best strategy for dealing with incomplete lines of data from a file.

  - by adoran

  I use the following block of code to read lines out of a file 'f' into a nested list: for data in f: clean_data = data.rstrip() data = clean_data.split('\t') t += [data[0]] strmat += [data[1:]] Sometimes, however, the data is incomplete and a row may look like this: ['955.159', '62.8168', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '', '29', '30', '0', '0'] It puts a spanner in the works because I would like Python to implicitly cast my list as floats but the empty fields '' cause it to be cast as an array of strings (dtype: s12). I could start a second 'if' statement and convert all empty fields into NULL (since 0 is wrong in this instance) but I was unsure whether this was best. Is this the best strategy of dealing with incomplete data? Should I edit the stream or do it post-hoc?

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• Use Python to search one .txt file for a list of words or phrases (and show the context)

  - by prupert

  Basically as the question states. I am fairly new to Python and like to learn by seeing and doing. I would like to create a script that searches through a text document (say the text copied and pasted from a news article for example) for certain words or phrases. Ideally, the list of words and phrases would be stored in a separate file. When getting the results, it would be great to get the context of the results. So maybe it could print out the 50 characters in the text file before and after each search term that has been found. It'd be cool if it also showed what line the search term was found on. Any pointers on how to code this, or even code examples would be much appreciated.

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• Why do dicts of defaultdict(int)'s use so much memory? (and other simple python performance question

  - by dukhat

  import numpy as num from collections import defaultdict topKeys = range(16384) keys = range(8192) table = dict((k,defaultdict(int)) for k in topKeys) dat = num.zeros((16384,8192), dtype="int32") print "looping begins" #how much memory should this use? I think it shouldn't use more that a few #times the memory required to hold (16384*8192) int32's (512 mb), but #it uses 11 GB! for k in topKeys: for j in keys: dat[k,j] = table[k][j] print "done" What is going on here? Furthermore, this similar script takes eons to run compared to the first one, and also uses an absurd quantity of memory. topKeys = range(16384) keys = range(8192) table = [(j,0) for k in topKeys for j in keys] I guess python ints might be 64 bit ints, which would account for some of this, but do these relatively natural and simple constructions really produce such a massive overhead? I guess these scripts show that they do, so my question is: what exactly is causing the high memory usage in the first script and the long runtime and high memory usage of the second script and is there any way to avoid these costs?

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• Choosing a CMS to use with backend modules involving haskell and python [on hold]

  - by Butterflycode

  Hi I am trying to decide on a CMS to use for a new project. Security is the most important element of the CMS. I am looking to use a PHP based CMS such as Joomla or Drupal however, PHP has many security flaws which worries me. The data which needs to be secure will be inside a database and relate to account information. I am wondering what is the best way to do this? What I am wanting is a frontend which is made in php/js(joomla) and then I have a backend api which is written in Haskell to handle money transfers ensuring nothing goes wrong. In between the two I want a controller written in perhaps Python or C. I never want the php to touch the database. I want it to relay messages to the controller that's written in python or C and then it inputs to the database, sanitising data etc Am I perhaps thinking too deeply about this? Just wondering if anyone has any ideas on what I should do.... I can't quite explain what the project is as I don't want the idea to be stolen, but it has a lot money transactions involved so security is essential.

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• Best ways to teach a beginner to program?

  - by Justin Standard

  Original Question I am currently engaged in teaching my brother to program. He is a total beginner, but very smart. (And he actually wants to learn). I've noticed that some of our sessions have gotten bogged down in minor details, and I don't feel I've been very organized. (But the answers to this post have helped a lot.) What can I do better to teach him effectively? Is there a logical order that I can use to run through concept by concept? Are there complexities I should avoid till later? The language we are working with is Python, but advice in any language is welcome. How to Help If you have good ones please add the following in your answer: Beginner Exercises and Project Ideas Resources for teaching beginners Screencasts / blog posts / free e-books Print books that are good for beginners Please describe the resource with a link to it so I can take a look. I want everyone to know that I have definitely been using some of these ideas. Your submissions will be aggregated in this post. Online Resources for teaching beginners: A Gentle Introduction to Programming Using Python How to Think Like a Computer Scientist Alice: a 3d program for beginners Scratch (A system to develop programming skills) How To Design Programs Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs Learn To Program Robert Read's How To Be a Programmer Microsoft XNA Spawning the Next Generation of Hackers COMP1917 Higher Computing lectures by Richard Buckland (requires iTunes) Dive into Python Python Wikibook Project Euler - sample problems (mostly mathematical) pygame - an easy python library for creating games Create Your Own Games With Python ebook Foundations of Programming for a next step beyond basics. Squeak by Example Recommended Print Books for teaching beginners Accelerated C++ Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner Code by Charles Petzold

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• Django attribute error: 'module' object has no attribute 'is_usable'

