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  • What happens after a packet is captured?

    - by Rayne
    Hi all, I've been reading about what happens after packets are captured by NICs, and the more I read, the more I'm confused. Firstly, I've read that traditionally, after a packet is captured by the NIC, it gets copied to a block of memory in the kernel space, then to the user space for whatever application that then works on the packet data. Then I read about DMA, where the NIC directly copies the packet into memory, bypassing the CPU. So is the NIC - kernel memory - User space memory flow still valid? Also, do most NIC (e.g. Myricom) use DMA to improve packet capture rates? Secondly, does RSS (Receive Side Scaling) work similarly in both Windows and Linux systems? I can only find detailed explanations on how RSS works in MSDN articles, where they talk about how RSS (and MSI-X) works on Windows Server 2008. But the same concept of RSS and MSI-X should still apply for linux systems, right? Thank you. Regards, Rayne

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  • Which driver for "ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650" in a laptop?

    - by Lasse V. Karlsen
    We have some HP laptops here that comes equipped with a video card that identifies itself as "ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650", like this one. However, which drivers do we choose? As far as we can tell, HD 3650 is desktop cards, or at least there are no drivers listed for that series with "Mobility" in their name. If I pick the following on the ATI Driver Download page: Graphics Windows Vista 32-bit Edition Mobility Radeon Then the dropdown for the card model contains X300, X600, X700, X800, X1300, X1400, X1600, X1800, 9600, 9700 and 9800 models, but no "HD" nor "36xx series". However, if I change to just "Radeon" for the last selection there, I can find a "Radeon HD 3600 Series" model in the list. Also, if I pick "Windows 7" as the operating system, I can find a "Mobility Radeon HD 3000 series" card, but no 3600. So, which one to pick? The main reason I ask is that they all seem to have some kind of problem installing, so neither seems to be the right one (they all crash with "Catalyst Install Manager has stopped working".)

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  • Smartcards for storing gpg/ssh keys (Linux) - what do I need?

    - by Ninefingers
    Hi All, I'm interested in storing my SSH keys and gpg keys on a smartcard for added security. However, I'm a bit uncertain on a few points, which are as follows: How many keys can I get on a card? I assume both SSH and GPG can store keys on the card. Is there a limit to key size? I see a lot of cards saying they support 2048-bit keys, what about larger sizes? Hardware: can anyone recommend a card/reader combination that works well? I've done a fair amount of research and it seems PC/SC readers can be a bit iffy - is this your experience? Have I missed anything I should be asking? Are there any other hurdles? I'm aware fsf europe give away cards with membership - I'm not sure I want to join, but... are these cards any good?

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  • MBR Booting from DOS

    - by eflukx
    For a project I would like to invoke the MBR on the first harddisk directly from DOS. I've written a small assembler program that loads the MBR in memory at 0:7c00h an does a far jump to it. I've put my util on a bootable floppy. The disk (HD0, 0x80) i'm trying to boot has a TrueCrypt boot loader on it. It shows up the TrueCrypt screen, but after typing in the password it crashes the system. When I run my little utlility (w00t.com) on a normal WinXP machine it seams to crash immedealty. Apparently I'm forgetting some crucial stuff the BIOS normally does, my guess is it's something trivial. Can someone with better bare-metal DOS and BIOS experience help me out? Heres my code: .MODEL tiny .386 _TEXT SEGMENT USE16 INCLUDE BootDefs.i ORG 100h start: ; http://vxheavens.com/lib/vbw05.html ; Before DOS has booted the BIOS stores the amount of usable lower memory ; in a word located at 0:413h in memory. We going to erase this value because ; we have booted dos before loading the bootsector, and dos is fat (and ugly). ; fake free memory ;push ds ;push 0 ;pop ds ;mov ax, TC_BOOT_LOADER_SEGMENT / 1024 * 16 + TC_BOOT_MEMORY_REQUIRED ;mov word ptr ds:[413h], ax ;ax = memory in K ;pop ds ;lea si, memory_patched_msg ;call print ;mov ax, cs mov ax, 0 mov es, ax ; read first sector to es:7c00h (== cs:7c00) mov dl, 80h mov cl, 1 mov al, 1 mov bx, 7c00h ;load sector to es:bx call read_sectors lea si, mbr_loaded_msg call print lea si, jmp_to_mbr_msg call print ;Set BIOS default values in environment cli mov dl, 80h ;(drive C) xor ax, ax mov ds, ax mov es, ax mov ss, ax mov sp, 0ffffh sti push es push 7c00h retf ;Jump to MBR code at 0:7c00h ; Print string print: xor bx, bx mov ah, 0eh cld @@: lodsb test al, al jz print_end int 10h jmp @B print_end: ret ; Read sectors of the first cylinder read_sectors: mov ch, 0 ; Cylinder mov dh, 0 ; Head ; DL = drive number passed from BIOS mov ah, 2 int 13h jnc read_ok lea si, disk_error_msg call print read_ok: ret memory_patched_msg db 'Memory patched', 13, 10, 7, 0 mbr_loaded_msg db 'MBR loaded', 13, 10, 7, 0 jmp_to_mbr_msg db 'Jumping to MBR code', 13, 10, 7, 0 disk_error_msg db 'Disk error', 13, 10, 7, 0 _TEXT ENDS END start

