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• Where do I learn about IP blocks and subnets? Or is there just a calculator that does it all for me?

  - by cwd

  Amazon's elastic compute tool (among others) requires the ip block format for their command: ec2-authorize websrv -P tcp -p 80 -s 205.192.0.0/16 I may be doing this wrong, but as far as I can tell I need to use the block format even for a single IP address. 1) So, how would I do that for this IP? 71.75.232.132 Several years ago I took a CCNA class, and I remember going over IPs and subnets, masks, broadcast addresses, class a/b/c networks, etc. However a lot seems to have changed since then - for example I don't think you can tell what "class" a network is in just by looking at it anymore - sometimes they could be multiple classes. 2) Anyhow, my second question is where do I go to get a refresher on all these things? 3) Or should I just be using ipcalc or an online calculator to do it all for me - and if so, which one?

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• Amazon EC2 migration from one region to the other

  - by Gnanam

  I'm using the following Amazon EC2 resources in the US East (Virginia) region: 1 Running Instance 1 Elastic IP 2 EBS Volumes 100 EBS Snapshots 1 Key Pair 2 Security Groups 5 My Own AMIs (customized based on my application stack) My instance is based on Linux distribution (CentOS) and my AMIs are S3-backed. Both EBS volumes are mounted on this running instance. We're planning to migrate our deployment to US-West region. Because Amazon EC2 resources are not shared across regions, my questions are: What are all the factors that I need to consider in advance? What are all the recommended & different ways of migrating each EC2 resources from one region to the other? Are there any hidden risks involved during and/or after the migration? Experts ideas/suggestions/recommendations on this are highly appreciated.

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• Unable to access Citrix XenApp 6 published applications externally

  - by Christopher McCann

  We are trying to use a trial of Citrix XenApp 6 Fundamentals to virtualise a couple of applications as a proof of concept. We haven't ever used it before so I confess to be a noob with it. We can connect to the XenApp web interface, and the iPad app will connect and list the applications, but the applications themselves will not load. I discovered in the .ica file that it was attempting to connect to the internal IP address of the server instead of its static external. I have been following various threads on Citrix but nothing seems to have fixed it for me. The server is deployed on an EC2 instance with a static elastic IP. All the ports are opened and I can telnet into the XenApp server on 1493 and I get the ICA response. I have also run on ALTADDR and provided the external IP address. Does anyone have any ideas?

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• AWS SSL Load Balancer

  - by Jay Francis

  OK, I am looking for some pointers. Basically I have a white-label app/site that will allow users to setup their own domain to use for their customer front-end. We have 2 dedicated servers and a load balancer. The problem is SSL, we were thinking about using AWS ELB to handle the SSL loadbalancing, but cant seem to figure out if it will properly handle it, it seems to be setup to work with EC2 instances, but we are using externally hosted servers via a loadbalancer. A blog post by AWS looks similar to what we need but it only seems to work with EC2 instances. http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2011/08/elastic-load-balancer-ssl-support-options.html Anyone had experience setting ELS SSL load balancers up to work with external servers?

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• Receive emails on Amazon EC2 Server

  - by Kartik

  I just got started with an EC2 instance and got my mail sending limit removed, allowing me to send emails from my instance. But due to lack of experience, I have no clue on how to enable receiving emails send to me on that server. The instance has an elastic IP and I have a domain name with an A record pointing to that IP. I cant seem to find better documentation on what steps need to be taken so if someone sends an email to [email protected] it either actually receives it or simply forwards it to my personal email. I know that it involves using postfix but cant find a guide to properly configure it after the installation. Thanks

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• cannot connect to MS FTP 7.5 on Windows 2008 on Amazon EC2 instance

  - by minerj

  I have just installed the MS FTP 7.5 upgrade on my Windows 2008 Server (Service Pack 2) running on an Amazon EC2 instance. In the FTP Firewall Support settings for the server in IIS Manager I have set up the passive port range 45001 - 45005 and also set the External Firewall IP address to match the assigned Amazon Elastic IP address. Using the AWS Console I changed the Security Group for the server to allow access to the server through ports 21 and 45001 through 45005. Using an FTP client (either the command line FTP client or Windows Explorer) on the Amazon server I can connect to the FTP server but I cannot connect with an external FTP client. When I checked to see which ports were open on the server using Shields Up it shows that port 21 is open but ports 45001 to 45005 are closed. I assume I'm missing something. Any help greatly appreciated.

