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• How can I see if my server uses DDRII or DDRIII RAM?

  - by Temnovit

  I have a very newbie question. My server is running out of RAM and it is time to add some. The is located far away, and I need to buy some RAM and drive to install it. How can I determine, whether I need to buy DDRII or DDRIII, having only command line access via SSH? Is there some command that will print witch kind of RAM is supported by the server or I need to go and check the server physically? UPDATE Sorry, forgot to mention: I am using Ubuntu Server 9.04

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• How to set the laptop screen brightness programatically?

  - by zls

  I'm currently migrating to openbox without gnome session. In unity i can use the vendor keys to set the screen brightness, but in openbox I'm on my own. /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness works fine, the problem is that I need sudo to set the brightness and that wouldn't work with keyboard mappings. xbacklight -get/set doesn't do or output anything. I don't really want to use xrandr --brightness. Are there any other options or a way to fix the problems with xbacklight or acpi_video0 ?

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• Computer hanged in the middle of bios flashing process

  - by Stalker

  I have a laptop: Toshiba Satellite c660-17j, today I decided to update BIOS. I've downloaded bios updater from manufacturer's web site, and in the middle of flashing process computer hanged. I was waiting more than 30 minutes, but nothing was changed on the screen, i've tryed to PRESS MORE BUTTONS, but there were no reactions, so i've turned it off by removing battery (all other methods failed, even pressing power button for ~10 secs). After that computer can't start. I understand, that there's MESS in BIOS chip, and it's possible to re-flash it with hardware programmer, but I don't have it. I remember, that on some PCs (even on my eeepc) there was possibility to re-flash bios by inserting usb flash-disk (with .dat file on it, which contained BIOS), and power on PC, while holding some keys combination, then PC was switching to BIOS programming mode and re-flashed BIOS, after that it was possible to boot up normaly. Is there a way to recover computer without hardware programming BIOS chip? p.s. sorry for my english.

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• Amazon EC2 Socket connection not being accepted

  - by Joseph

  I am trying to run a java application on my EC2 instance. The application accepts socket connections on port 54321. If I try and connect to it, it times out. My Security Group is set as: TCP Port (Service) Source Action 21 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 22 (SSH) 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 80 (HTTP) 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 20393 0.0.0.0/0 Delete 54321 0.0.0.0/0 Delete Is there anything else I need to do? # iptables -nvL Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination # iptables -nvL -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination #

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• Finding the length of files and file path of directory structure in a Linux file system.

  - by Robert Nickens

  I have a problem on a Linux OS running a version of SMB where if the absolute path to a directory within a Shared Folder is greater than 1024 bytes and the filename component is greater than 256 bytes the SMB service crashes and locks out all other services for network access like, SSH and FTP rendering the machine mute. To keep the system for crashing I’ve temporarily moved a group of folders where I think the problem path may be located outside of Shared Folder. I need to find the file and file path that exceeded this limitation and rename them or remove them allowing me to return a bulk of the files to the Shared Folder. I’ve tried the find and grep commands without success. Is there a chain of commands or script that I can use to hunt down the offending files and directory? Please advise.

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• Issues trying to download Windows 8.1 using official downloader

  - by Aviral Singh

  I had been trying to download Windows 8.1 ISO from the last 3-4 days but a silly issue is preventing me to download it.As many posts over the internet explain,I tried to use generic keys to download(as I don't have Windows 8),but the installer always shows "We can't connect right now,please check you internet connection.".Isn't it silly?,I have a working internet connection.No matter whatever key I use it always ends at this message.I've tried every single generic key,and almost every key was accepted by the installer as valid,but then the message. Can anyone please explain why is this happening and any workarounds ?