  - by Robert A Henru

  Hi, I got the following error when calling the url in Django. It's working before, I guess it's related with some accidental changes I made, but I have no idea what they are. Thanks before for the help, Robert Environment: Request Method: GET Request URL: http://localhost:8000/time/ Django Version: 1.2 Python Version: 2.6.1 Installed Applications: ['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.sites', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.admin', 'djlearn.books'] Installed Middleware: ('django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware') Traceback: File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in get_response 100. response = callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs) File "/Users/rhenru/Workspace/django/djlearn/src/djlearn/../djlearn/views.py" in current_datetime 16. return render_to_response('current_datetime.html',{'current_date':now,}) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/shortcuts/__init__.py" in render_to_response 20. return HttpResponse(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs), **httpresponse_kwargs) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in render_to_string 181. t = get_template(template_name) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in get_template 157. template, origin = find_template(template_name) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in find_template 128. loader = find_template_loader(loader_name) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/template/loader.py" in find_template_loader 111. if not func.is_usable: Exception Type: AttributeError at /time/ Exception Value: 'module' object has no attribute 'is_usable'

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• Starter question of declarative style SQLAlchemy relation()

  - by jfding

  I am quite new to SQLAlchemy, or even database programming, maybe my question is too simple. Now I have two class/table: class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(40)) ... class Computer(Base): __tablename__ = 'comps' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) buyer_id = Column(None, ForeignKey('users.id')) user_id = Column(None, ForeignKey('users.id')) buyer = relation(User, backref=backref('buys', order_by=id)) user = relation(User, backref=backref('usings', order_by=id)) Of course, it cannot run. This is the backtrace: File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py", line 71, in initialize_instance fn(self, instance, args, kwargs) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 1829, in _event_on_init instrumenting_mapper.compile() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 687, in compile mapper._post_configure_properties() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py", line 716, in _post_configure_properties prop.init() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py", line 408, in init self.do_init() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py", line 716, in do_init self._determine_joins() File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-0.5.8-py2.6.egg/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py", line 806, in _determine_joins "many-to-many relation, 'secondaryjoin' is needed as well." % (self)) sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Could not determine join condition between parent/child tables on relation Package.maintainer. Specify a 'primaryjoin' expression. If this is a many-to-many relation, 'secondaryjoin' is needed as well. There's two foreign keys in class Computer, so the relation() callings cannot determine which one should be used. I think I must use extra arguments to specify it, right? And howto? Thanks

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• Opinions on Unladen Swallow?

  - by vartec

  What are your opinions and expectations on Google's Unladen Swallow? From their project plan: We want to make Python faster, but we also want to make it easy for large, well-established applications to switch to Unladen Swallow. Produce a version of Python at least 5x faster than CPython. Python application performance should be stable. Maintain source-level compatibility with CPython applications. Maintain source-level compatibility with CPython extension modules. We do not want to maintain a Python implementation forever; we view our work as a branch, not a fork. And even sweeter: In addition, we intend to remove the GIL and fix the state of multithreading in Python. We believe this is possible through the implementation of a more sophisticated GC It almost looks too good to be true, like the best of PyPy and Stackless combined. More info: Jesse Noller: "Pycon: Unladen-Swallow" ArsTechnica: "Google searches for holy grail of Python performance" Update: as DNS pointed out, there was related question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/695370/what-is-llvm-and-how-is-replacing-python-vm-with-llvm-increasing-speeds-5x

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• ImportError using nose, no ImportError using raw unittest ?

  - by southof40

  I get an ImportError when running my unittests using Nose and I don't when I just run it standalone. All files referred to here may be seen at http://gist.github.com/395541# . If I run the test script, importTest-Test.py, directly I get this output: C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm>python importTest-Test.py In mmdb In BusinessLogic [] . ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.001s If I allow Nose to run it I get an error : C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm>nosetests.exe E ====================================================================== ERROR: Failure: ImportError (No module named mmdb.DataAccess.AttemptDB) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "c:\bin\installed\python2.6\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.3-py2.6.egg\nose\loader.py", line 382, in loadTestsFromName addr.filename, addr.module) File "c:\bin\installed\python2.6\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.3-py2.6.egg\nose\importer.py", line 39, in importFromPath return self.importFromDir(dir_path, fqname) File "c:\bin\installed\python2.6\lib\site-packages\nose-0.11.3-py2.6.egg\nose\importer.py", line 86, in importFromDir mod = load_module(part_fqname, fh, filename, desc) File "C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm\importtest-Test.py", line 2, in <module> import importtest File "C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm\importtest.py", line 1, in <module> from mmdb.BusinessLogic.AttemptManager import AttemptManager File "C:\usr\x\data\src\Python\mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\AttemptManager.py", line 1, in <module> from mmdb.DataAccess.AttemptDB import AttemptDB ImportError: No module named mmdb.DataAccess.AttemptDB ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.002s FAILED (errors=1) The files involved in the package which nose is having difficulties with are in the following structure - some may be seen here http://gist.github.com/395541# .: mmm\importtest-Test.py mmm\importtest.py mmm\mmdb mmm\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic mmm\mmdb\BusinessObject mmm\mmdb\DataAccess mmm\mmdb\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\AttemptManager.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\Collections mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessLogic\Collections\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\BusinessObject\__init__.py mmm\mmdb\DataAccess\AttemptDB.py mmm\mmdb\DataAccess\__init__.py This is happening on Win32 / Python 2.6 / Nose 0.11.3 . I'd be grateful for any help. thanks.

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