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• AWS ELB as backend for Varnish Accelerator

  - by addisonj

  I am working on a large deployment on AWS that has high uptime requirements and variable loads throughout the day. Obviously, this is the perfect use case for ELB (Elastic Load Balancer) and autoscaling. However, we also rely on varnish for caching of API calls. My initial instinct was to structure the stack so that varnish uses ELB as a backend which in turn hits an appGroup. Varnish -> ELB -> AppServers However, according to a few sources that isn't possible as ELB constantly changes the IP address of its DNS hostname, which varnish caches on start, meaning changes to the IP won't be picked up by varnish. Reading around however, it looks like people are doing this so I am wondering what workarounds exist? Perhaps a script to reload the vcl periodically? In the case of where this is really just not a good idea, any idea of other solutions?

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• cannot connect to MS FTP 7.5 on Windows 2008 on Amazon EC2 instance

  - by minerj

  I have just installed the MS FTP 7.5 upgrade on my Windows 2008 Server (Service Pack 2) running on an Amazon EC2 instance. In the FTP Firewall Support settings for the server in IIS Manager I have set up the passive port range 45001 - 45005 and also set the External Firewall IP address to match the assigned Amazon Elastic IP address. Using the AWS Console I changed the Security Group for the server to allow access to the server through ports 21 and 45001 through 45005. Using an FTP client (either the command line FTP client or Windows Explorer) on the Amazon server I can connect to the FTP server but I cannot connect with an external FTP client. When I checked to see which ports were open on the server using Shields Up it shows that port 21 is open but ports 45001 to 45005 are closed. I assume I'm missing something. Any help greatly appreciated.

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• Ejabberd Clustering on EC2

  - by Architact

  I am trying to implement ejabberd clustering on Amazon EC2 instances, I have installed ejabberd and it is working fine on both instances, I can connect and send message, my first server is a master server and has the FQDN of master.example.com, second server is a slave and has FQDN of slave.example.com. I have edited the ejabberdctl.cfg file on both instances changed INET_DIST_INTERFACE on both instances to the value returned by ifconfig changed ERLANG_NODE to [email protected] on master and [email protected] on slave. Now when I run this command on slave net_adm:ping('[email protected]'). it always returns pang response indicating that it can't reach the master server. I am looking for possible fixes for that. Things already done Both master and slave domains are pointing to their instances I even tried allocating elastic ip and assigning that to instances, but did not help either. Any help will be greatly appreciated.

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• Subdomain only accessible from one computer

  - by Edan Maor

  I recently added a wildcard A record to my domain (*.root.com), mapping it to a certain elastic ip on AWS. I've configured apache to redirect all references to something.root.com to root.com, except for one specific "dev" subdomain, which is hosting its own site (a Django app, specifically). The Problem: This setup works perfectly for me on my computer. But on other computers around the office, it doesn't seem to work. Specifically, trying to visit dev.root.com gives an "unable to find server" error. Pinging dev.root.com gives a "cannot resolve hostname" error. The weird thing: pinging any other subdomain of root.com does work, from all machines. I would think this was all due to DNS propagation, except all the computers are behind the same office router, so how could that be the case? Any ideas?

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• Easy way to update apache on a server cluster with shared NFS conf?

  - by Simon

  we have a server setup where a server cluster connected with a db/files/conf server shared by nfs serve our sites, behind an Elastic Load Balancer at Amazon EC2. The setup works correctly, but keeping it up to date is becoming like hell, because the apache/php conf that webservers use is shared through NFS. So, if we try to run an apt-get upgrade on a server on the cluster, it will abort it due to the webserver is not able to write back the configuration to the nfs server. Every time we want to update the machines, or install a package like php-curl, we need to create a new ami, so the changes will reflect on the new launched amis. Could it be another way of doing the things simpler? Thanks in advance!

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• Is it secure to store the cert/key on a private AMI?

  - by Phillip Oldham

  Are there any major security implications to bundling a private AMI which contains the private key/certificate & environment variables? For resiliency I'm creating an EC2 image which should be able to boot and configure itself without any intervention. After boot it will attempt to: Attach & mount specific EBS volume(s) Associate a specific Elastic IP Start issuing backups of the EBS volume(s) to S3 However, to do this it will need the private key/pem files and will need certain environment variables to be available on start-up. Since this is a private AMI I'm wondering if it will be "safe" to store these variables/files directly in the image so that I don't need to specify any user-data information and can therefore start a new instance remotely (from my iPhone, if needed) should the instance be terminated for any reason.

