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• What used the linux memory? Low cache, low buffer, not a VM

  - by Jason

  First of all, yes, I have read LinuxAteMyRAM, which doesn't explain my situation. # free -tm total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 48149 43948 4200 0 4 75 -/+ buffers/cache: 43868 4280 Swap: 38287 0 38287 Total: 86436 43948 42488 # As shown above, the -/+ buffers/cache: line shows indicates the used memory rate is very high. However, from output of top, I don't see any process used more than 100MB of memory. So, what used the memory? PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 28078 root 18 0 327m 92m 10m S 0 0.2 0:25.06 java 31416 root 16 0 250m 28m 20m S 0 0.1 25:54.59 ResourceMonitor 21598 root -98 0 26552 25m 8316 S 0 0.1 80:49.54 had 24580 root 16 0 24152 10m 760 S 0 0.0 1:25.87 rsyncd 4956 root 16 0 62588 10m 3132 S 0 0.0 12:36.54 vxconfigd 26703 root 16 0 139m 7120 2900 S 1 0.0 4359:39 hrmonitor 21873 root 15 0 18764 4684 2152 S 0 0.0 30:07.56 MountAgent 21883 root 15 0 13736 4280 2172 S 0 0.0 25:25.09 SybaseAgent 21878 root 15 0 18548 4172 2000 S 0 0.0 52:33.46 NICAgent 21887 root 15 0 12660 4056 2168 S 0 0.0 25:07.80 SybaseBkAgent 17798 root 25 0 10652 4048 1160 S 0 0.0 0:00.04 vxconfigbackupd This is an x86_64 machine (not a common-brand server) running x84_64 Linux, not a container in a virtual machine. Kernel (uname -a): Linux 2.6.16.60-0.99.1-smp #1 SMP Fri Oct 12 14:24:23 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux Content of /proc/meminfo: MemTotal: 49304856 kB MemFree: 4066708 kB Buffers: 35688 kB Cached: 132588 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 26536644 kB Inactive: 17296272 kB HighTotal: 0 kB HighFree: 0 kB LowTotal: 49304856 kB LowFree: 4066708 kB SwapTotal: 39206624 kB SwapFree: 39206528 kB Dirty: 200 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 249592 kB Mapped: 52712 kB Slab: 1049464 kB CommitLimit: 63859052 kB Committed_AS: 659384 kB PageTables: 3412 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 478420 kB VmallocChunk: 34359259695 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB df reports no large consumption of memory from tmpfs filesystems.

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• Why does async BeginReceiveFrom never time out on a raw socket?