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  • Singleton pattern and broken double checked locking in real world java application

    - by saugata
    I was reading the article Double-checked locking and the Singleton pattern, on how double checked locking is broken, and some related questions here on stackoverflow. I have used this pattern/idiom several times without any issues. Since I have been using Java 5, my first thought was that this has been rectified in Java 5 memory model. However the article says This article refers to the Java Memory Model before it was revised for Java 5.0; statements about memory ordering may no longer be correct. However, the double-checked locking idiom is still broken under the new memory model. I'm wondering if anyone has actually run into this problem in any application and under what conditions.

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  • 5v PCI to PCI-X or PCIe adapter?

    - by SiegeX
    We unfortunately have a very expensive ($10K) full-length 5 volt PCI card that we would like to use in the same system as another expensive PCI-X card. As luck would have it, it seems that PCI-X is not backwards compatible with 5v PCI cards. It would be a real shame to have to order a whole new server just to accommodate these two cards together. Does there exist any internal converter/adapter that will allow one to place a full-length 5v PCI card into either a PCI-X or PCIe slot? I've found an external expansion box that suits our needs but it's 1) External and 2) $1100. The only internal adapters I've been able to find go from Low-profile PCI - PCIe; nothing that seems to support full-height, full-length PCI cards.

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  • Building a DVR system for use with custom windows application (video analytics)

    - by Michael
    Is there a good PCIe DVR capture card that has at least 4 channels as well as the hardware encoding? It would have to have decent driver support in Windows xp or windows 7. I have looked at various video capture cards as well as an integrated video capture card/motherboard from Huperlabs. But so far I have not found one with a decent review and that has good driver support that I can verify. A really small card would be nice because I am trying to get a fairly small form factor. Huperlabs stuff is pretty awesome but they are slow to get back to me and they bundle their analytics software with the hardware (extra cost for nothing) The dvr is being used for security.

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  • Display won't come back from power saver mode

    - by tynor
    I wan't sure where exactly to post this question, but this one seemed the most relevant. I have a Dell LCD monitor running off a Dell Inspiron 531 tower with an Nvidia GeForce 8600 GT video card. Just recently, when I turn my computer on, the display immediately enters its "Power Saver" mode, and never wakes up. This problem doesn't occur with other computers, or even with this same computer when I use the integrated graphics. I have no other displays to test the card on. I have also tried replacing the power supply (my original one, which ran that video card for 4 years, was 300w, and I replaced it with 500w). Is there anything else I can try to troubleshoot this issue?

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  • Performance required to improve Windows Experience Index?

