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• Clearing Windows file share "memory"

  - by Tom Shaw

  I'm currently upgrading a Samba file server (from 3.0.23d to 3.4.3). I have a problem on the Windows client side: if the client was accessing a UNC path or mapped drive from the Samba server before the upgrade, then after the upgrade those paths or drives are not accessible. However, I can consistently resolve the client side problem for good by rebooting the client and then re-mapping all of the mapped drives. The problem appears to be related to the client's "memory" of the pre-upgrade Samba server, which the reboot and re-map clears. I have the same issue and same fix on Windows XP SP3 and Windows Server 2003 SP2. This question is specifically: is it possible to reproduce the benefits of the Windows reboot without actually rebooting the client? I have tried restarting various Windows services, disabling and enabling the network, logging out and back in again, but nothing except a reboot appears to do the trick.

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• Allowing client to select data to return via REST interface

  - by CMP

  I have a rest service that is essentially a proxy to a variety of other services. So if I call GET /users/{id} It will get their user profile, as well as order history, and contact info, etc... all from various services, and aggregates them into one nice object. My problem is that each call to a different service has the potential to add time to the original request, so we would rather not get ALL the data ALL of the time if a particular client does not care about all of the pieces. A solution I have arrived at is to do something like this: GET /users/{id}?includeOrders=true&includeX=true&includeY=true... That works, and it allow me to do only what I need to, but it is cumbersome. We have added enough different data sources that there are too many parameters for that style to be useful. I could do something similar with a single integer and a bitmask or something, but that only makes it harder to read, and it does not feel very Restful. I could break it down into multiple calls so they would need to call /users/{id}/orders and /users/{id}/profile separately, but that sort of defeats the purpose of an aggregating proxy, who's purpose is to make clients jobs easier. Are there any good patterns that can help me return just enough data for each client, without making it too difficult for them to filter and select what they want?

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• What are the parameters that let businesses choose .NET or Java over other languages/frameworks? [on hold]

  - by Othman

  Some of the biggest enterprise applications such as HR software, Sales and ERP, are written in .NET or Java. Also, Governments online solutions such as paying parking fines, and universities courses registration systems are all in .NET or Java. On the other hand, Facebook, Google and Wikipedia, are not using .NET or Java so much (Google uses at least both Java and Python). Twitter also was using Ruby for a long time, as well as Python. These websites work on much more data and at larger scales in terms of users and performance than any enterprise applications, yet still these companies have chosen a different path. What are the parameters driving such decisions? Note This question is not about why do you prefer x over y! or why those people are using this. The question is primarily asking about the parameters that makes Java Or .NET becomes better suite in enterprise applications based on Performance, Reliability, Scalability etc.

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• What interface does python use to implement sockets?

  - by user2738698

  When I programmed in python, I believe I interfaced with the transport layer using sockets. If python was programmed by humans, they must have used an interface that was "lower" than sockets, to provide us with the interface to sockets. I assume firewalls, also programmed by humans, use interfaces of lower layers in the same manner, so is there a way to access such lower layers, in terms of programming?

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• How do I solve this indexOutOfBoundsException in my server send/receive thread?

