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  • python and paramiko: how to check if end of ssh tunnel is still alive and reestablish if not?

    - by Christian
    Hello all, I'm trying to achieve the following: I have two hosts A and B. A establishes a remote port forwarding tunnel on B, i.e. B is the one a port is forwarded on to some where else and A is the one that sets up the tunnel. I tried the script rforward.py that ships with paramiko and it works very well so far. (I'm running rforward.py on A, which connects to B and forwards a port of B to somewhere else) However, when B is shutting down, A doesn't seem to recognize it. I'd rather like A to recognize that B is down and to try to reestablish the connection periodically in case B comes up again. Is there a way to do this? Thanks.

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  • Save memory in Python. How to iterate over the lines and save them efficiently with a 2million line

    - by skyl
    I have a tab-separated data file with a little over 2 million lines and 19 columns. You can find it, in US.zip: http://download.geonames.org/export/dump/. I started to run the following but with for l in f.readlines(). I understand that just iterating over the file is supposed to be more efficient so I'm posting that below. Still, with this small optimization, I'm using 10% of my memory on the process and have only done about 3% of the records. It looks like, at this pace, it will run out of memory like it did before. Also, the function I have is very slow. Is there anything obvious I can do to speed it up? Would it help to del the objects with each pass of the for loop? def run(): from geonames.models import POI f = file('data/US.txt') for l in f: li = l.split('\t') try: p = POI() p.geonameid = li[0] p.name = li[1] p.asciiname = li[2] p.alternatenames = li[3] p.point = "POINT(%s %s)" % (li[5], li[4]) p.feature_class = li[6] p.feature_code = li[7] p.country_code = li[8] p.ccs2 = li[9] p.admin1_code = li[10] p.admin2_code = li[11] p.admin3_code = li[12] p.admin4_code = li[13] p.population = li[14] p.elevation = li[15] p.gtopo30 = li[16] p.timezone = li[17] p.modification_date = li[18] p.save() except IndexError: pass if __name__ == "__main__": run()

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  • Python - wxPython custom button -> unbound method __init__()? what?

    - by Wallter
    After looking at questions like this it doesn't make sense that my __init__(self, parrent, id) would be throwing a unbound error? help? main.py import wx from customButton import customButton from wxPython.wx import * class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) # Non-important code here... # This is the first declaration of the Button1 # This is also where the ERROR is thrown. # Omitting this line causes the window to execute # flawlessly. self.Button1 = customButton.__init__(self, parent, -1) # ... finishes in a basic wx.program style... customButton.py # I've included all of the code in the file # because have no idea where the bug/error happens import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): # The BMP's Over_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The down BMP def __init__(self, parent, id, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor #self.Over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(MOUSE_OVER_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(NORM_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(PUSH_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Pos_bmp = self.pos self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False)

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  • What are good Python and/or Django deployment solutions?

    - by e-satis
    For now I use some mix between virtual_env, pip and Fabric. This allows to: install required libs; generate dynamic content; isolate installation; push everything through ssh. It works well, I just want to know if there are other tools around. The only problem I could think of is that it's a lot of to set up every time. It doesn't solve database / media files migration issues either, but maybe I should just open another question for this specific subject. Eventually, I don't know how to automatize the server setup. I'd love to have a tool to let me configure Apache/Lighttp/Cherokee and MySQL automatically. Related : How django projects can be deployed with minimal installation works?

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  • How to split but ignore separators in quoted strings, in python?

    - by Sly
    I need to split a string like this, on semicolons. But I don't what to split on semicolons that are inside of a string (' or "). I'm not parsing a file; just a simple string with no line breaks. part 1;"this is ; part 2;";'this is ; part 3';part 4 Result should be: part 1 "this is ; part 2" 'this is ; part 4' part 4 I suppose this can be done with a regex but if not; I'm open to another approach.

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  • Is frozenset adequate for caching of symmetric input data in a python dict?

    - by Debilski
    The title more or less says it all: I have a function which takes symmetric input in two arguments, e.g. something like def f(a1, a2): return heavy_stuff(abs(a1 - a2)) Now, I want to introduce some caching method. Would it be correct / pythonic / reasonably efficient to do something like this: cache = {} def g(a1, a2): return cache.setdefault(frozenset((tuple(a1), tuple(a2))), f(a1, a2)) Or would there be some better way?

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  • How to read a file byte by byte in Python?

    - by zaplec
    Hi, I'm trying to read a file byte by byte, but I'm not sure how to do that. I'm trying to do it like that: file = open(filename, 'rb') while 1: byte = file.read(8) # Do something... So does that make the variable byte to contain 8 next bits at the beginning of every loop? It doesn't matter what those bytes really are. The only thing that matters is that I need to read a file in 8-bit stacks.