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• Build Advise for Home Web/NAS Server with Ubuntu Server 12.04 [closed]

  - by razor7

  I need to have a personal Webserver with NAS capabilities. The Webserver to test some LAMP projects I develop for clients, and also NAS to be able to stream media to local network. I want to have full control of the box, so I'm planning to build it with some spare parts and Ubuntu Server. The services/software that will run are (remember, is for personal and testing use only): SAMBA/CIFS SSH Server Apache 2 MySQL 5 Mercurial Repo PHP 5.3 Ruby on Rails OwnCloud Dovecot Webmin Postfix PureFTPd ClamAV The Hardware: Intel Dual Core E2180 2.0 GHz MSI P35 Neo Kinkston 1GB DDR2, 667 MSI Nvidia 7300le PCIe x16 256mb RAM HDD SATA WD Green 2TB x2 (RAID-1 with MDADM RAID Controller) 16 GB USB Pendrive (For server system installation) My idea is to build this system, using the pendrive for the Ubuntu Server software, and packages, and the RAID-1 for gross data storage. What do you think? Thanks a lot!

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• Server stop responding, where to look to know what happened?

  - by Cid

  I have a server that has been running for well over 5 months and suddently it stop responding. I couldn't ssh into it or anything else so I decided to reboot it and the reboot fixed it. I'm trying to figure out what happened and I'm not sure exactly where to look. I started to look in /var/log but there are tons of files in there and I'm not sure which one I should pay attention to. I'm slowly going through each one of them but if anyone can point me in the right direction, it would be great. Thanks!

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• How can I avoid hard-coding YubiKey user identities into the PAM stack?

  - by CodeGnome

  The Yubico PAM Module seems to require changes to the PAM stack for each user that will be authenticated with a YubiKey. Specifically, it seems that each user's client identity must be added to the right PAM configuration file before the user can be authenticated. While it makes sense to add authorized keys to an authentication database such as /etc/yubikey_mappings or ~/.yubico/authorized_yubikeys, it seems like a bad practice to have to edit the PAM stack itself for each individual user. I would definitely like to avoid having to hard-code user identities into the PAM stack this way. So, is it possible to avoid hard-coding the id parameter to the pam_yubico.so module itself? If not, are there any other PAM modules that can leverage YubiKey authentication without hard-coding the stack?

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• How to map Ctrl + ',' to greater key( '>') or Ctrl + '.' to less key( '<' ) using xmodmap?

  - by Maxrunner

  So im trying to creating a combination of keys to generate the ISO key for Portuguese layout, the key in question is the <, pressing it normally will generate the '<' character, pressing + shift will generate the ' ' character. So i'm trying to create a combination while using xmodmap, and i want this to work for all programs.I've been searching on Google and came up with this example for Control + P = Up: Control + p = Up arrow example The example for that behaviour is: xmodmap -e "keycode 33 = p P Up" keycode 33 matches the p key, so where does control comes up in that command? regards,

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• ubuntu server refusing connections via port forwarding

  - by Matt

  Getting some really weird behavior from our Ubuntu server... it's behind a Verizon router firewall with port forwarding (port 8080 to port 80 on the server), and we've been having issues accessing it via this external IP. From within the network, it appears to respond normally (I can access it via web browser and SSH), but refuses connections through port forwarding (using our static external IP). The strangest thing is that it actually responds to external port-forwarded connections right after being restarted, but quickly lapses back into this pattern of refusing external connections. I'm a bit of a server newbie (I'm actually a programmer in a small startup that just lost their server ops guy, urgh) so this is all trial by fire for me. Does anyone have any advice on what could be going wrong here? Any help would be appreciated, thanks.

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• Which TCP ports to use?

  - by rowatt

  Is there a TCP port range which I can be sure will not be used by anything else for traffic between two machines? If I am reading RFC6335 correctly, I can be sure that no other applications will use specific ports in the Dynamic/Private/Ephemeral range of 49152-65535. However, if I understand correctly, it also states (section 8.1.2) that an application shouldn't assume that any given port in that range is available at any given time, which would mean I can't be 100% sure that it will be unused all the time. Specifically, I want to assign specific SSH traffic to a different port for the security benefit and so I can classify it differently for QoS purposes, and not have to worry about changing the port in the future.

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• What is the best Linux distro for a php web server? [on hold]

  - by benjisail

  We are planning to upgrade our hardware and at the same time we plan to reinstall all our web server from a fresh OS. Currently our web server is running on CentOS 4.7 on a dedicated server. We are using Apache, Mysql, PHP, SVN, FTP and all the needed tools for a web server managed through SSH. We plan to use a cloud server for the new web server. I don't know which Linux distro to take for this new server. Should I stay with Centos and just take the latest release 5.4 or should I switch to something else like a Debian base distro (Ubuntu Server)? The thing that I didn't like with CentOS was the none availability of the latest version of PHP and Apache on Yum. This make it harder to keep our webserver updated with the latest technologies... Thanks for your help!