  - by Stefan Schouten

  I am creating a multiplayer game in Java with a server and multiple clients. Everything runs perfectly, until I press the Kick-button in the server to kick a client. Error at receive thread of server, after kicking the first person who joined out of three: java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: Index: 2, Size: 2 at java.util.ArrayList.rangeCheck(ArrayList.java:604) at java.util.ArrayList.get(ArrayList.java:382) > at networktest.Server$3.run(Server.java:186) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722) The pointed line is the ois = new ObjectInputStream where I send datatype. The server kicks the first person perfectly, but removes the second one in the list too, with an error of java.lang.ClassCastException. server receive: private static Thread receive = new Thread() { @Override public void run() { ObjectInputStream ois; while (true) { for (int i = 0; i < list_sockets.size(); i++) { try { ois = new ObjectInputStream(list_sockets.get(i).getInputStream()); int receive_state = (Integer) ois.readObject(); // receive state ois = new ObjectInputStream(list_sockets.get(i).getInputStream()); byte datatype = (byte) ois.readObject(); // receive datatype if(datatype == 2){ ois = new ObjectInputStream(list_sockets.get(i).getInputStream()); ChatLine chatLine = (ChatLine) ois.readObject(); // receive ChatLine } else if (datatype == 0){ ois = new ObjectInputStream(list_sockets.get(i).getInputStream()); DataPackage dp = (DataPackage) ois.readObject(); // receive dp list_data.set(i, dp); } if (receive_state == 1) // Client Disconnected by User { disconnectClient(i); i--; } } catch (Exception ex) // Client Disconnected (Client Didn't Notify Server About Disconnecting) { System.err.println("Error @ receive:"); ex.printStackTrace(); disconnectClient(i); i--; } } try { this.sleep(3); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { Logger.getLogger(Server.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } } } }; user send: Thread send = new Thread() { public void run() { ObjectOutputStream oos; byte datatype = 0; while (connected){ if (socket != null){ try { DataPackage dp = new DataPackage(); dp.x = Client.player.x; dp.y = Client.player.y; dp.username = username; dp.charType = charType; dp.walking = (byte)Client.player.walking; if (Client.outputChatLine.line != null) datatype = 2; else { datatype = 0; } oos = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream()); oos.writeObject(Integer.valueOf(Client.this.state)); // send state oos = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream()); oos.writeObject(Byte.valueOf(datatype)); // send datatype if (datatype == 2) { oos.reset(); oos.writeObject(Client.outputChatLine); Client.outputChatLine = new ChatLine(); } else { oos = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream()); oos.writeObject(dp); } if (Client.this.state == 1) { connected = false; socket = null; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Client Disconnected", "Info", 1); System.exit(0); } } catch (Exception ex){} } try { this.sleep(2); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { Logger.getLogger(Client.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } } } }; disconnect client method: public static void disconnectClient(int index) { try { list_clients_model.removeElementAt(index); list_client_states.remove(index); list_data.remove(index); list_sockets.remove(index); } catch (Exception ex) {} } Does anyone know how to solve this?

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• Peer did not return a certificate

  - by pfista

  I am trying to get two way SSL authentication working between a Python server and an Android client application. I have access to both the server and client, and would like to implement client authentication using my own certificate. So far I have been able to verify the server certificate and connect without client authentication. What sort of certificate does the client need and how do I get it to automatically send it to the server during the handshake process? Here is the client and server side code that I have so far. Is my approach wrong? Server Code while True: # Keep listening for clients c, fromaddr = sock.accept() ssl_sock = ssl.wrap_socket(c, keyfile = "serverPrivateKey.pem", certfile = "servercert.pem", server_side = True, # Require the client to provide a certificate cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1, ca_certs = "clientcert.pem", #TODO must point to a file of CA certificates?? do_handshake_on_connect = True, ciphers="!NULL:!EXPORT:AES256-SHA") print ssl_sock.cipher() thrd = sock_thread(ssl_sock) thrd.daemon = True thrd.start() I suspect I may be using the wrong file for ca_certs...? Client Code private boolean connect() { try { KeyStore keystore = KeyStore.getInstance("BKS"); // Stores the client certificate, to be sent to server KeyStore truststore = KeyStore.getInstance("BKS"); // Stores the server certificate we want to trust // TODO: change hard coded password... THIS IS REAL BAD MKAY truststore.load(mSocketService.getResources().openRawResource(R.raw.truststore), "test".toCharArray()); keystore.load(mSocketService.getResources().openRawResource(R.raw.keystore), "test".toCharArray()); // Use the key manager for client authentication. Keys in the key manager will be sent to the host KeyManagerFactory keyFManager = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm()); keyFManager.init(keystore, "test".toCharArray()); // Use the trust manager to determine if the host I am connecting to is a trusted host TrustManagerFactory trustMFactory = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory .getDefaultAlgorithm()); trustMFactory.init(truststore); // Create the socket factory and add both the trust manager and key manager SSLCertificateSocketFactory socketFactory = (SSLCertificateSocketFactory) SSLCertificateSocketFactory .getDefault(5000, new SSLSessionCache(mSocketService)); socketFactory.setTrustManagers(trustMFactory.getTrustManagers()); socketFactory.setKeyManagers(keyFManager.getKeyManagers()); // Open SSL socket directly to host, host name verification is NOT performed here due to // SSLCertificateFactory implementation mSSLSocket = (SSLSocket) socketFactory.createSocket(mHostname, mPort); mSSLSocket.setSoTimeout(TIMEOUT); // Most SSLSocketFactory implementations do not verify the server's identity, allowing man-in-the-middle // attacks. This implementation (SSLCertificateSocketFactory) does check the server's certificate hostname, // but only for createSocket variants that specify a hostname. When using methods that use InetAddress or // which return an unconnected socket, you MUST verify the server's identity yourself to ensure a secure // connection. verifyHostname(); // Safe to proceed with socket now ... I have generated a client private key, a client certificate, a server private key, and a server certificate using openssl. I then added the client certificate to keystore.bks (which I store in /res/raw/keystore.bks) I then added the server certificate to the truststore.bks So now when the client tries to connect I am getting this error server side: ssl.SSLError: [Errno 1] _ssl.c:504: error:140890C7:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE:peer did not return a certificate And when I try to do this in the android client SSLSession s = mSSLSocket.getSession(); s.getPeerCertificates(); I get this error: javax.net.ssl.SSLPeerUnverifiedException: No peer certificate So obviously the keystore I am using doesn't appear to have a correct peer certificate in it and thus isn't sending one to the server. What should I put in the keystore to prevent this exception? Furthermore, is this method of two way SSL authentication safe and effective?

