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  • Why is Func<T> ambiguous with Func<IEnumerable<T>>?

    - by Matt Hamilton
    This one's got me flummoxed, so I thought I'd ask here in the hope that a C# guru can explain it to me. Why does this code generate an error? class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Foo(X); // the error is on this line } static String X() { return "Test"; } static void Foo(Func<IEnumerable<String>> x) { } static void Foo(Func<String> x) { } } The error in question: Error 1 The call is ambiguous between the following methods or properties: 'ConsoleApplication1.Program.Foo(System.Func<System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<string>>)' and 'ConsoleApplication1.Program.Foo(System.Func<string>)' C:\Users\mabster\AppData\Local\Temporary Projects\ConsoleApplication1\Program.cs 12 13 ConsoleApplication1 It doesn't matter what type I use - if you replace the "String" declarations with "int" in that code you'll get the same sort of error. It's like the compiler can't tell the difference between Func<T> and Func<IEnumerable<T>>. Can someone shed some light on this?

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  • C++ game designing & polymorphism question

    - by Kotti
    Hi! I'm trying to implement some sort of 'just-for-me' game engine and the problem's plot goes the following way: Suppose I have some abstract interface for a renderable entity, e.g. IRenderable. And it's declared the following way: interface IRenderable { // (...) // Suppose that Backend is some abstract backend used // for rendering, and it's implementation is not important virtual void Render(Backend& backend) = 0; }; What I'm doing right now is something like declaring different classes like class Ball : public IRenderable { virtual void Render(Backend& backend) { // Rendering implementation, that is specific for // the Ball object // (...) } }; And then everything looks fine. I can easily do something like std::vector<IRenderable*> items, push some items like new Ball() in this vector and then make a call similiar to foreach (IRenderable* in items) { item->Render(backend); } Ok, I guess it is the 'polymorphic' way, but what if I want to have different types of objects in my game and an ability to manipulate their state, where every object can be manipulated via it's own interface? I could do something like struct GameState { Ball ball; Bonus bonus; // (...) }; and then easily change objects state via their own methods, like ball.Move(...) or bonus.Activate(...), where Move(...) is specific for only Ball and Activate(...) - for only Bonus instances. But in this case I lose the opportunity to write foreach IRenderable* simply because I store these balls and bonuses as instances of their derived, not base classes. And in this case the rendering procedure turns into a mess like ball.Render(backend); bonus.Render(backend); // (...) and it is bad because we actually lose our polymorphism this way (no actual need for making Render function virtual, etc. The other approach means invoking downcasting via dynamic_cast or something with typeid to determine the type of object you want to manipulate and this looks even worse to me and this also breaks this 'polymorphic' idea. So, my question is - is there some kind of (probably) alternative approach to what I want to do or can my current pattern be somehow modified so that I would actually store IRenderable* for my game objects (so that I can invoke virtual Render method on each of them) while preserving the ability to easily change the state of these objects? Maybe I'm doing something absolutely wrong from the beginning, if so, please point it out :) Thanks in advance!

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  • Looping an animation made with script.aculo.us

    - by Dan T
    I've created an animation using script.aculo.us. However, when the animation is finished, I want to have it reset all the objects and perform the animation again. I plan to just reset the positions of the objects manually, but how can I make the animations loop? If I put the effect declarations inside a for or while loop, it just crashes the browser. Any ideas?

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  • Seeking suggestions on redesigning the interface

    - by ratkok
    As a part of maintaining large piece of legacy code, we need to change part of the design mainly to make it more testable (unit testing). One of the issues we need to resolve is the existing interface between components. The interface between two components is a class that contains static methods only. Simplified example: class ABInterface { static methodA(); static methodB(); ... static methodZ(); }; The interface is used by component A so that different methods can use ABInterface::methodA() in order to prepare some input data and then invoke appropriate functions within component B. Now we are trying to redesign this interface for various reasons: Extending our unit test coverage - we need to resolve this dependency between the components and stubs/mocks are to be introduced The interface between these components diverged from the original design (ie. a lots of newer functions, used for the inter-component i/f are created outside this interface class). The code is old, changed a lot over the time and needs to be refactored. The change should not be disruptive for the rest of the system. We try to limit leaving many test-required artifacts in the production code. Performance is very important and should be no (or very minimal) degradation after the redesign. Code is OO in C++. I am looking for some ideas what approach to take. Any suggestions on how to do this efficiently?