    - by Ian Boyd
    Is there a guide on the metrics required to obtain a certain Windows Experience Index? A Microsoft guy said in January 2009: On the matter of transparency, it is indeed our plan to disclose in great detail how the scores are calculated, what the tests attempt to measure, why, and how they map to realistic scenarios and usage patterns. Has that amount of transparency happened? Is there a technet article somewhere? If my score was limited by my Memory subscore of 5.9. A nieve person would suggest: Buy a faster RAM Which is wrong of course. From the Windows help: If your computer has a 64-bit central processing unit (CPU) and 4 gigabytes (GB) or less random access memory (RAM), then the Memory (RAM) subscore for your computer will have a maximum of 5.9. You can buy the fastest, overclocked, liquid-cooled, DDR5 RAM on the planet; you'll still have a maximum Memory subscore of 5.9. So in general the knee-jerk advice "buy better stuff" is not helpful. What i am looking for is attributes required to achieve a certain score, or move beyond a current limitation. The information i've been able to compile so far, chiefly from 3 Windows blog entries, and an article: Memory subscore Score Conditions ======= ================================ 1.0 < 256 MB 2.0 < 500 MB 2.9 <= 512 MB 3.5 < 704 MB 3.9 < 944 MB 4.5 <= 1.5 GB 5.9 < 4.0GB-64MB on a 64-bit OS Windows Vista highest score 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Graphics Subscore Score Conditions ======= ====================== 1.0 doesn't support DX9 1.9 doesn't support WDDM 4.9 does not support Pixel Shader 3.0 5.9 doesn't support DX10 or WDDM1.1 Windows Vista highest score 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Gaming graphics subscore Score Result ======= ============================= 1.0 doesn't support D3D 2.0 supports D3D9, DX9 and WDDM 5.9 doesn't support DX10 or WDDM1.1 Windows Vista highest score 6.0-6.9 good framerates (e.g. 40-50fps) at normal resoltuions (e.g. 1280x1024) 7.0-7.9 even higher framerates at even higher resolutions 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Processor subscore Score Conditions ======= ========================================================================== 5.9 Windows Vista highest score 6.0-6.9 many quad core processors will be able to score in the high 6 low 7 ranges 7.0+ many quad core processors will be able to score in the high 6 low 7 ranges 7.9 8-core systems will be able to approach 8.9 Windows 7 highest score Primary hard disk subscore (note) Score Conditions ======= ======================================== 1.9 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 2.0 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 2.9 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 3.0 Limit for pathological drives that stop responding when pending writes 5.9 highest you're likely to see without SSD Windows Vista highest score 7.9 Windows 7 highest score Bonus Chatter You can find your WEI detailed test results in: C:\Windows\Performance\WinSAT\DataStore e.g. 2011-11-06 01.00.19.482 Disk.Assessment (Recent).WinSAT.xml <WinSAT> <WinSPR> <DiskScore>5.9</DiskScore> </WinSPR> <Metrics> <DiskMetrics> <AvgThroughput units="MB/s" score="6.4" ioSize="65536" kind="Sequential Read">89.95188</AvgThroughput> <AvgThroughput units="MB/s" score="4.0" ioSize="16384" kind="Random Read">1.58000</AvgThroughput> <Responsiveness Reason="UnableToAssess" Kind="Cap">TRUE</Responsiveness> </DiskMetrics> </Metrics> </WinSAT> Pre-emptive snarky comment: "WEI is useless, it has no relation to reality" Fine, how do i increase my hard-drive's random I/O throughput? Update - Amount of memory limits rating Some people don't believe Microsoft's statement that having less than 4GB of RAM on a 64-bit edition of Windows doesn't limit the rating to 5.9: And from xxx.Formal.Assessment (Recent).WinSAT.xml: <WinSPR> <LimitsApplied> <MemoryScore> <LimitApplied Friendly="Physical memory available to the OS is less than 4.0GB-64MB on a 64-bit OS : limit mem score to 5.9" Relation="LT">4227858432</LimitApplied> </MemoryScore> </LimitsApplied> </WinSPR> References Windows Vista Team Blog: Windows Experience Index: An In-Depth Look Understand and improve your computer's performance in Windows Vista Engineering Windows 7 Blog: Engineering the Windows 7 “Windows Experience Index”

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  • CPU I/O communication part 2

    - by b-gen-jack-o-neill
    Hi, I was suggested when I have some further questions on my older ones, to create newer Question and reffer to old one. So, this is the original question: CPU I/O communication OK, I have just 2 more questions. 1, How is MMIO set? I mean, lets say I have developed some extension card with PCI interface. How do you say to memory controller to redirect desired memory space to my card´s RAM? I mean, I think standart text-mode VGA MMIO adress is 0x8000. Is this HW set (every motherboard automatically redirects 0x8000 adress to PCI-E) or its just standart and can be changed (VGA says to motherboard: give me memory mapped IO at 0x8000) 2, Can one expansion card have more MMIO connections? I mean, lets say I have card with 10 Bytes of RAM. Can Bytes 0-4 be mapped to 0x0 and bytes 5-9 to 0x5000? Please, if you know about some good article about this, please post link. Thanks.