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  • how to show all method and data when the object not has "__iter__" function in python..

    - by zjm1126
    i find a way : (1):the dir(object) is : a="['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__str__', '__weakref__', '_errors', '_fields', '_prefix', '_unbound_fields', 'confirm', 'data', 'email', 'errors', 'password', 'populate_obj', 'process', 'username', 'validate']" (2): b=eval(a) (3)and it became a list of all method : ['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__str__', '__weakref__', '_errors', '_fields', '_prefix', '_unbound_fields', 'confirm', 'data', 'email', 'errors', 'password', 'populate_obj', 'process', 'username', 'validate'] (3)then show the object's method,and all code is : s='' a=eval(str(dir(object))) for i in a: s+=str(i)+':'+str(object[i]) print s but it show error : KeyError: '__class__' so how to make my code running . thanks

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  • Python Introspection: How to get varnames of class methods?

    - by daccle
    I want to get the names of the keyword arguments of the methods of a class. I think I understood how to get the names of the methods and how to get the variable names of a specific method, but I don't get how to combine these: class A(object): def A1(self, test1=None): self.test1 = test1 def A2(self, test2=None): self.test2 = test2 def A3(self): pass def A4(self, test4=None, test5=None): self.test4 = test4 self.test5 = test5 a = A() # to get the names of the methods: for methodname in a.__class__.__dict__.keys(): print methodname # to get the variable names of a specific method: for varname in a.A1.__func__.__code__.co_varnames: print varname # I want to have something like this: for function in class: print function.name for varname in function: print varname # desired output: A1 self test1 A2 self test2 A3 self A4 self test4 test5

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  • Python Turtle Graphics, how to plot functions over an interval?

    - by TheDragonAce
    I need to plot a function over a specified interval. The function is f1, which is shown below in the code, and the interval is [-7, -3]; [-1, 1]; [3, 7] with a step of .01. When I execute the program, nothing is drawn. Any ideas? import turtle from math import sqrt wn = turtle.Screen() wn.bgcolor("white") wn.title("Plotting") mypen = turtle.Turtle() mypen.shape("classic") mypen.color("black") mypen.speed(10) while True: try: def f1(x): return 2 * sqrt((-abs(abs(x)-1)) * abs(3 - abs(x))/((abs(x)-1)*(3-abs(x)))) * \ (1 + abs(abs(x)-3)/(abs(x)-3))*sqrt(1-(x/7)**2)+(5+0.97*(abs(x-0.5)+abs(x+0.5))-\ 3*(abs(x-0.75)+abs(x+0.75)))*(1+abs(1-abs(x))/(1-abs(x))) mypen.penup() step=.01 startf11=-7 stopf11=-3 startf12=-1 stopf12=1 startf13=3 stopf13=7 def f11 (startf11,stopf11,step): rc=[] y = f1(startf11) while y<=stopf11: rc.append(startf11) #y+=step mypen.setpos(f1(startf11)*25,y*25) mypen.dot() def f12 (startf12,stopf12,step): rc=[] y = f1(startf12) while y<=stopf12: rc.append(startf12) #y+=step mypen.setpos(f1(startf12)*25, y*25) mypen.dot() def f13 (startf13,stopf13,step): rc=[] y = f1(startf13) while y<=stopf13: rc.append(startf13) #y+=step mypen.setpos(f1(startf13)*25, y*25) mypen.dot() f11(startf11,stopf11,step) f12(startf12,stopf12,step) f13(startf13,stopf13,step) except ZeroDivisionError: continue

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  • Python: Get items at depth? (set library?)

    - by Mark
    I have a nested list something like this: PLACES = ( ('CA', 'Canada', ( ('AB', 'Alberta'), ('BC', 'British Columbia' ( ('van', 'Vancouver'), ), ... )), ('US', 'United States', ( ('AL', 'Alabama'), ('AK', 'Alaska'), ... I need to retrieve some data out of it. If depth is 0 I need to retrieve all the countries (and their codes), if depth == 1, I need to retrieve all the states/provinces, if depth == 2 I need to retrieve all the cities... and so forth. Is there some set library for doing stuff like this? Or can someone point me in the right direction? I started coding up a solution only to realize it wouldn't work for levels deeper than 1 because you have to go in and out of each list...