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• Cheapest High Available Web Server [closed]

  - by xyz

  I would like to create a high-available setup (e.g. a small cluster) for a webserver, i.e. it will run Apache, PHP and MySQL. There will be between 2-8 small websites running with only very little traffic and workload. High availability is however very important. I don't want to be dependent on 1 datacenter, so there must be a minimum of 2 servers placed in different datacenters, and if one server goes down, the user must experience no or only a minimum of downtime - and no data loss. I have considered Amazon AWS using their Elastic Load Balancing, since it is possible to buy 2 EC2 instances in 2 availability zones and set up load balancing and RDS (Multi-AZ). However this seems rather expensive. Using the AWS price calculator http://calculator.s3.amazonaws.com/calc5.html it totals to 185$/month the first year (including the free tier). Are my calculations incorrect or is there a cheaper way to make this HA setup? Best regards

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• How to Access an AWS Instance with RDC when behind a Private Subnet of a VPC

  - by dalej

  We are implementing a typical Amazon VPC with Public and Private Address - with all servers running the Windows platform. The MS SQL instances will be on the private subnet with all IIS/web servers on the public subnet. We have followed the detailed instructions at Scenario 2: VPC with Public and Private Subnets and everything works properly - until the point where you want to set up a Remote Desktop Connection into the SQL server(s) on the private subnet. At this point, the instructions assume you are accessing a server on the public subnet and it is not clear what is required to RDC to a server on a private subnet. It would make sense that some sort of port redirection is necessary - perhaps accessing the EIP of the Nat instance to hit a particular SQL server? Or perhaps use an Elastic Load Balancer (even though this is really for http protocols)? But it is not obvious what additional setup is required for such a Remote Desktop Connection?

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• EC2 hostname ubuntu and ejabberd

  - by aelbaz

  I have questions related to the host name in Ubuntu EC2 instances. I have a IPS elastics for hosts that want to be seen from the internet and I have pointed out in the DNS entries with the computer name to those ips. For example, for elastic IP 11.11.11.11 DNS I added my computer name www.example.com. But I also want to rename the machines which they have, because it is a parameter of the service running on them (ejabberd server). EC2 instances are restarted when changing the host name, and seen on the client requesting dhcp hostname to dhcp Amazon. My question is ... What is the safest method to change the hostname: dhcp client modify, insert the command in rc.local, etc. ..? Could I have a problem with the internal resolution of traffic between EC2 instances? thanks

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• How to address an EC2 instance from both inside and outside datacenter?

  - by Alexandr Kurilin

  I'm trying to find a good way of being able to address my EC2 database instance from both inside and outside of the datacenter. Other EC2 instances need to be able to call into it, and other clients like pgAdmin might need to connect to it from the outside world as well. It's my understanding that using the internal and external DNS names is sustainable long term as each reboot leads to a change. I'm thinking of associating an Elastic IP with the instance and giving it an A record (say db1.mydomain.com) which I then will use both within and outside the datacenter. Further instances in the same role will get the same treatment and a DNS record of db2.mydomain.com etc. Now, is there a cleaner and more stable way of achieving this result? Am going about this the wrong way? Suggestions?

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• Does setting an A record for a root domain set it (automatically) for subdomains?

  - by Edan Maor

  I bought a domain from Dreamhost, but my servers are actually running on Amazon's AWS. I have an Elastic IP, say 1.1.1.1. In the Dreamhost panel, I've added an A record for my domain name, pointing it to 1.1.1.1. My question is, are all subdomains (e.g. www.mydomain.com, a.mydomain.com, etc.) automatically mapped to 1.1.1.1 as well, because the root is? Or do I have to add separate rules for each subdomain?

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• Our server hosting provider asked for our root password

  - by Andreas Larsson

  I work at a company that develops and hosts a small business critical system. We have an "Elastic cloud server" from a professional hosting provider. I recently got an email from them saying that they've had some problems with their backup solution and that they needed to install a new kernel. And they wanted us to send them the root password so they could do this work. I know that the email came from them. It's not [email protected] or anything like that. I called them and asked them about this, and they were like "yep, we need the password to do this". It just seems odd to send the root password over email like this. Do I have any reason to be concerned?

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• How do I configure namecheap for "arbitrarily-nested" wildcard subdomains?