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• Disable Network settings (TCP/IP & DNS) on Windows 7 Ultimate

  - by TiD91

  i also read this discussion here How to disable Tcp/Ip settings in windows 7 via GPO? about what i want to do but i still have problems. So here i am: i have a desktop pc with two accounts, both with Administrative rights. One is used by the entire my family, in particular by my brother. The problem is that i set some DNS and IP configurations to let be possible the VNC connection from remote. Now i would like to disable the network settings (TCP/IP and DNS) to prohibit my brother to change it preventing me to connect to it. So how can i do this? I set the policies from GPO but i still can change these settings from his account. Here's a pic of Registry Keys: http://imageshack.us/a/img339/3310/famigliapc2012092017274.png what didn't i do? Thanks in advance for your help. Rub|TiD

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• blocking port 80 via iptables

  - by JoyIan Yee-Hernandez

  I'm having problems with iptables. I am trying to block port 80 from the outside, basically plan is we just need to Tunnel via SSH then we can get on the GUI etc. on a server I have this in my rule: Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 28145 packets, 14M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 DROP tcp -- * eth1 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 state NEW,ESTABLISHED And Chain INPUT (policy DROP 41 packets, 6041 bytes) 0 0 DROP tcp -- eth1 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 state NEW,ESTABLISHED Any guys wanna share some insights?

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• Subscript/Superscript Hotkey for Excel 2010 Macro?

  - by advs89

  Background In Excel 2010, for some ridiculous reason, there is no built-in hotkey (or even a button on the toolbar) for subscripting/superscripting text within a text cell. You can, however, highlight the text, right-click the selection, click format, and then check the [x] subscript or [x] superscript checkbox. Question Are there any kinds of excel macros or workarounds to map two keyboard hotkeys to the subscript and superscript keys, respectively? (It should only be, like, two lines of code - one for the event handler and one for the actual procedure call... I would write one myself but my VBA is rusty, at best, and I am pretty confident there is probably already some kind of solution, despite my inability to find one via search engine) Thanks for any help you can provide!

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• Encrypting absolutely everything, even within the LAN

  - by chris_l

  Has anybody tried that approach already? I'm really considering it: Instead of relying on network based IDS etc., every packet must use encryption which was initiated by a certificate issued by my own CA. Every client gets a unique client certificate Every server gets a unique server certificate Every service additionally requires to login. Both SSL and SSH would be ok. Access to the internet would be done via an SSL tunnel to the gateway. Is it feasible? Does it create practical problems? How could it be done and enforced? What do you think?

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• How to avoid trailing spaces when you copy something from terminal?

  - by Michael Härtl

  I often copy a code snippet from a SSH terminal session where i'm logged in to some remote server and have a file opened in vim, for example to paste it here into an answer at SO. It frequently happens, that the code is padded with trailing spaces to match the terminal width. Whereas i've seen this on both, my Ubuntu and Windows machines (using putty) i think, it doesn't happen always. I was not able to figure out when it happens, though. So i wonder how i can avoid those trailing spaces which i have to remove manually all the time in the textarea, where i copy it to. Note, that the files do not have trailing spaces on the server! It only happens if i select and copy some text.

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• Load on Ubuntu 8.04 LTS high

  - by Paddington

  My Ubuntu 8.04 LTS server periodically has a high load avg spike(once every 2 days) resulting in Apache timing out and virtualy everything even SSH to the server is not possible. When I am on the console and run TOP is see that The load avg increases from less than 1 to above 60 in 15 mins. How can I isolate the cause? top - 09:21:51 up 37 days, 20:18, 6 users, load average: 5.41, 5.53, 5.36 Tasks: 160 total, 2 running, 156 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie Cpu(s): 65.0%us, 8.8%sy, 0.0%ni, 1.0%id,24.6%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Mem: 3989468k total, 3444984k used, 544484k free, 360460k buffers Swap: 11687248k total, 178168k used, 11509080k free, 881772k cached

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• How to combine with openvpn, dynamic-ip?