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• How do I create a custom python interpreter? i.e. with certain modules already included?

  - by Johnny Brown

  If you've used Ruby on Rails, I'm thinking of the feature where the user types 'rails console' and instantly gets a Ruby console with rails and the current app already loaded. I want to make something like this for a python program I'm working on, does anyone know how I would get to type say, 'python myPythonConsole.py' and open up a regular python interpreter but with my program and all its dependencies loaded?

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• How do I copy a python function to a remote machine and then execute it?

  - by Hugh

  I'm trying to create a construct in Python 3 that will allow me to easily execute a function on a remote machine. Assuming I've already got a python tcp server that will run the functions it receives, running on the remote server, I'm currently looking at using a decorator like @execute_on(address, port) This would create the necessary context required to execute the function it is decorating and then send the function and context to the tcp server on the remote machine, which then executes it. Firstly, is this somewhat sane? And if not could you recommend a better approach? I've done some googling but haven't found anything that meets these needs. I've got a quick and dirty implementation for the tcp server and client so fairly sure that'll work. I can get a string representation the function (e.g. func) being passed to the decorator by import inspect string = inspect.getsource(func) which can then be sent to the server where it can be executed. The problem is, how do I get all of the context information that the function requires to execute? For example, if func is defined as follows, import MyModule def func(): result = MyModule.my_func() MyModule will need to be available to func either in the global context or funcs local context on the remote server. In this case that's relatively trivial but it can get so much more complicated depending on when and how import statements are used. Is there an easy and elegant way to do this in Python? The best I've come up with at the moment is using the ast library to pull out all import statements, using the inspect module to get string representations of those modules and then reconstructing the entire context on the remote server. Not particularly elegant and I can see lots of room for error. Thanks for your time

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• Are there some cases where Python threads can safely manipulate shared state?

  - by erikg

  Some discussion in another question has encouraged me to to better understand cases where locking is required in multithreaded Python programs. Per this article on threading in Python, I have several solid, testable examples of pitfalls that can occur when multiple threads access shared state. The example race condition provided on this page involves races between threads reading and manipulating a shared variable stored in a dictionary. I think the case for a race here is very obvious, and fortunately is eminently testable. However, I have been unable to evoke a race condition with atomic operations such as list appends or variable increments. This test exhaustively attempts to demonstrate such a race: from threading import Thread, Lock import operator def contains_all_ints(l, n): l.sort() for i in xrange(0, n): if l[i] != i: return False return True def test(ntests): results = [] threads = [] def lockless_append(i): results.append(i) for i in xrange(0, ntests): threads.append(Thread(target=lockless_append, args=(i,))) threads[i].start() for i in xrange(0, ntests): threads[i].join() if len(results) != ntests or not contains_all_ints(results, ntests): return False else: return True for i in range(0,100): if test(100000): print "OK", i else: print "appending to a list without locks *is* unsafe" exit() I have run the test above without failure (100x 100k multithreaded appends). Can anyone get it to fail? Is there another class of object which can be made to misbehave via atomic, incremental, modification by threads? Do these implicitly 'atomic' semantics apply to other operations in Python? Is this directly related to the GIL?

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• How do I read binary C++ protobuf data using Python protobuf?