  - by James Hugard

  Writing an asynchronous Ping using Raw Sockets in F#, to enable parallel requests using as few threads as possible. Not using "System.Net.NetworkInformation.Ping", because it appears to allocate one thread per request. Am also interested in using F# async workflows. The synchronous version below correctly times out when the target host does not exist/respond, but the asynchronous version hangs. Both work when the host does respond. Not sure if this is a .NET issue, or an F# one... Any ideas? (note: the process must run as Admin to allow Raw Socket access) This throws a timeout: let result = Ping.Ping ( IPAddress.Parse( "192.168.33.22" ), 1000 ) However, this hangs: let result = Ping.AsyncPing ( IPAddress.Parse( "192.168.33.22" ), 1000 ) |> Async.RunSynchronously Here's the code... module Ping open System open System.Net open System.Net.Sockets open System.Threading //---- ICMP Packet Classes type IcmpMessage (t : byte) = let mutable m_type = t let mutable m_code = 0uy let mutable m_checksum = 0us member this.Type with get() = m_type member this.Code with get() = m_code member this.Checksum = m_checksum abstract Bytes : byte array default this.Bytes with get() = [| m_type m_code byte(m_checksum) byte(m_checksum >>> 8) |] member this.GetChecksum() = let mutable sum = 0ul let bytes = this.Bytes let mutable i = 0 // Sum up uint16s while i < bytes.Length - 1 do sum <- sum + uint32(BitConverter.ToUInt16( bytes, i )) i <- i + 2 // Add in last byte, if an odd size buffer if i <> bytes.Length then sum <- sum + uint32(bytes.[i]) // Shuffle the bits sum <- (sum >>> 16) + (sum &&& 0xFFFFul) sum <- sum + (sum >>> 16) sum <- ~~~sum uint16(sum) member this.UpdateChecksum() = m_checksum <- this.GetChecksum() type InformationMessage (t : byte) = inherit IcmpMessage(t) let mutable m_identifier = 0us let mutable m_sequenceNumber = 0us member this.Identifier = m_identifier member this.SequenceNumber = m_sequenceNumber override this.Bytes with get() = Array.append (base.Bytes) [| byte(m_identifier) byte(m_identifier >>> 8) byte(m_sequenceNumber) byte(m_sequenceNumber >>> 8) |] type EchoMessage() = inherit InformationMessage( 8uy ) let mutable m_data = Array.create 32 32uy do base.UpdateChecksum() member this.Data with get() = m_data and set(d) = m_data <- d this.UpdateChecksum() override this.Bytes with get() = Array.append (base.Bytes) (this.Data) //---- Synchronous Ping let Ping (host : IPAddress, timeout : int ) = let mutable ep = new IPEndPoint( host, 0 ) let socket = new Socket( AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Raw, ProtocolType.Icmp ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.SendTimeout, timeout ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReceiveTimeout, timeout ) let packet = EchoMessage() let mutable buffer = packet.Bytes try if socket.SendTo( buffer, ep ) <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) buffer <- Array.create (buffer.Length + 20) 0uy let mutable epr = ep :> EndPoint if socket.ReceiveFrom( buffer, &epr ) <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) finally socket.Close() buffer //---- Entensions to the F# Async class to allow up to 5 paramters (not just 3) type Async with static member FromBeginEnd(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,beginAction,endAction,?cancelAction): Async<'T> = Async.FromBeginEnd((fun (iar,state) -> beginAction(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,iar,state)), endAction, ?cancelAction=cancelAction) static member FromBeginEnd(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,arg5,beginAction,endAction,?cancelAction): Async<'T> = Async.FromBeginEnd((fun (iar,state) -> beginAction(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,arg5,iar,state)), endAction, ?cancelAction=cancelAction) //---- Extensions to the Socket class to provide async SendTo and ReceiveFrom type System.Net.Sockets.Socket with member this.AsyncSendTo( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP ) = Async.FromBeginEnd( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP, this.BeginSendTo, this.EndSendTo ) member this.AsyncReceiveFrom( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP ) = Async.FromBeginEnd( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP, this.BeginReceiveFrom, (fun asyncResult -> this.EndReceiveFrom(asyncResult, remoteEP) ) ) //---- Asynchronous Ping let AsyncPing (host : IPAddress, timeout : int ) = async { let ep = IPEndPoint( host, 0 ) use socket = new Socket( AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Raw, ProtocolType.Icmp ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.SendTimeout, timeout ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReceiveTimeout, timeout ) let packet = EchoMessage() let outbuffer = packet.Bytes try let! result = socket.AsyncSendTo( outbuffer, 0, outbuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, ep ) if result <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) let epr = ref (ep :> EndPoint) let inbuffer = Array.create (outbuffer.Length + 256) 0uy let! result = socket.AsyncReceiveFrom( inbuffer, 0, inbuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, epr ) if result <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) return inbuffer finally socket.Close() }

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• How to detect a timeout when using asynchronous Socket.BeginReceive?