  - by asfasdv

  Dear everyone, I am currently using openvpn to surf online to bypass censorship. Let me show you the initial scenario: before openvpn is turned on: IP: 1.2.3.4 (hypothetical, checked by visiting whatismyip.com/) after openvpn is turned on IP: 10.2.3.4 (this is also checked with whatismyip.com/, I assume this is where the vpn's exit point's IP ) Situation: Once I enable openvpn, I can still ssh into this computer by sshing into 1.2.3.4, even though visiting whatismyip.com/ says it's 10.2.3.4. However, I am on dynamic IP, I run a website, and am using tools (inadyn in particular) which pings the freedns.afraid.org (my dns server) and updates my ip. The messed up part is when inadyn does so, my dns changes the ip to 10.2.3.4, which is presumably the exit point of my vpn. How do I get around this? (Note that sshing into 1.2.3.4 STILL works).

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• forward all ports via htaccess to new address

  - by user875933

  I have a chat server running on my local machine that listens to different ports. I want to use the sub-domain of one of my accounts to access it. I intend to manually change the redirect whenever my local machine gets a different ip address. So: chat.example.com:123 would redirect to dynamic.ip.address:123 I am trying to accomplish this with .htaccess and RewriteRule I have tried: RewriteEngine on RewriteRule ^(.*) http://dynamic.ip.address/ [L, R=302] but this doesn't work. When I try chat.example.com:123 nothing happens. When I input chat.example.com into the web browser, I get dynamic.ip.address Is .htaccess the right tool for this? I am using a simple web host that gives me ssh access, but not much more.

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• centos 5.6, virtual on Vsphere

  - by Glasnhost

  suddenly my virtual centos server (5.6 on VMWare-VSphere) is not working... It started with the url not responding, nor the ip. (NO HTTP response, no ping). When I entered on the server via ssh to start troubleshooting I noticed that most of commands don't work anymore: top- machine hangs (it's not slow anyway) ps - machine hangs (funny enough apache server and web app are running and sending me emails) on some directory ls -l - machine hangs after first file, if ls l.txt the file show only the first file "more" command, also hangs on some file. So there are very little things I can try. I recovered my virtual machine from yesterday and before yesterday, and they show the same behaviour, it hangs on commands (but yesterday they were working). There is no firewall on the machine, there is on the host though. I can connect with ftp but I can't download files nor list directory apart the user top directory... Working hard right now, any idea appreciated

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• Can't get iptables firewall working correctly

  - by Jay

  I'm setting up a new Centos 5.6 system and can't get my iptables firewall to work correctly. it won't let me use SSH through it. I'm new to Centos but not to Linux or iptables. I've been removing things until I have isolated the problem. I set up the firewall with a default ACCEPT rule for the INPUT chain. I can connect through to the server fine. If I change the command to only allow traffic from the interface connecting to my trusted network it stops working. Working: iptables -A INPUT -s 0/0 -d 0/0 -j ACCEPT Failing: iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 0/0 -d 0/0 -j ACCEPT I've double checked the ip address I'm using corresponds to eth0 using ifconfig. Any ideas where I went wrong?

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• DHCP server can't see other machines

  - by William

  Hi, I setup a private network from virtual machines and one of the machines is the DHCP server for the group. I want to specify a next-server for the DHCP server but I'm having trouble connecting to any of the machines that I lease IPs to. I'm just trying to do a simple ping/ssh to 10.0.0.252 (a machine with a lease) but it doesn't seem to respond. Any advice? I'm assuming I need to be able to connect to my next-server but maybe I'm wrong. Thanks.

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• How do I ask screen to behave like a standard bash shell?

  - by thornomad

  Just learned about the screen command on linux - it is genius. I love it. However, the actual terminal/prompt in screen looks and behaves differently than my standard bash prompt. That is, the colors aren't the same, tab completion doesn't seem to work, etc. Is there a way I can tell screen to behave just like a normal (at least, normal as in what I am used to) bash prompt ? Additional Information I am connecting via ssh from a Mac (Terminal) to a headless linux box (Ubuntu). After logging in, I have TERM=xterm-color and when I run screen I have TERM=screen. Am going to try the suggestions below to see if I can change the $TERM value first.

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