  - by nbolton

  The Python version of Google protobuf gives us only: SerializeAsString() Where as the C++ version gives us both: SerializeToArray(...) SerializeAsString() We're writing to our C++ file in binary format, and we'd like to keep it this way. That said, is there a way of reading the binary data into Python and parsing it as if it were a string? Is this the correct way of doing it? binary = get_binary_data() binary_size = get_binary_size() string = None for i in range(len(binary_size)): string += i message = new MyMessage() message.ParseFromString(string) Update: Here's a new example, and a problem: message_length = 512 file = open('foobars.bin', 'rb') eof = False while not eof: data = file.read(message_length) eof = not data if not eof: foo_bar = FooBar() foo_bar.ParseFromString(data) When we get to the foo_bar.ParseFromString(data) line, I get this error: Exception Type: DecodeError Exception Value: Too many bytes when decoding varint. Update 2: It turns out, that the padding on the binary data was throwing protobuf off; too many bytes were being sent in, as the message suggests (in this case it was referring to the padding). This padding comes from using the C++ protobuf function, SerializeToArray on a fixed-length buffer. To eliminate this, I have used this temproary code: message_length = 512 file = open('foobars.bin', 'rb') eof = False while not eof: data = file.read(message_length) eof = not data string = '' for i in range(0, len(data)): byte = data[i] if byte != '\xcc': # yuck! string += data[i] if not eof: foo_bar = FooBar() foo_bar.ParseFromString(string) There is a design flaw here I think. I will re-implement my C++ code so that it writes variable length arrays to the binary file. As advised by the protobuf documentation, I will prefix each message with it's binary size so that I know how much to read when I'm opening the file with Python.

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• Why can't I include these data files in a Python distribution using distutils?

  - by froadie

  I'm writing a setup.py file for a Python project so that I can distribute it. The aim is to eventually create a .egg file, but I'm trying to get it to work first with distutils and a regular .zip. This is an eclipse pydev project and my file structure is something like this: ProjectName src somePackage module1.py module2.py ... config propsFile1.ini propsFile2.ini propsFile3.ini setup.py Here's my setup.py code so far: from distutils.core import setup setup(name='ProjectName', version='1.0', packages=['somePackage'], data_files = [('config', ['..\config\propsFile1.ini', '..\config\propsFile2.ini', '..\config\propsFile3.ini'])] ) When I run this (with sdist as a command line parameter), a .zip file gets generated with all the python files - but the config files are not included. I thought that this code: data_files = [('config', ['..\config\propsFile1.ini', '..\config\propsFile2.ini', '..\config\propsFile3.ini'])] indicates that those 3 specified config files should be copied to a "config" directory in the zip distribution. Why is this code not accomplishing anything? What am I doing wrong? (I have also tried playing around with the paths of the config files... But nothing seems to help. Would Python throw an error or warning if the path was incorrect / file was not found?)

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• Problem running python/matplotlib in background after ending ssh session.

  - by Jamie

  Hi there, I have to VPN and then ssh from home to my work server and want to run a python script in the background, then log out of the ssh session. My script makes several histogram plots using matplotlib, and as long as I keep the connection open everything is fine, but if I log out I keep getting an error message in the log file I created for the script. File "/Home/eud/jmcohen/.local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 2058, in loglog ax = gca() File "/Home/eud/jmcohen/.local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 582, in gca ax = gcf().gca(**kwargs) File "/Home/eud/jmcohen/.local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 276, in gcf return figure() File "/Home/eud/jmcohen/.local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 254, in figure **kwargs) File "/Home/eud/jmcohen/.local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_tkagg.py", line 90, in new_figure_manager window = Tk.Tk() File "/Home/eud/jmcohen/.local/lib/python2.5/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1647, in __init__ self.tk = _tkinter.create(screenName, baseName, className, interactive, wantobjects, useTk, sync, use) _tkinter.TclError: couldn't connect to display "localhost:10.0" I'm assuming that it doesn't know where to create the figures I want since I close my X11 ssh session. If I'm logged in while the script is running I don't see any figures popping up (although that's because I don't have the show() command in my script), and I thought that python uses tkinter to display figures. The way that I'm creating the figures is, loglog() hist(list,x) ylabel('y') xlabel('x') savefig('%s_hist.ps' %source.name) close() The script requires some initial input, so the way I'm running it in the background is python scriptToRun.py << start>& logfile.log& Is there a way around this, or do I just have to stay ssh'd into my machine? Thanks.