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  • Calling a webservice in javascript

    - by user303052
    So, I am trying to make a firefox extension which will use a webservice. I was looking online to find a way to do this. I was wondering if someone could explain what the following objects/methods do: service.useService(_, _); service.<`Service Name.callService(); If there is an alternative that does not include these objects, I would be happy to hear about it. Thank you very much

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  • question about mergesort

    - by davit-datuashvili
    i have write code on mergesort here is code public class mergesort{ public static int a[]; public static void merges(int work[],int low,int high){ if (low==high) return ; else{ int mid=(low+high)/2; merges(work,low,mid); merges(work,mid+1,high); merge(work,low,mid+1,high); } } public static void main(String[]args){ int a[]=new int[]{64,21,33,70,12,85,44,99,36,108}; merges(a,0,a.length-1); for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++){ System.out.println(a[i]); } } public static void merge(int work[],int low,int high,int upper){ int j=0; int l=low; int mid=high-1; int n=upper-l+1; while(low<=mid && high<=upper) if ( a[low]<a[high]) work[j++]=a[low++]; else work[j++]=a[high++]; while(low<=mid) work[j++]=a[low++]; while(high<=upper) work[j++]=a[high++]; for (j=0;j<n;j++) a[l+j]=work[j]; } } but it does nort work after compile this code here is mistake java.lang.NullPointerException at mergesort.merge(mergesort.java:45) at mergesort.merges(mergesort.java:12) at mergesort.merges(mergesort.java:10) at mergesort.merges(mergesort.java:10) at mergesort.merges(mergesort.java:10) at mergesort.main(mergesort.java:27)

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  • Rails each loop insert tag every 6 items?

    - by dustmoo
    Hello Stack Anon, I have X number of image objects that I need to loop through in a view and want to create a new div every 6 objects or so (for a gallery). I have looked at cycle but it seems to change every other record. Does anyone know of a way to insert code into a view every 6 times? I could probably do it with nested loops but I am kinda stumped on this one. Thanks!

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  • Detecting Markers Using OpenCV

    - by Hamza Yerlikaya
    I am trying to detect various objects containing colored markers, so a red blue green marker identifies object A, and a red blue red marker identifies object B. My problem is I can't use template matching cause objects can be rotated, currently I am thinking about check for each color then find the object by checking the distance between colors but it seems inefficient, so my question is there a better way to do this?

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  • C++ array initialization without assignment

    - by david
    This question is related to the post here. Is it possible to initialize an array without assigning it? For example, class foo's constructor wants an array of size 3, so I want to call foo( { 0, 0, 0 } ). I've tried this, and it does not work. I'd like to be able to initialize objects of type foo in other objects' constructor initialization lists. Is this possible?

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  • What is the best approach to use different CFLAGS for the same source files?

    - by evilsocket
    Hello, i need to build the same source tree twice, 1 - with normal cflags to build the project binary 2 - with cflags plus -fPIC to build a static library that would be some sort of SDK to develop project dynamic modules. Using only one Makefile, what is the best approach to accomplish this? It would be nice to do some sort of : all: $(OBJECTS) lib_rule: $(OBJECTS) CFLAGS += -fPIC .cpp.o: $(CC) -c $< -o $@ $(CFLAGS) But obviously it can't be done. Thanks

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  • K-Means Algorithm and java code

    - by Thandar
    Hi all, I need to calculate for grouping objects according to their size. I got k-means algorithms in java which calculate mostly for classifying according to their two or more features and the results are not satisfy for me.I only want to calculate for grouping objects based on one feature.Pseudocode or code would be helpful, too. Thanks u all for helping.

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  • Managed .NET Equivalent to CreateFile & WriteFile from WinBase (kernel32.dll)

    - by StevenH
    I am working with a legacy file format. The file is created using unmanaged C++ that utilizes the WinBase.h CreateFile() & WriteFile() functions (found in the kernel32.dll). I have been using P/Invoke interop to access these native functions like so: [DllImport("kernel32.dll")] public static extern bool WriteFile( IntPtr hFile, byte[] lpBuffer, uint nNumberOfBytesToWrite, out uint lpNumberOfBytesWritten, [In] ref NativeOverlapped lpOverlapped); [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)] public static extern bool WriteFileEx( IntPtr hFile, byte[] lpBuffer, uint nNumberOfBytesToWrite, [In] ref NativeOverlapped lpOverlapped, WriteFileCompletionDelegate lpCompletionRoutine); [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)] public static extern IntPtr CreateFile( string lpFileName, uint dwDesiredAccess, uint dwShareMode, IntPtr lpSecurityAttributes, uint dwCreationDisposition, uint dwFlagsAndAttributes, IntPtr hTemplateFile); [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)] public static extern bool CloseHandle(IntPtr hObject); public delegate void WriteFileCompletionDelegate( UInt32 dwErrorCode, UInt32 dwNumberOfBytesTransfered, ref NativeOverlapped lpOverlapped); The issue with this is when I call WriteFile(), the file is always overwritten by the proceeding call. I need to find a compatible .NET equivalent that would allow me to produce the exact same format of output. Thanks.