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  • Python. How to iterate through a list of lists looking for a partial match

    - by Becca Millard
    I'm completely stuck on this, without even an idea about how to wrap my head around the logic of this. In the first half of the code, I have successfully generation a list of (thousands of) lists of players names and efficiency scores: eg name_order_list = [["Bob", "Farley", 12.345], ["Jack", "Donalds", 14.567], ["Jack", "Donalds", 13.421], ["Jack", "Donalds", 15.232],["Mike", "Patricks", 10.543]] What I'm trying to do, is come up with a way to make a list of lists of the average efficiency of each player. So in that example, Jack Donalds appears multiple times, so I'd want to recognize his name somehow and average out the efficiency scores. Then sort that new list by efficiency, rather than name. So then the outcome would be like: average_eff_list = [[12.345, "Bob", "Farley"], [14.407, "Jack", "Donalds"], [10.543, "Mike", "Patricks"]] Here's what I tried (it's kind of a mess, but should be readable): total_list = [] odd_lines = [name_order_list[i] for i in range(len(name_order_list)) if i % 2 == 0] even_lines = [name_order_list[i] for i in range(len(name_order_list)) if i % 2 == 1] i = 0 j = i-1 while i <= 10650: iteration = 2 total_eff = 0 while odd_lines[i][0:2] == even_lines[i][0:2]: if odd_lines[i][0:2] == even_lines[j][0:2]: if odd_lines[j][0:2] != even_lines[j][0:2]: total_eff = even_lines[j][2]/(iteration-1) iteration -= 1 #account fr the single (rather than dual) additional entry else: total_eff = total_eff if iteration == 2: total_eff = (odd_lines[i][2] + even_lines[i][2]) / iteration else: total_eff = ((total_eff * (iteration - 2)) + (odd_lines[i][2] + even_lines[i][2])) / iteration iteration += 2 i += 1 j += 1 if i > 10650: break else: if odd_lines[i][0:2] == even_lines[j][0:2]: if odd_lines[j][0:2] != even_lines[j][0:2]: total_eff = (odd_lines[i][2] + even_lines[j][2]) / iteration else: total_eff = ((total_eff * (iteration -2)) + odd_lines[i][2]) / (iteration - 1) if total_eff == 0: #there's no match at all total_odd = [odd_lines[i][2], odd_lines[i][0], odd_lines[i][1]] total_list.append(total_odd) if even_lines[i][0:2] != odd_lines[i+1][0:2]: total_even = [even_lines[i][2], even_lines[i][0], even_lines[i][1]] else: total = [total_eff, odd_lines[i][0], odd_lines[i][1]] total_list.append(total) i += 1 if i > 10650: break else: print(total_list) Now, this runs well enough (doesn't get stuck or print someone's name multiple times) but the efficiency values are off by a large amount, so I know that scores are getting missed somewhere. This is a problem with my logic, I think, so any help would be greatly appreciated. As would any advice about how to loop through that massive list in a smarter way, since I'm sure there is one... EIDT: for this exercise, I need to keep it all in a list format. I can make new lists, but no using dictionaries, classes, etc.

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  • What is a faster way of merging the values of this Python structure into a single dictionary?

    - by jcoon
    I've refactored how the merged-dictionary (all_classes) below is created, but I'm wondering if it can be more efficient. I have a dictionary of dictionaries, like this: groups_and_classes = {'group_1': {'class_A': [1, 2, 3], 'class_B': [1, 3, 5, 7], 'class_c': [1, 2], # ...many more items like this }, 'group_2': {'class_A': [11, 12, 13], 'class_C': [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] }, # ...and many more items like this } A function creates a new object from groups_and_classes like this (the function to create this is called often): all_classes = {'class_A': [1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13], 'class_B': [1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 'class_C': [1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] } Right now, there is a loop that does this: all_classes = {} for group in groups_and_classes.values(): for c, vals in group.iteritems(): for v in vals: if all_classes.has_key(c): if v not in all_classes[c]: all_classes[c].append(v) else: all_classes[c] = [v] So far, I changed the code to use a set instead of a list since the order of the list doesn't matter and the values need to be unique: all_classes = {} for group in groups_and_classes.values(): for c, vals in group.iteritems(): try: all_classes[c].update(set(vals)) except KeyError: all_classes[c] = set(vals) This is a little nicer, and I didn't have to convert the sets to lists because of how all_classes is used in the code. Question: Is there a more efficient way of creating all_classes (aside from building it at the same time groups_and_classes is built, and changing everywhere this function is called)?

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  • How do i program a simple IRC bot in python?

    - by Jake
    Hi every one. I need help writing a basic IRC bot that just connects to a channel.. is anyone able to explain me this? I have managed to get it to connect to the IRC server but i am unable to join a channel and log on. The code i have thus far is: import sockethost = 'irc.freenode.org' port = 6667 join_sock = socket.socket() join_sock.connect((host, port)) <code here> Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • How do I watch a file for changes using Python?