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• How to I pass parameters to Ruby/Python scripts from inside PHP?

  - by Roger

  Hi, everybody. I need to turn HTML into equivalent Markdown-structured text. From what I could discover, I have only two good choices: Python: Aaron Swartz's html2text.py Ruby: Singpolyma's html2markdown.rb As I am programming in PHP, I need to pass the HTML code, call the Ruby/Python Script and receive the output back. I started creating a simple test just to know if my server was configured to run both languages. PHP code: echo exec('./hi.rb'); Ruby code: #!/usr/bin/ruby puts "Hello World!" It worked fine and I am ready to go to the next step. Unfortunately, all I know is that the function is Ruby works like this: HTML2Markdown.new('<h1>HTMLcode</h1>').to_s I don't know how to make PHP pass the string (with the HTML code) to Ruby nor how to make the ruby script receive the variable and pass it back to PHP (after have parsed it into Markdown). Believe it or not: I know less of Python. A folk made a similar question here ("how to call ruby script from php?") but with no practical information to my case. Any help would be a joy - thanks. Rogério Madureira. atipico.com.br

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• What are simple instructions for creating a Python package structure and egg?

  - by froadie

  I just completed my first (minor) Python project, and my boss wants me to package it nicely so that it can be distributed and called from other programs easily. He suggested I look into eggs. I've been googling and reading, but I'm just getting confused. Most of the sites I'm looking at explain how to use Python eggs that were already created, or how to create an egg from a setup.py file (which I don't yet have). All I have now is an Eclipse pydev project with about 4 modules and a settings/configuration file. In easy steps, how do I go about structuring it into folders/packages and compiling it into an egg? And once it's an egg, what do I have to know about deploying/building/using it? I'm really starting from scratch here, so don't assume I know anything; simple step-by-step instructions would be really helpful... These are some of the sites that I've been looking at so far: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PythonEggs http://www.packtpub.com/article/writing-a-package-in-python http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-cppeak3.html#N10232 I've also browsed a few SO questions but haven't really found what I need. Thanks!

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• Python CGI Premature end of script error depending on script parameters.

  - by nickengland

  I have a python script which should parse a file and produce some output to disk, as well as returning a webpage linking to the outputted files. When run with a file posted from the HTML form I get no HTML output back, just a 500 error page and the error_log contains the line: [Mon Apr 19 15:03:23 2010] [error] [client xxx.xxx.121.79] Premature end of script headers: uploadcml.py, referer: http://xxx.ch.cam.ac.uk:9000/ However, the files which the script should be saving are indeed saved to disk. If I run it without any arguments, the script returns the correct HTML indicating no file was parsed. All the information I have found on the web about Premature end of script headers implies it is due to either a missing header, or lack of permissions on the python script but neither can apply to me. The first lines of the script are: #!/home/nwe23/bin/bin/python import cgitb; cgitb.enable() import cgi import pybel,openbabel import random print "Content-Type: text/html" print so when run, I can see no way for it to fail to output the header, and it DOES output the header when run without a file to parse, but when given a file produces the error(but still parsed the file and saves the output to disk!). Does anyone know how this is happening and what can be done to fix it? I have tried adding wrongly-indented gibberish (such as foobar) at various points in the file, and this results in adding an indent error to the error_log wherever it is, even if its the very last line in the script. The Premature script headers error remains though. Does this mean the script is executing all the way through?

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• How to use python to create a GUI application which have cool animation/effects under Linux (like 3D

  - by sgon00

  Hi, I am not sure if my question title makes sense to you or not. I am seeing many cool applications which have cool animations/effects. I would like to learn how to use python to create this kind of GUI applications under Linux. "cool animation/effects" like 3D wall in Cooliris which is written in flash and compiz effects with opengl. I also heard of some python GUI library like wxPython and pyQT. Since I am completely new to python GUI programming, can anyone suggest me where to start and what I should learn to achieve and create such application? maybe learn pyQT with openGL feature? pyopengl binding? I have no clue on where to start. thank you very much for your time and suggestion. By the way, in case if someone need to know which kind of application I am going to create, well, just any kind of applications. maybe photo explorer with 3D wall, maybe IM client, maybe facebook client etc...