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  • passing an "unknown enumeration" to a method

    - by firoso
    I'm currently trying to make a class that can register strings as identifiers and accociate them with different types of Enumerations, these enumerations are being evaluated only in so much that I am ensuring that when it's used, that the parameter passed to broadcast (messageType) is an instance of the associated Enum Type. This would work something like this: Diagnostics.RegisterIdentifier("logger", typeof(TestEnum)); Diagnostics.Broadcast("logger", TestEnum.Info, null, "Hello World", null); here's the code I currently have, I need to be able to verify that messageTypesEnum is contained in messageTypesFromIdentifier. private static Dictionary<string, Type> identifierMessageTypeMapping = new Dictionary<string, Type>(); private static List<IListener> listeners = new List<IListener>(); public static void RegisterIdentifier(string identifier, Type messageTypesEnum) { if (messageTypesEnum.BaseType.FullName == "System.Enum") { identifierMessageTypeMapping.Add(identifier, messageTypesEnum); } else { throw new ArgumentException("Expected type of messageTypesEnum to derive from System.Enum", "messageTypesEnum"); } } public static void Broadcast(string identifier, object messageType, string metaIdentifier, string message, Exception exception) { if (identifierMessageTypeMapping.ContainsKey(identifier)) { Type messageTypesFromIdentifier = identifierMessageTypeMapping[identifier]; foreach (var listener in listeners) { DiagnosticsEvent writableEvent = new DiagnosticsEvent(identifier, messageType, metaIdentifier, message, exception); listener.Write(writableEvent); } } }

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  • does copyWithZone on an NSArray call copyWithZone on its elements too?

    - by malik
    Hi, here's the scenario, I have this array of Person objects. copyWithZone is implemented on Person and works as expected. I have an array of Person objects, however when I create a copy of the array and modify things in original array (change attributes of a Person) it chances the copy as well. So my best guess is that when I call copyWithZone on NSArray, it does not call it on its elements. Please confirm.

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  • Can this django query be improved?

    - by Hobhouse
    Given a model structure like this: class Book(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey(User) class Readingdate(models.Model): book = models.ForeignKey(Book) date = models.DateField() One book may have several readingdates. How do I list books having at least one readingdate within a specific year? I can do this: from_date = datetime.date(2010,1,1) to_date = datetime.date(2010,12,31) book_ids = Readingdate.objects\ .filter(date__range=(from_date,to_date))\ .values_list('book_id', flat=True) books_read_2010 = Book.objects.filter(id__in=book_ids) Is it possible to do this with one queryset, or is this the best way?

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  • how to write own serializer/deserializer?

    - by joseph
    Hello, I need to save objects - instances of classes - in my app like some filetype. How I can write own serializer/deserializer for it? Or exist some easier way how to save objects to some filetype? Using of io.serialization was commented as not so good solution for "real" app. Why?

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  • Writing a recursive sorting algorithm of an array of integers

    - by 12345
    I am trying to write a recursive sorting algorithm for an array of integers. The following codes prints to the console: 3, 5, 2, 1, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20 The output should be sorted but somehow "it doesn't work". public static void main(String[] args) { int[] unsortedList = {20, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 5, 7}; duplexSelectionSort(unsortedList, 0, unsortedList.length-1); for (int i = 0; i < unsortedList.length; i++) { System.out.println(unsortedList[i]); } } public static void duplexSelectionSort( int[] unsortedNumbers, int startIndex, int stopIndex) { int minimumIndex = 0; int maximumIndex = 0; if (startIndex < stopIndex) { int index = 0; while (index <= stopIndex) { if (unsortedNumbers[index] < unsortedNumbers[minimumIndex]) { minimumIndex = index; } if (unsortedNumbers[index] > unsortedNumbers[maximumIndex]) { maximumIndex = index; } index++; } swapEdges(unsortedNumbers, startIndex, stopIndex, minimumIndex, maximumIndex); duplexSelectionSort(unsortedNumbers, startIndex + 1, stopIndex - 1); } } public static void swapEdges( int[] listOfIntegers, int startIndex, int stopIndex, int minimumIndex, int maximumIndex) { if ((minimumIndex == stopIndex) && (maximumIndex == startIndex)) { swap(listOfIntegers, startIndex, stopIndex); } else { if (maximumIndex == startIndex) { swap(listOfIntegers, maximumIndex, stopIndex); swap(listOfIntegers, minimumIndex, startIndex); } else { swap(listOfIntegers, minimumIndex, startIndex); swap(listOfIntegers, maximumIndex, stopIndex); } } } public static void swap(int[] listOfIntegers, int index1, int index2) { int savedElementAtIndex1 = listOfIntegers[index1]; listOfIntegers[index1] = listOfIntegers[index2]; listOfIntegers[index2] = savedElementAtIndex1; }