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  • Solving problems involving more complex data structures with CUDA

    - by Nils
    So I read a bit about CUDA and GPU programming. I noticed a few things such that access to global memory is slow (therefore shared memory should be used) and that the execution path of threads in a warp should not diverge. I also looked at the (dense) matrix multiplication example, described in the programmers manual and the nbody problem. And the trick with the implementation seems to be the same: Arrange the calculation in a grid (which it already is in case of the matrix mul); then subdivide the grid into smaller tiles; fetch the tiles into shared memory and let the threads calculate as long as possible, until it needs to reload data from the global memory into shared memory. In case of the nbody problem the calculation for each body-body interaction is exactly the same (page 682): bodyBodyInteraction(float4 bi, float4 bj, float3 ai) It takes two bodies and an acceleration vectors. The body vector has four components it's position and the weight. When reading the paper, the calculation is understood easily. But what is if we have a more complex object, with a dynamic data structure? For now just assume that we have an object (similar to the body object presented in the paper) which has a list of other objects attached and the number of objects attached is different in each thread. How could I implement that without having the execution paths of the threads to diverge? I'm also looking for literature which explains how different algorithms involving more complex data structures can be effectively implemented in CUDA.

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  • Are mobo raid controllers based on Intel ICH10R southbridge still considered software Raid?

    - by Breadtruck
    So do you still need specific software/drivers (intel matrix?) installed to manage the raid controller, setup the array. If the raid chipset is on-board the motherboard and it uses the CPU, and say I am using a Core 2 Quad Q9550, would a hardware based card still out perform the motherboard chipset? This is for a home workstation and I could spend $300 on a areca ARC-1210 PCI-Express x8 SATA II but I want to be able to justify the money for the raid card. My motherboard is a GIGABYTE GA-EP45-UD3P UPDATE: I was going to RAID5 using 4 500 GB drives, and I was going to buy a controller card but this article got me thinking hmmm....Toms-Southbridge Battle

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  • Why are my USB 2.0 devices hanging Windows XP?