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• How to find Tomcat's PID and kill it in python?

  - by 4herpsand7derpsago

  Normally, one shuts down Apache Tomcat by running its shutdown.sh script (or batch file). In some cases, such as when Tomcat's web container is hosting a web app that does some crazy things with multi-threading, running shutdown.sh gracefully shuts down some parts of Tomcat (as I can see more available memory returning to the system), but the Tomcat process keeps running. I'm trying to write a simple Python script that: Calls shutdown.sh Runs ps -aef | grep tomcat to find any process with Tomcat referenced If applicable, kills the process with kill -9 <PID> Here's what I've got so far (as a prototype - I'm brand new to Python BTW): #!/usr/bin/python # Imports import sys import subprocess # Load from imported module. if __init__ == "__main__": main() # Main entry point. def main(): # Shutdown Tomcat shutdownCmd = "sh ${TOMCAT_HOME}/bin/shutdown.sh" subprocess.call([shutdownCmd], shell=true) # Check for PID grepCmd = "ps -aef | grep tomcat" grepResults = subprocess.call([grepCmd], shell=true) if(grepResult.length > 1): # Get PID and kill it. pid = ??? killPidCmd = "kill -9 $pid" subprocess.call([killPidCmd], shell=true) # Exit. sys.exit() I'm struggling with the middle part - with obtaining the grep results, checking to see if their size is greater than 1 (since grep always returns a reference to itself, at least 1 result will always be returned, methinks), and then parsing that returned PID and passing it into the killPidCmd. Thanks in advance!

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• In what order should the Python concepts be explained to absolute beginners?

  - by Tomaž Pisanski

  I am teaching Python to undergraduate math majors. I am interested in the optimal order in which students should be introduced to various Python concepts. In my view, at each stage the students should be able to solve a non-trivial programming problem using only the tools available at that time. Each new tool should enable a simpler solution to a familiar problem. A selection of numerous concepts available in Python is essential in order to keep students focused. They should also motivated and should appreciate each newly mastered tool without too much memorization. Here are some specific questions: For instance, my predecessor introduced lists before strings. I think the opposite is a better solution. Should function definitions be introduced at the very beginning or after mastering basic structured programming ideas, such as decisions (if) and loops (while)? Should sets be introduced before dictionaries? Is it better to introduce reading and writing files early in the course or should one use input and print for most of the course? Any suggestions with explanations are most welcome.

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• Problems with Threading in Python 2.5, KeyError: 51, Help debugging?

  - by vignesh-k

  I have a python script which runs a particular script large number of times (for monte carlo purpose) and the way I have scripted it is that, I queue up the script the desired number of times it should be run then I spawn threads and each thread runs the script once and again when its done. Once the script in a particular thread is finished, the output is written to a file by accessing a lock (so my guess was that only one thread accesses the lock at a given time). Once the lock is released by one thread, the next thread accesses it and adds its output to the previously written file and rewrites it. I am not facing a problem when the number of iterations is small like 10 or 20 but when its large like 50 or 150, python returns a KeyError: 51 telling me element doesn't exist and the error it points out to is within the lock which puzzles me since only one thread should access the lock at once and I do not expect an error. This is the class I use: class errorclass(threading.Thread): def __init__(self, queue): self.__queue=queue threading.Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): while 1: item = self.__queue.get() if item is None: break result = myfunction() lock = threading.RLock() lock.acquire() ADD entries from current thread to entries in file and REWRITE FILE lock.release() queue = Queue.Queue() for i in range(threads): errorclass(queue).start() for i in range(desired iterations): queue.put(i) for i in range(threads): queue.put(None) Python returns with KeyError: 51 for large number of desired iterations during the adding/write file operation after lock access, I am wondering if this is the correct way to use the lock since every thread has a lock operation rather than every thread accessing a shared lock? What would be the way to rectify this?

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• How can I kill off a Python web app on GAE early following a redirect?