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  • Sorting arrays in java

    - by user360706
    Write a static method in Java : public static void sortByFour (int[] arr) That receives as a paramater an array full of non-negative numbers (zero or positive) and sorts the array in the following way : In the beginning of the array all the numbers that devide by four without a remainder will appear. After them all the numbers in the array that devide by 4 with a remainder of 1 will appear. After them all the numbers in the array that devide by 4 with a remainder of 2 will appear. In the end of the array all the rest numbers (those who divide by 4 with the remainder 3) will appear. (The order of the numbers in each group doesn't matter) The method must be the most efficient it can. This is what I wrote but unfortunately it doesn't work well... :( public static void swap( int[] arr, int left, int right ) { int temp = arr[left]; arr[left] = arr[right]; arr[right] = temp; } public static void sortByFour( int[] arr ) { int left = 0; int right = ( arr.length - 1 ); int mid = ( arr.length / 2 ); while ( left < right ) { if ( ( arr[left] % 4 ) > ( arr[right] % 4 ) ) { swap( arr, left, right ); right--; } if ( ( arr[left] % 4 ) == ( arr[right] % 4 ) ) left++; else left++; } } Can someone please help me by fixing my code so that it will work well or rewriting it?

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  • Do you use an exception class in your Perl programs? Why or why not?

    - by daotoad
    I've got a bunch of questions about how people use exceptions in Perl. I've included some background notes on exceptions, skip this if you want, but please take a moment to read the questions and respond to them. Thanks. Background on Perl Exceptions Perl has a very basic built-in exception system that provides a spring-board for more sophisticated usage. For example die "I ate a bug.\n"; throws an exception with a string assigned to $@. You can also throw an object, instead of a string: die BadBug->new('I ate a bug.'); You can even install a signal handler to catch the SIGDIE psuedo-signal. Here's a handler that rethrows exceptions as objects if they aren't already. $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { my $e = shift; $e = ExceptionObject->new( $e ) unless blessed $e; die $e; } This pattern is used in a number of CPAN modules. but perlvar says: Due to an implementation glitch, the $SIG{DIE} hook is called even inside an eval(). Do not use this to rewrite a pending exception in $@ , or as a bizarre substitute for overriding CORE::GLOBAL::die() . This strange action at a distance may be fixed in a future release so that $SIG{DIE} is only called if your program is about to exit, as was the original intent. Any other use is deprecated. So now I wonder if objectifying exceptions in sigdie is evil. The Questions Do you use exception objects? If so, which one and why? If not, why not? If you don't use exception objects, what would entice you to use them? If you do use exception objects, what do you hate about them, and what could be better? Is objectifying exceptions in the DIE handler a bad idea? Where should I objectify my exceptions? In my eval{} wrapper? In a sigdie handler? Are there any papers, articles or other resources on exceptions in general and in Perl that you find useful or enlightening.

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  • castle dynamic proxy creation

    - by ashish.s
    I am implementing a design where my layer would sit between client and server, and whatever objects i get from server, i would wrap it in a transparent proxy and give to the client, that way i can keep a track of what changed in the object, so when saving it back, i would only send changed information. I looked at castle dynamic proxy, linfu, although they can generate a proxy type, but they cant take existing objects and wrap them instead. Wondering if its possible to do with these frameworks, or if there any other frameworks that enable this...

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  • Ninject: How do I inject into a class library ?

    - by DennyDotNet
    To start I'm using Ninject 1.5. I have two projects: Web project and a Class library. My DI configuration is within the Web project. Within my class library I have the following defined: public interface ICacheService<T> { string Identifier { get; } T Get(); void Set( T objectToCache, TimeSpan timeSpan ); bool Exists(); } And then a concrete class called CategoryCacheService. In my web project I bind the two: Bind( typeof( ICacheService<List<Category>> ) ).To( typeof(CategoryCacheService)).Using<SingletonBehavior>(); In my class library I have extension methods for the HtmlHelper class, for example: public static class Category { [Inject] public static ICacheService Categories { get; set; } public static string RenderCategories(this HtmlHelper htmlHelper) { var c = Categories.Get(); return string.Join(", ", c.Select(s = s.Name).ToArray()); } } I've been told that you cannot inject into static properties, instead I should use Kernel.Get<() - However... Since the code above is in a class library I don't have access to the Kernel. How can I get the Kernel from this point or is there a better way of doing this? Thanks!