  - by James Hugard

  Writing an asynchronous Ping using Raw Sockets in F#, to enable parallel requests using as few threads as possible. Not using "System.Net.NetworkInformation.Ping", because it appears to allocate one thread per request. Am also interested in using F# async workflows. The synchronous version below correctly times out when the target host does not exist/respond, but the asynchronous version hangs. Both work when the host does respond. Not sure if this is a .NET issue, or an F# one... Any ideas? (note: the process must run as Admin to allow Raw Socket access) This throws a timeout: let result = Ping.Ping ( IPAddress.Parse( "192.168.33.22" ), 1000 ) However, this hangs: let result = Ping.AsyncPing ( IPAddress.Parse( "192.168.33.22" ), 1000 ) |> Async.RunSynchronously Here's the code... module Ping open System open System.Net open System.Net.Sockets open System.Threading //---- ICMP Packet Classes type IcmpMessage (t : byte) = let mutable m_type = t let mutable m_code = 0uy let mutable m_checksum = 0us member this.Type with get() = m_type member this.Code with get() = m_code member this.Checksum = m_checksum abstract Bytes : byte array default this.Bytes with get() = [| m_type m_code byte(m_checksum) byte(m_checksum >>> 8) |] member this.GetChecksum() = let mutable sum = 0ul let bytes = this.Bytes let mutable i = 0 // Sum up uint16s while i < bytes.Length - 1 do sum <- sum + uint32(BitConverter.ToUInt16( bytes, i )) i <- i + 2 // Add in last byte, if an odd size buffer if i <> bytes.Length then sum <- sum + uint32(bytes.[i]) // Shuffle the bits sum <- (sum >>> 16) + (sum &&& 0xFFFFul) sum <- sum + (sum >>> 16) sum <- ~~~sum uint16(sum) member this.UpdateChecksum() = m_checksum <- this.GetChecksum() type InformationMessage (t : byte) = inherit IcmpMessage(t) let mutable m_identifier = 0us let mutable m_sequenceNumber = 0us member this.Identifier = m_identifier member this.SequenceNumber = m_sequenceNumber override this.Bytes with get() = Array.append (base.Bytes) [| byte(m_identifier) byte(m_identifier >>> 8) byte(m_sequenceNumber) byte(m_sequenceNumber >>> 8) |] type EchoMessage() = inherit InformationMessage( 8uy ) let mutable m_data = Array.create 32 32uy do base.UpdateChecksum() member this.Data with get() = m_data and set(d) = m_data <- d this.UpdateChecksum() override this.Bytes with get() = Array.append (base.Bytes) (this.Data) //---- Synchronous Ping let Ping (host : IPAddress, timeout : int ) = let mutable ep = new IPEndPoint( host, 0 ) let socket = new Socket( AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Raw, ProtocolType.Icmp ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.SendTimeout, timeout ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReceiveTimeout, timeout ) let packet = EchoMessage() let mutable buffer = packet.Bytes try if socket.SendTo( buffer, ep ) <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) buffer <- Array.create (buffer.Length + 20) 0uy let mutable epr = ep :> EndPoint if socket.ReceiveFrom( buffer, &epr ) <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) finally socket.Close() buffer //---- Entensions to the F# Async class to allow up to 5 paramters (not just 3) type Async with static member FromBeginEnd(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,beginAction,endAction,?cancelAction): Async<'T> = Async.FromBeginEnd((fun (iar,state) -> beginAction(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,iar,state)), endAction, ?cancelAction=cancelAction) static member FromBeginEnd(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,arg5,beginAction,endAction,?cancelAction): Async<'T> = Async.FromBeginEnd((fun (iar,state) -> beginAction(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,arg5,iar,state)), endAction, ?cancelAction=cancelAction) //---- Extensions to the Socket class to provide async SendTo and ReceiveFrom type System.Net.Sockets.Socket with member this.AsyncSendTo( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP ) = Async.FromBeginEnd( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP, this.BeginSendTo, this.EndSendTo ) member this.AsyncReceiveFrom( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP ) = Async.FromBeginEnd( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP, this.BeginReceiveFrom, (fun asyncResult -> this.EndReceiveFrom(asyncResult, remoteEP) ) ) //---- Asynchronous Ping let AsyncPing (host : IPAddress, timeout : int ) = async { let ep = IPEndPoint( host, 0 ) use socket = new Socket( AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Raw, ProtocolType.Icmp ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.SendTimeout, timeout ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReceiveTimeout, timeout ) let packet = EchoMessage() let outbuffer = packet.Bytes try let! result = socket.AsyncSendTo( outbuffer, 0, outbuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, ep ) if result <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) let epr = ref (ep :> EndPoint) let inbuffer = Array.create (outbuffer.Length + 256) 0uy let! result = socket.AsyncReceiveFrom( inbuffer, 0, inbuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, epr ) if result <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) return inbuffer finally socket.Close() }

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• Why does BeginReceiveFrom never time out?