  - by Mike Hayes

  Hi Disclaimer: completely new to Python from a PHP background Ok I'm using Python on Google App Engine with Google's webapp framework. I have a function which I import as it contains things which need to be processed on each page. def some_function(self): if data['user'].new_user and not self.request.path == '/main/new': self.redirect('/main/new') This works fine when I call it, but how can I make sure the app is killed off after the redirection. I don't want anything else processing. For example I will do this: class Dashboard(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): some_function(self) #Continue with normal code here self.response.out.write('Some output here') I want to make sure that once the redirection is made in some_function() (which works fine), that no processing is done in the get() function following the redirection, nor is the "Some output here" outputted. What should I be looking at to make this all work properly? I can't just exit the script because the webapp framework needs to run. I realise that more than likely I'm just doing things in completely the wrong way any way for a Python app, so any guidance would be a great help. Hopefully I have explained myself properly and someone will be able to point me in the right direction. Thanks

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• Python file iterator over a binary file with newer idiom.

  - by drewk

  In Python, for a binary file, I can write this: buf_size=1024*64 # this is an important size... with open(file, "rb") as f: while True: data=f.read(buf_size) if not data: break # deal with the data.... With a text file that I want to read line-by-line, I can write this: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in file: # deal with each line.... Which is shorthand for: with open(file, "r") as file: for line in iter(file.readline, ""): # deal with each line.... This idiom is documented in PEP 234 but I have failed to locate a similar idiom for binary files. I have tried this: >>> with open('dups.txt','rb') as f: ... for chunk in iter(f.read,''): ... i+=1 >>> i 1 # 30 MB file, i==1 means read in one go... I tried putting iter(f.read(buf_size),'') but that is a syntax error because of the parens after the callable in iter(). I know I could write a function, but is there way with the default idiom of for chunk in file: where I can use a buffer size versus a line oriented? Thanks for putting up with the Python newbie trying to write his first non-trivial and idiomatic Python script.

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• Linear Interpolation. How to implement this algorithm in C ? (Python version is given)

  - by psihodelia

  There exists one very good linear interpolation method. It performs linear interpolation requiring at most one multiply per output sample. I found its description in a third edition of Understanding DSP by Lyons. This method involves a special hold buffer. Given a number of samples to be inserted between any two input samples, it produces output points using linear interpolation. Here, I have rewritten this algorithm using Python: temp1, temp2 = 0, 0 iL = 1.0 / L for i in x: hold = [i-temp1] * L temp1 = i for j in hold: temp2 += j y.append(temp2 *iL) where x contains input samples, L is a number of points to be inserted, y will contain output samples. My question is how to implement such algorithm in ANSI C in a most effective way, e.g. is it possible to avoid the second loop? NOTE: presented Python code is just to understand how this algorithm works. UPDATE: here is an example how it works in Python: x=[] y=[] hold=[] num_points=20 points_inbetween = 2 temp1,temp2=0,0 for i in range(num_points): x.append( sin(i*2.0*pi * 0.1) ) L = points_inbetween iL = 1.0/L for i in x: hold = [i-temp1] * L temp1 = i for j in hold: temp2 += j y.append(temp2 * iL) Let's say x=[.... 10, 20, 30 ....]. Then, if L=1, it will produce [... 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ...]

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• Is False == 0 and True == 1 in Python an implementation detail or guaranteed by the language?

  - by EOL

  Is it guaranteed that False == 0 and True == 1, in Python? For instance, is it in any way guaranteed that the following code will always produce the same results, whatever the version of Python (existing and in the foreseeable future)? 0 == False # True 1 == True # True ['zero', 'one'][False] # is 'zero' Any reference to the official documentation would be much appreciated! Other comments would be appreciated too… :) Edit: As noted in many answers, bool inherits from int. The question can therefore be recast as: "Is this an implementation detail that might change in the future, or does the documentation officially say that programmers can rely on booleans inheriting from integers?". This question is relevant for writing robust code that won't fail because of implementation details! Edit 2: The original question is still open, I believe (even though I accepted what I thought was the closest answer): even though Python 3 officially recognizes booleans as integers, I have not yet seen any official integer values for False and True… It therefore looks to me like it is best to stay clear from the assumption that False==0 and True==1.