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  • When should EntityManagerFactory instance be created/opened ?

    - by masato-san
    Ok, I read bunch of articles/examples how to write Entity Manager Factory in singleton. One of them easiest for me to understand a bit: http://javanotepad.blogspot.com/2007/05/jpa-entitymanagerfactory-in-web.html I learned that EntityManagerFactory (EMF) should only be created once preferably in application scope. And also make sure to close the EMF once it's used (?) So I wrote EMF helper class for business methods to use: public class EmProvider { private static final String DB_PU = "KogaAlphaPU"; public static final boolean DEBUG = true; private static final EmProvider singleton = new EmProvider(); private EntityManagerFactory emf; private EmProvider() {} public static EmProvider getInstance() { return singleton; } public EntityManagerFactory getEntityManagerFactory() { if(emf == null) { emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(DB_PU); } if(DEBUG) { System.out.println("factory created on: " + new Date()); } return emf; } public void closeEmf() { if(emf.isOpen() || emf != null) { emf.close(); } emf = null; if(DEBUG) { System.out.println("EMF closed at: " + new Date()); } } }//end class And my method using EmProvider: public String foo() { EntityManager em = null; List<Object[]> out = null; try { em = EmProvider.getInstance().getEntityManagerFactory().createEntityManager(); Query query = em.createNativeQuery(JPQL_JOIN); //just some random query out = query.getResultList(); } catch(Exception e) { //handle error.... } finally { if(em != null) { em.close(); //make sure to close EntityManager } } I made sure to close EntityManager (em) within method level as suggested. But when should EntityManagerFactory be closed then? And why EMF has to be singleton so bad??? I read about concurrency issues but as I am not experienced multi-thread-grammer, I can't really be clear on this idea.

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  • Python: saving and loading a class definition

    - by Peterstone
    Hi! I am interested in saving and load objects using the pickle module as you can read in a question I asked before: Python: Errors saving and loading objects with pickle module Someone commment: 1, In an other way: the error is raise because pickle wanted to load an instance of the class Fruits and search for the class definition where it was defined, but it didn't find it so it raise the error Now I want to save and load a class definition in order to solve the problem I describe in the question mentioned before. Thank you so much!

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  • [N]Hibernate: view-like fetching properties of associated class

    - by chiccodoro
    (Felt quite helpless in formulating an appropriate title...) In my C# app I display a list of "A" objects, along with some properties of their associated "B" objects and properties of B's associated "C" objects: A.Name B.Name B.SomeValue C.Name Foo Bar 123 HelloWorld Bar Hello 432 World ... To clarify: A has an FK to B, B has an FK to C. (Such as, e.g. BankAccount - Person - Company). I have tried two approaches to load these properties from the database (using NHibernate): A fast approach and a clean approach. My eventual question is how to do a fast & clean approach. Fast approach: Define a view in the database which joins A, B, C and provides all these fields. In the A class, define properties "BName", "BSomeValue", "CName" Define a hibernate mapping between A and the View, whereas the needed B and C properties are mapped with update="false" insert="false" and do actually stem from B and C tables, but Hibernate is not aware of that since it uses the view. This way, the listing only loads one object per "A" record, which is quite fast. If the code tries to access the actual associated property, "A.B", I issue another HQL query to get B, set the property and update the faked BName and BSomeValue properties as well. Clean approach: There is no view. Class A is mapped to table A, B to B, C to C. When loading the list of A, I do a double left-join-fetch to get B and C as well: from A a left join fetch a.B left join fetch a.B.C B.Name, B.SomeValue and C.Name are accessed through the eagerly loaded associations. The disadvantage of this approach is that it gets slower and takes more memory, since it needs to created and map 3 objects per "A" record: An A, B, and C object each. Fast and clean approach: I feel somehow uncomfortable using a database view that hides a join and treat that in NHibernate as if it was a table. So I would like to do something like: Have no views in the database. Declare properties "BName", "BSomeValue", "CName" in class "A". Define the mapping for A such that NHibernate fetches A and these properties together using a join SQL query as a database view would do. The mapping should still allow for defining lazy many-to-one associations for getting A.B.C My questions: Is this possible? Is it [un]artful? Is there a better way?

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