    - by BenAlabaster
    Background on the machine I'm having a problem with: The machine was inherited and appears to be circa 2003 (there's a date stamp on the power supply which leads me to this conclusion). I've got it set up as a Skype terminal for my 2 year old to keep in touch with her grandparents and other members of the family - which everyone loves. It has a DFI CM33-TL/G ATX (identified using SiSoft Sandra) motherboard hosting an Intel Celeron 1.3GHz CPU, 768Mb PC133 SDRAM, a D-LINK WDA-2320 54G Wi-Fi network card and a generic USB 2.0 expansion board based on the NEC uPD720102 chipset containing 3 external and 1 internal USB sockets. It's also hosting a 1.44Mb floppy drive on FDD0, a new 80Gb Western Digital hard drive running as master on IDE0 and a Panasonic DVD+/-RW running as master on IDE1. All this is sitting in a slimline case running off a Macron Power MPT-135 135W Flex power supply. The motherboard is running a version of Award BIOS 05/24/2002-601T-686B-6A6LID4AC-00. Could this be updated? If so, from where? I've raked through the manufacturer's website but can't find any hint of downloads for either drivers or BIOS updates. The hard disk is freshly formatted and built with Windows XP Professional/Service Pack 3 and is up to date with all current patches. In addition to Windows XP, the only other software it's running is Skype 4.1 (4.2 hangs the whole machine as soon as it starts up, requiring a hard boot to recover). It's got a Daytek MV150 15" touch screen hooked up to the on board VGA and COM1 sockets with the most current drivers from the Daytek website and the most current version of ELO-Touchsystems drivers for the touch component. The webcam is a Logitech Webcam C200 with the latest drivers from the Logitech website. The problem: If I hook any devices to the USB 2.0 sockets, it hangs the whole machine and I have to hard boot it to get it back up. If I have any devices attached to the USB 2.0 sockets when I boot up, it hangs before Windows gets to the login prompt and I have to hard boot it to recover. Workarounds found: I can plug the same devices into the on board USB 1.0 sockets and everything works fine, albeit at reduced performance. I've tried 3 different kinds of USB thumb drives, 3 different makes/models of webcams and my iPhone all with the same effect. They're recognized and don't hang the machine when I hook them to the USB 1.0 but if I hook them to the USB 2.0 ports, the machine hangs within a couple of seconds of recognizing the devices were connected. Attempted solutions: I've seen suggestions that this could be a power problem - that the PSU just doesn't have the wattage to drive these ports. While I'm doubtful this is the problem [after all the motherboard has the same standard connector regardless of the PSU wattage], I tried disabling all the on board devices that I'm not using - on board LAN, the second COM port, the AGP connector etc. through the BIOS in what I'm sure is a futile attempt to reduce the power consumption... I also modified the ACPI and power management settings. It didn't have any noticeable affect, although it didn't do any harm either. Could the wattage of the PSU really cause this problem? If it can, is there anything I need to be aware of when replacing it or do I just need to make sure it's got a higher wattage than the current one? My interpretation was that the wattage only affected the number of drives you could hook up to the power connectors, is that right? I've installed the USB card in another machine and it works without issue, so it's not a problem with the USB card itself, and Windows says the card is installed and working correctly... right up until I connect a device to it. The only thing I haven't done which I only just thought of while writing this essay is trying the USB 2.0 card in a different PCI slot, or re-ordering the wi-fi and USB cards in the slots... although I'm not sure if this will make any difference - does anyone have any experience that would suggest this might work? Other thoughts/questions: Perhaps this is an incompatibility between the USB 2.0 card and the BIOS, would re-flashing the BIOS with a newer version help? Do I need to be able to identify the manufacturer of the motherboard in order to be able to find a BIOS edition specific for this motherboard or will any version of Award BIOS function in its place? Question: Does anyone have any ideas that could help me get my USB 2.0 devices hooked up to this machine?

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  • Gigabyte Motherboard + Adaptec RAID = No Booting from any drives

    - by Farseeker
    I have a brand new PC, just out of the box. It has a Gigabyte GA-P55-USB3 motherboard. I also have an Adaptec ASR-2504 SAS RAID card with 2x 15k Seagate Barracuda SAS drives attached. After the motherboard init's its on-board RAID it then init's the Adaptec RAID. It detects all the RAID devices OK, but when it gets to Loading Operating System... (i.e. right before it should load the OS) it just sits there forever, doing nothing: If I force it to boot from the optical drive, you see it spin up for a few seconds then die down again. If I remove the Adaptec RAID card, everything works perfectly. As soon as it's plugged back in, it never gets past that stage. The RAID card should be perfectly fine (it was before), but I have raised a case with Adaptec anyway. Any suggestions on what I can try to get these two to play nicely together?

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  • how JVM arguments can be passed to apps started through java webstart in macOS.

    - by siva
    Hi, We have a application which is triggered from browser. This application consumes around 800 mb of memory. This works perfectly when invoked from any browsers in windows OS. The same application when triggered from MacOS throws an out of memory exception which occurs when the application is short of memory. Is there any way to increase the memory allocated for apps running in mac os environment. Also please let me know how JVM arguments can be passed to apps started through java webstart in macOS. Thanks in advance Regards, Siva

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  • GTA 4 crashes while trying to run it

    - by Damian
    Hi! I got those two errors when I'm trying to run GTA4: Description: Critical runtime problem Problem signature: Event Name Problem: APPLICATION CRASH System RAM: -1 Available RAM: -532590592 Number of CPUs: 4 Video Card Manufacturer: NVIDIA Video Card Description: NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GT Video Card Driver Version: 8.17.0012.5919 Version system OS: 6.1.7600.2.0.0.256.1 ID settings Regional: 1045 And the second error: Problem signature: Event Name Problem: BEX Name Application: GTAIV.exe Version Application: 1.0.7.0 Timestamp Application: 4bd9efbe Module Name error: StackHash_fea7 Module Version with the error: 0.0.0.0 Timestamp module with error: 00000000 Exception Offset: 0000b513 Code exception: c0000005 Data exception: 00000008 System Version OS: 6.1.7600.2.0.0.256.1 ID settings Regional: 1045 Additional Information 1: fea7 Additional information 2: fea78afc140967119290cc27385e0510 Additional Information 3: 20ce Additional Information 4: 20ce3e492a2aa7e5b8cfe9b7b1f05b42 My PC spec: Proc: Intel i5 (4x2,66ghz) RAM: 8GB DDR3 1066mhz Graphics: ASUS EN9800GT/DI/1GD3 OS: WINDOWS 7 64-bit I think it should work well on my PC, I couldn't find the solution to get it working so I hope You can help me. P.S. Sorry for my English - I'm from Poland.