    - by Jon Cage
    I have a log file being written by another process which I want to watch for changes. Each time a change occurrs I'd like to read the new data in to do some processing on it. What's the best way to do this? I was hoping there'd be some sort of hook from the PyWin32 library. I've found the win32file.FindNextChangeNotification function but have no idea how to ask it to watch a specific file. If anyone's done anything like this I'd be really grateful to hear how... [Edit] I should have mentioned that I was after a solution that doesn't require polling. [Edit] Curses! It seems this doesn't work over a mapped network drive. I'm guessing windows doesn't 'hear' any updates to the file the way it does on a local disk.

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  • Python: How can I use Twisted as the transport for SUDS?

    - by jathanism
    I have a project that is based on Twisted used to communicate with network devices and I am adding support for a new vendor (Citrix NetScaler) whose API is SOAP. Unfortunately the support for SOAP in Twisted still relies on SOAPpy, which is badly out of date. In fact as of this question (I just checked), twisted.web.soap itself hasn't even been updated in 21 months! I would like to ask if anyone has any experience they would be willing to share with utilizing Twisted's superb asynchronous transport functionality with SUDS. It seems like plugging in a custom Twisted transport would be a natural fit in SUDS' Client.options.transport, I'm just having a hard time wrapping my head around it. I did come up with a way to call the SOAP method with SUDS asynchronously by utilizing twisted.internet.threads.deferToThread(), but this feels like a hack to me. Here is an example of what I've done, to give you an idea: # netscaler is a module I wrote using suds to interface with NetScaler SOAP # Source: http://bitbucket.org/jathanism/netscaler-api/src import netscaler import os import sys from twisted.internet import reactor, defer, threads # netscaler.API is the class that sets up the suds.client.Client object host = 'netscaler.local' username = password = 'nsroot' wsdl_url = 'file://' + os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'NSUserAdmin.wsdl') api = netscaler.API(host, username=username, password=password, wsdl_url=wsdl_url) results = [] errors = [] def handleResult(result): print '\tgot result: %s' % (result,) results.append(result) def handleError(err): sys.stderr.write('\tgot failure: %s' % (err,)) errors.append(err) # this converts the api.login() call to a Twisted thread. # api.login() should return True and is is equivalent to: # api.service.login(username=self.username, password=self.password) deferred = threads.deferToThread(api.login) deferred.addCallbacks(handleResult, handleError) reactor.run() This works as expected and defers return of the api.login() call until it is complete, instead of blocking. But as I said, it doesn't feel right. Thanks in advance for any help, guidance, feedback, criticism, insults, or total solutions.

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  • Using Python, what's the best way to create a set of files on disk for testing?

    - by Chris R
    I'm looking for a way to create a tree of test files to unit test a packaging tool. Basically, I want to create some common file system structures -- directories, nested directories, symlinks within the selected tree, symlinks outside the tree, &c. Ideally I want to do this with as little boilerplate as possible. Of course, I could hand-write the set of files I want to see, but I'm thinking that somebody has to have automated this for a test suite somewhere. Any suggestions?

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  • Set a script to automatically detect character encoding in a plain-text-file in Python?

    - by Haidon
    I've set up a script that basically does a large-scale find-and-replace on a plain text document. At the moment it works fine with ASCII, UTF-8, and UTF-16 (and possibly others, but I've only tested these three) encoded documents so long as the encoding is specified inside the script (the example code below specifies UTF-16). Is there a way to make the script automatically detect which of these character encodings is being used in the input file and automatically set the character encoding of the output file the same as the encoding used on the input file? findreplace = [ ('term1', 'term2'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),'utf-16') inF.close() for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-16')) outF.close() Thanks!

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  • How do I use timezones with a datetime object in python?

    - by jidar
    How do I properly represent a different timezone in my timezone? The below example only works because I know that EDT is one hour ahead of me, so I can uncomment the subtraction of myTimeZone() import datetime, re from datetime import tzinfo class myTimeZone(tzinfo): """docstring for myTimeZone""" def utfoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(hours=1) def myDateHandler(aDateString): """u'Sat, 6 Sep 2008 21:16:33 EDT'""" _my_date_pattern = re.compile(r'\w+\,\s+(\d+)\s+(\w+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\:(\d+)\:(\d+)') day, month, year, hour, minute, second = _my_date_pattern.search(aDateString).groups() month = [ 'JAN', 'FEB', 'MAR', 'APR', 'MAY', 'JUN', 'JUL', 'AUG', 'SEP', 'OCT', 'NOV', 'DEC' ].index(month.upper()) + 1 dt = datetime.datetime( int(year), int(month), int(day), int(hour), int(minute), int(second) ) # dt = dt - datetime.timedelta(hours=1) # dt = dt - dt.tzinfo.utfoffset(myTimeZone()) return (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second, 0, 0, 0) def main(): print myDateHandler("Sat, 6 Sep 2008 21:16:33 EDT") if __name__ == '__main__': main()

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