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• Configuring Novel iPrint client on ubuntu 13.10

  - by Mahdi Sadeghi

  Recently I have struggled a lot to make Novel iPrint client to work on my laptop. I need it to use Follow Me printers in our university(you can take your print form any printer). Using this tutorial from Novel, I tried to convert the rpm package and install it on Ubuntu 13.04 & 13.10. The post install script from installing generated deb package had a typo which I saw in post install messages and I fixed that. Now I have the client running. To see the client UI I installed cinnamon desktop(because unity does not have system tray and old solutions did'nt work to whitelist Novel clinet). I have iPrint plugin installed on firefox as well(I copied the shared object files to plugin directories). I try installing printers from provided ipp URL(which lists available printers on the server) with no success. After clicking the printer name I see this: I have various errors: Formerly firefox used to asked my network username/password for installing SSL printer but now it returns this: iPrint Printer - The printer is currently not available. However I can install non-SSL version but the printer location is either empty or points to: file:///dev/null even if I change it to the exact address which I see on working machines still it prints nothing. I have tried the novel command line tool, iprntcmd to print. It is being installed at: /opt/novell/iprint/bin/ msadeghi@werkstatt:/opt/novell/iprint/bin$ ./iprntcmd --addprinter ipp://iprint.rz.hs-offenburg.de/ipp/Follow-me\ -\ IPP iprntcmd v05.04.00 Adding printer ipp://iprint.rz.hs-offenburg.de/ipp/Follow-me - IPP. Added printer ipp://iprint.rz.hs-offenburg.de/ipp/Follow-me - IPP successfully. It adds the printer with empty location and again no print. What I found interesting is the log file at ~/.iprint/errors.txt with strange errors which I hope somebody here can understand. When I try to install the SSL printer I receive these logs(note that HP is my local printer and has nothing to do with iprint): Thu Oct 31 11:02:03 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6690 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for file:///dev/null - Unknown Port Type - file Thu Oct 31 11:02:03 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6800 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for hp:/usb/HP_LaserJet_1018?serial=KP103A1 - No Port type specified Thu Oct 31 11:02:05 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6690 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for file:///dev/null - Unknown Port Type - file Thu Oct 31 11:02:05 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6800 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for hp:/usb/HP_LaserJet_1018?serial=KP103A1 - No Port type specified Thu Oct 31 11:02:06 2013 Trace Info: mydoreq.c, line 676 Group Info: CLIB Error Code: 0 (0x0) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: Success Debug Msg: MyCupsDoFileRequest - httpReconnect failed (0) Thu Oct 31 11:02:06 2013 Trace Info: mydoreq.c, line 1293 Group Info: CUPS-IPP Error Code: 1282 (0x502) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Printer - The printer is currently not available. Debug Msg: MyCupsDoFileRequest - IPP SERVICE UNAVAILABLE Thu Oct 31 11:02:06 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6690 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for file:///dev/null - Unknown Port Type - file Thu Oct 31 11:02:06 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6800 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for hp:/usb/HP_LaserJet_1018?serial=KP103A1 - No Port type specified Thu Oct 31 11:02:08 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6690 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for file:///dev/null - Unknown Port Type - file Thu Oct 31 11:02:08 2013 Trace Info: iprint.c, line 6800 Group Info: IPRINT-lib Error Code: 4096 (0x1000) User ID: 1000 Error Msg: iPrint Lib - Bad URI type supplied (not IPP:, HTTP:, or HTTPS:). Debug Msg: IPRINTInterpretURI for hp:/usb/HP_LaserJet_1018?serial=KP103A1 - No Port type specified I should say that my friend can print using the same instructions on CrunchBang easily and another guy on 12.04 LTS but with more struggling. It worked for me on linux mint maya with my old laptop as well. Is there anybody out there who can help me to solve these problems? I am really disappointed with Novell and our university support. PS. I had the same problemwith 13.04. No matter if I am within the network or I connect with VPN, I have the same issues.

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• Example WCF XML-RPC client C# code against custom XML-RPC server implementation?

  - by mr.b

  I have built my own little custom XML-RPC server, and since I'd like to keep things simple, on both server and client side (server side PHP runs, by the way), what I would like to accomplish is to create a simplest possible client in C# using WCF. Let's say that Contract for service exposed via XML-RPC is as follows. [ServiceContract] public interface IContract { [OperationContract(Action="Ping")] string Ping(); // server returns back string "Pong" [OperationContract(Action="Echo")] string Echo(string message); // server echoes back whatever message is } So, there are two example methods, one without any arguments, and another with simple string argument, both returning strings (just for sake of example). Service is exposed via http. What's next? Thanks for reading! P.S. I have done my homework of googling around for samples and similar, but all that I could come up with are some blog-related samples that use existing (and very big) classes, which implement correct IContract (or IBlogger) interfaces, so that most of what I am interested is hidden below several layers of abstraction...

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