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  • "Request not supported" in IPCONFIG (WinXP SP3)

    - by pablog
    In a customer PC (Windows XP SP3), suddenly the network went down: the network adapter appears with an error mark. I replaced the network card, but the new one does the same thing. When I enter IPCONFIG, XP shows this error (in standard and safe mode): Internal error occurred Request not supported Unable to query host name If I start the system with a boot cd the PC runs fine, so the problem seems to be in the XP installation. I tried: uninstalling and reinstalling the network card in the Device Manager disabling and reenabling the card netsh int ip reset netsh winsock reset catalog and a couple of "reset" programs (WinsockxpFix.exe, etc) with no luck. Is there any way to fix it without reinstalling XP? TIA, Pablo

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  • Multi serial devices on one port

    - by adopilot
    I am developing one software for managing parking lot. System is designed to use four HID RFID devices for authorization clients on gates. Each device should be connected to server by Serial port RS232. Now I wondering is there some device or method to join all that devices on one device and after that to I have only one RS232 cable connected to server. My problem is in that RFID card readers are simple (stupid) devices and there I am not able to change anything, but Ill like to know from which specific device is coming input. What Ill want to do with that new device which need to join four readers is to add suffix or prefix to string that sent from RFID card reader. So I can identify device that is sending card number to my server. I am developing my system on Win platforms.

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  • Minimum power requirement for VGA vs. its working

    - by Shiki
    Got a new XFX GTX260^2 video card. The only problem is the "Minimum power" is 500W on the box. I've got a Chieftec 450AA PSU with just a minimal number of attached stuff (1hdd, WD green; 6gb (4module) ram; dvd writer). Bought a cable for the 6pin power input on the card. Got picture, works in every aspect. Still. Should I get a new PSU (like a Corsair or Antec 600W)? Will the card perform slower with this PSU? (Yeah the last part is a particular question but in I'm also asking in generic. I was wondering about this so many times and I hope we'll put and end for this question for once and for all.)

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  • Video issues with old server running Boxee

    - by Skaughty
    I have a old Dell Power Edge 1650 1U rackmount server running Windows XP. Dual 1.3 ghz Processors and 1 GB of RAM. I would like to run Boxee on it, but the 8mb integrated video card will not support it. The font within Boxee just comes up as blocks of color. I have a PCI Radion R9000 dual out video card. However when I plug it in I can not get video signal on any of the VGA outs. Is it possible to upgrade the video card on this old of a server, or is it possible to make it work with the older integrated video?

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  • Alright, I'm still stuck on this homework problem. C++