  - by rabidsnail

  I'm trying to set up something like nyud.net, where any arbitrary chain of subdomains resolves to the same CNAME record (which in my case points to an amazon elastic load balancer). Ex: www.gogle.com.nyud.net:8080 points to one of their cache servers, which looks at the HOST header and returns www.google.com. I'm using namecheap as my dns host. Adding a CNAME record for *.mydomain.com doesn't seem to do anything (nslookup gives NXDOMAIN for all subdomains). What do I have to do to set this up? Do I have to use something fancier than namecheap (like route53)?

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• Swap files in Cloud Infrastructures

  - by ffeldhaus

  At our company we set up an OpenStack Cloud and are currently creating internal guidelines for creation of OS templates / images. One controversial topic was if we should provide swap inside the VM templates. Therefore I'd like to ask the following questions From an elastic Cloud provider point of view, does it make sense to offer swap partitions / files in the VM templates or is swap not needed when a VM can be resized? Which scenarios necessarily demand a swap file to be present? What kind of Storage should be used for swap files (e.g. local / central, FC / iSCSI / NFS)? Are there any best practices for offering swap files in a performant way in Cloud Infrastructures?

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• How do I correctly display special characters in my Firefox browser?

  - by BrianH

  (Firefox 3.6.13 on Windows XP) Every once in a while I notice an odd character on certain web pages when browsing the web. It is a outline of a box with a 4-digit number inside. And example of a page that has these characters is: http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/#highlights After each section heading (Elastic, Completely Controlled, ...) I see a box with the number "0096" inside. I looked at the cached version on Google, and google has &ndash; in it's place, so I'm guessing I should be seeing a dash there instead of the box with the numbers in it. I have tried changing the character encoding in Firefox but haven't been able to find one that shows these characters correctly. Is there a way to allow Firefox to view these characters? Thanks in advance!

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• Uptime concerns in case of AWS outage

  - by Aditya Patawari

  I am running an Elastic Load Balancer backup by 2 instances in different Availability Zones in US East. I am using Multi-AZ RDS as well. Ideally this should ensure that if one AZ goes down, it should not effect the app because everything is spread across multiple AZs. But the recent AWS outage took the app down for a long time. I am not sure how this can happen. It would be great if someone can point out what went wrong. Major question here I have is how can I avoid this in future? I can setup app servers across different regions or even providers and use DNS for load balancing but what do I do with MySQL? Read Replicas will introduce some lag which I would want to avoid.

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• Proxy between data centers [closed]

  - by dstarh

  Possible Duplicate: Can IIS be configure to forward request to another web server? We are switching data centers (actually datac-center to EC2 to be specific) and some customers have not yet made DNS changes to point the domains to the new load balancers. We are thinking of leaving the existing servers up and just using a proxy server to forward the request to the new load balancer. Can anyone recommend a good proxy server for doing this I've got squid installed but it seems it's fairly easy to just have a fairly wide open proxy server and we don't want this. I want all requests coming in on port 80 to be sent to port 80 at a specific domain (elastic load balancer) the data center env is windows 2k3 and the EC2 env will all be linux but the ec2 env should be irrelevant

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• EC2: map multiple applications to different domains

  - by EsseTi

  i'm playing with EC2 and i've been able to create my instance that has a django appliacation on port 80, and a tomcat on 8080. now, with elastic IP i can manage to redirect my domain to django application. now i would like to map subdomains to each tomact applications. for example django app (ec2...:80) --> mydomain.com tomcat (ec2...:8080) --> tomcat.mydomain.com webbapp1 (ec2...:8080/webapp1/) --> webapp1.mydomain.com is this possible with the free account? ciao

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• Load balanced proxies to avoid an API request limit

  - by ClickClickClick

  There is a certain API out there which limits the number of requests per day per IP. My plan is to create a bunch of EC2 instances with elastic IPs to sidestep the limitation. I'm familiar with EC2 and am just interested in the configuration of the proxies and a software load balancer. I think I want to run a simple TCP Proxy on each instance and a software load balancer on the machine I will be requesting from. Something that allows the following to return a response from a different IP (round robin, availability, doesn't really matter..) eg. curl http://www.bbc.co.uk -x http://myproxyloadbalancer:port Could anyone recommend a combination of software or even a link to an article that details a pleasing way to pull it off? (My client won't be curl but is proxy aware.. I'll be making the requests from a Ruby script..)

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