    - by Josh
    Okay, the past few days I have been trying to get some input on my programs. Well I decided to scrap them for the most part and try again. So once again, I'm in need of help. For the first program I'm trying to fix, it needs to show the sum of SEVEN numbers. Well, I'm trying to change is so that I don't need the mem[##] = ####. I just want the user to be able to input the numbers and the program run from there and go through my switch loop. And have some kind of display..saying like the sum is?.. Here's my code so far. #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <ios> using namespace std; int main() { const int READ = 10; const int WRITE = 11; const int LOAD = 20; const int STORE = 21; const int ADD = 30; const int SUBTRACT = 31; const int DIVIDE = 32; const int MULTIPLY = 33; const int BRANCH = 40; const int BRANCHNEG = 41; const int BRANCHZERO = 42; const int HALT = 43; int mem[100] = {0}; //Making it 100, since simpletron contains a 100 word mem. int operation; //taking the rest of these variables straight out of the book seeing as how they were italisized. int operand; int accum = 0; // the special register is starting at 0 int counter; for ( counter=0; counter < 100; counter++) mem[counter] = 0; // This is for part a, it will take in positive variables in //a sent-controlled loop and compute + print their sum. Variables from example in text. mem[0] = 1009; mem[1] = 1109; mem[2] = 2010; mem[3] = 2111; mem[4] = 2011; mem[5] = 3100; mem[6] = 2113; mem[7] = 1113; mem[8] = 4300; counter = 0; //Makes the variable counter start at 0. while(true) { operand = mem[ counter ]%100; // Finds the op codes from the limit on the mem (100) operation = mem[ counter ]/100; //using a switch loop to set up the loops for the cases switch ( operation ){ case READ: //reads a variable into a word from loc. Enter in -1 to exit cout <<"\n Input a positive variable: "; cin >> mem[ operand ]; counter++; break; case WRITE: // takes a word from location cout << "\n\nThe content at location " << operand << " is " << mem[operand]; counter++; break; case LOAD:// loads accum = mem[ operand ];counter++; break; case STORE: //stores mem[ operand ] = accum;counter++; break; case ADD: //adds accum += mem[operand];counter++; break; case SUBTRACT: // subtracts accum-= mem[ operand ];counter++; break; case DIVIDE: //divides accum /=(mem[ operand ]);counter++; break; case MULTIPLY: // multiplies accum*= mem [ operand ];counter++; break; case BRANCH: // Branches to location counter = operand; break; case BRANCHNEG: //branches if acc. is < 0 if (accum < 0) counter = operand; else counter++; break; case BRANCHZERO: //branches if acc = 0 if (accum == 0) counter = operand; else counter++; break; case HALT: // Program ends break; } } return 0; } part B int main() { const int READ = 10; const int WRITE = 11; const int LOAD = 20; const int STORE = 21; const int ADD = 30; const int SUBTRACT = 31; const int DIVIDE = 32; const int MULTIPLY = 33; const int BRANCH = 40; const int BRANCHNEG = 41; const int BRANCHZERO = 41; const int HALT = 43; int mem[100] = {0}; int operation; int operand; int accum = 0; int pos = 0; int j; mem[22] = 7; // loop 7 times mem[25] = 1; // increment by 1 mem[00] = 4306; mem[01] = 2303; mem[02] = 3402; mem[03] = 6410; mem[04] = 3412; mem[05] = 2111; mem[06] = 2002; mem[07] = 2312; mem[08] = 4210; mem[09] = 2109; mem[10] = 4001; mem[11] = 2015; mem[12] = 3212; mem[13] = 2116; mem[14] = 1101; mem[15] = 1116; mem[16] = 4300; j = 0; while ( true ) { operand = memory[ j ]%100; // Finds the op codes from the limit on the memory (100) operation = memory[ j ]/100; //using a switch loop to set up the loops for the cases switch ( operation ){ case 1: //reads a variable into a word from loc. Enter in -1 to exit cout <<"\n enter #: "; cin >> memory[ operand ]; break; case 2: // takes a word from location cout << "\n\nThe content at location " << operand << "is " << memory[operand]; break; case 3:// loads accum = memory[ operand ]; break; case 4: //stores memory[ operand ] = accum; break; case 5: //adds accum += mem[operand];; break; case 6: // subtracts accum-= memory[ operand ]; break; case 7: //divides accum /=(memory[ operand ]); break; case 8: // multiplies accum*= memory [ operand ]; break; case 9: // Branches to location j = operand; break; case 10: //branches if acc. is < 0 break; case 11: //branches if acc = 0 if (accum == 0) j = operand; break; case 12: // Program ends exit(0); break; } j++; } return 0; }

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  • Cache consistency & spawning a thread

    - by Dave Keck
    Background I've been reading through various books and articles to learn about processor caches, cache consistency, and memory barriers in the context of concurrent execution. So far though, I have been unable to determine whether a common coding practice of mine is safe in the strictest sense. Assumptions The following pseudo-code is executed on a two-processor machine: int sharedVar = 0; myThread() { print(sharedVar); } main() { sharedVar = 1; spawnThread(myThread); sleep(-1); } main() executes on processor 1 (P1), while myThread() executes on P2. Initially, sharedVar exists in the caches of both P1 and P2 with the initial value of 0 (due to some "warm-up code" that isn't shown above.) Question Strictly speaking – preferably without assuming any particular CPU – is myThread() guaranteed to print 1? With my newfound knowledge of processor caches, it seems entirely possible that at the time of the print() statement, P2 may not have received the invalidation request for sharedVar caused by P1's assignment in main(). Therefore, it seems possible that myThread() could print 0. References These are the related articles and books I've been reading. (It wouldn't allow me to format these as links because I'm a new user - sorry.) Shared Memory Consistency Models: A Tutorial hpl.hp.com/techreports/Compaq-DEC/WRL-95-7.pdf Memory Barriers: a Hardware View for Software Hackers rdrop.com/users/paulmck/scalability/paper/whymb.2009.04.05a.pdf Linux Kernel Memory Barriers kernel.org/doc/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Quantitative-Approach-4th/dp/0123704901/ref=dp_ob_title_bk

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  • Delphi: Alternative to using Reset/ReadLn for text file reading

    - by Ian Boyd
    i want to process a text file line by line. In the olden days i loaded the file into a StringList: slFile := TStringList.Create(); slFile.LoadFromFile(filename); for i := 0 to slFile.Count-1 do begin oneLine := slFile.Strings[i]; //process the line end; Problem with that is once the file gets to be a few hundred megabytes, i have to allocate a huge chunk of memory; when really i only need enough memory to hold one line at a time. (Plus, you can't really indicate progress when you the system is locked up loading the file in step 1). The i tried using the native, and recommended, file I/O routines provided by Delphi: var f: TextFile; begin Reset(f, filename); while ReadLn(f, oneLine) do begin //process the line end; Problem withAssign is that there is no option to read the file without locking (i.e. fmShareDenyNone). The former stringlist example doesn't support no-lock either, unless you change it to LoadFromStream: slFile := TStringList.Create; stream := TFileStream.Create(filename, fmOpenRead or fmShareDenyNone); slFile.LoadFromStream(stream); stream.Free; for i := 0 to slFile.Count-1 do begin oneLine := slFile.Strings[i]; //process the line end; So now even though i've gained no locks being held, i'm back to loading the entire file into memory. Is there some alternative to Assign/ReadLn, where i can read a file line-by-line, without taking a sharing lock? i'd rather not get directly into Win32 CreateFile/ReadFile, and having to deal with allocating buffers and detecting CR, LF, CRLF's. i thought about memory mapped files, but there's the difficulty if the entire file doesn't fit (map) into virtual memory, and having to maps views (pieces) of the file at a time. Starts to get ugly. i just want Reset with fmShareDenyNone!

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  • Computer Randomly Restarts (no crash dump)

    - by Bruno Charters
    Hey everyone this is my first time here, so, my computer got pulled out of his place the other day by accident and it never got back to working decently ever again. I just stopped using it because everytime i power it on, it restarts. Some times it doesn't even reach the desktop, others it even allows me to run a game or something. It gets really random. Today i was trying my last attempt before sending it to fix and it ran fine for 40 minutes but as i tried to run a game the screen got really messeud up full of colorful lines and stuff and i'm assuming it had to do with the graphics card. Altho, my question is, what can be causing all this restart thingie? Can it be just the Power Supply failing me and hence, not giving enough power to make the graphic card go for instance? My computer specs are: Motherboard: Asus P5KPL - AM CPU: Intel QuadCore 2.33 ghz Graphic Card: Nvidia GeForce GTS260 Ram: 2x2gb ddr2 Power Supply: Nox Urano 500W Thanks in advance, Bruno Charters

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  • Why don't stacks grow upwards (for security)?

    - by AshleysBrain
    This is related to the question 'Why do stacks typically grow downwards?', but more from a security point of view. I'm generally referring to x86. It strikes me as odd that the stack would grow downwards, when buffers are usually written to upwards in memory. For example a typical C++ string has its end at a higher memory address than the beginning. This means that if there's a buffer overflow you're overwriting further up the call stack, which I understand is a security risk, since it opens the possibility of changing return addresses and local variable contents. If the stack grew upwards in memory, wouldn't buffer overflows simply run in to dead memory? Would this improve security? If so, why hasn't it been done? What about x64, do those stacks grow upwards and if not why not?

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