  - by James Hugard

  I am writing an asynchronous Ping using Raw Sockets in F#, to enable parallel requests using as few threads as possible ("System.Net.NetworkInformation.Ping" appears to use one thread per request, but have not tested this... also am interested in using F# async workflows). The synchronous version below correctly times out when the target host does not exist/respond, but the asynchronous version hangs. Both work when the host does respond... Any ideas? (note: the process must run as Admin for this code to work) This throws a timeout: let result = Ping.Ping ( IPAddress.Parse( "192.168.33.22" ), 1000 ) However, this hangs: let result = Ping.PingAsync ( IPAddress.Parse( "192.168.33.22" ), 1000 ) |> Async.RunSynchronously Here's the code... module Ping open System open System.Net open System.Net.Sockets open System.Threading //---- ICMP Packet Classes type IcmpMessage (t : byte) = let mutable m_type = t let mutable m_code = 0uy let mutable m_checksum = 0us member this.Type with get() = m_type member this.Code with get() = m_code member this.Checksum = m_checksum abstract Bytes : byte array default this.Bytes with get() = [| m_type m_code byte(m_checksum) byte(m_checksum >>> 8) |] member this.GetChecksum() = let mutable sum = 0ul let bytes = this.Bytes let mutable i = 0 // Sum up uint16s while i < bytes.Length - 1 do sum <- sum + uint32(BitConverter.ToUInt16( bytes, i )) i <- i + 2 // Add in last byte, if an odd size buffer if i <> bytes.Length then sum <- sum + uint32(bytes.[i]) // Shuffle the bits sum <- (sum >>> 16) + (sum &&& 0xFFFFul) sum <- sum + (sum >>> 16) sum <- ~~~sum uint16(sum) member this.UpdateChecksum() = m_checksum <- this.GetChecksum() type InformationMessage (t : byte) = inherit IcmpMessage(t) let mutable m_identifier = 0us let mutable m_sequenceNumber = 0us member this.Identifier = m_identifier member this.SequenceNumber = m_sequenceNumber override this.Bytes with get() = Array.append (base.Bytes) [| byte(m_identifier) byte(m_identifier >>> 8) byte(m_sequenceNumber) byte(m_sequenceNumber >>> 8) |] type EchoMessage() = inherit InformationMessage( 8uy ) let mutable m_data = Array.create 32 32uy do base.UpdateChecksum() member this.Data with get() = m_data and set(d) = m_data <- d this.UpdateChecksum() override this.Bytes with get() = Array.append (base.Bytes) (this.Data) //---- Synchronous Ping let Ping (host : IPAddress, timeout : int ) = let mutable ep = new IPEndPoint( host, 0 ) let socket = new Socket( AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Raw, ProtocolType.Icmp ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.SendTimeout, timeout ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReceiveTimeout, timeout ) let packet = EchoMessage() let mutable buffer = packet.Bytes try if socket.SendTo( buffer, ep ) <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) buffer <- Array.create (buffer.Length + 20) 0uy let mutable epr = ep :> EndPoint if socket.ReceiveFrom( buffer, &epr ) <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) finally socket.Close() buffer //---- Entensions to the F# Async class to allow up to 5 paramters (not just 3) type Async with static member FromBeginEnd(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,beginAction,endAction,?cancelAction): Async<'T> = Async.FromBeginEnd((fun (iar,state) -> beginAction(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,iar,state)), endAction, ?cancelAction=cancelAction) static member FromBeginEnd(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,arg5,beginAction,endAction,?cancelAction): Async<'T> = Async.FromBeginEnd((fun (iar,state) -> beginAction(arg1,arg2,arg3,arg4,arg5,iar,state)), endAction, ?cancelAction=cancelAction) //---- Extensions to the Socket class to provide async SendTo and ReceiveFrom type System.Net.Sockets.Socket with member this.AsyncSendTo( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP ) = Async.FromBeginEnd( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP, this.BeginSendTo, this.EndSendTo ) member this.AsyncReceiveFrom( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP ) = Async.FromBeginEnd( buffer, offset, size, socketFlags, remoteEP, this.BeginReceiveFrom, (fun asyncResult -> this.EndReceiveFrom(asyncResult, remoteEP) ) ) //---- Asynchronous Ping let PingAsync (host : IPAddress, timeout : int ) = async { let ep = IPEndPoint( host, 0 ) use socket = new Socket( AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Raw, ProtocolType.Icmp ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.SendTimeout, timeout ) socket.SetSocketOption( SocketOptionLevel.Socket, SocketOptionName.ReceiveTimeout, timeout ) let packet = EchoMessage() let outbuffer = packet.Bytes try let! result = socket.AsyncSendTo( outbuffer, 0, outbuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, ep ) if result <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) let epr = ref (ep :> EndPoint) let inbuffer = Array.create (outbuffer.Length + 256) 0uy let! result = socket.AsyncReceiveFrom( inbuffer, 0, inbuffer.Length, SocketFlags.None, epr ) if result <= 0 then raise (SocketException()) return inbuffer finally socket.Close() }

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• Overloading operator>> to a char buffer in C++ - can I tell the stream length?

  - by exscape

  I'm on a custom C++ crash course. I've known the basics for many years, but I'm currently trying to refresh my memory and learn more. To that end, as my second task (after writing a stack class based on linked lists), I'm writing my own string class. It's gone pretty smoothly until now; I want to overload operator that I can do stuff like cin my_string;. The problem is that I don't know how to read the istream properly (or perhaps the problem is that I don't know streams...). I tried a while (!stream.eof()) loop that .read()s 128 bytes at a time, but as one might expect, it stops only on EOF. I want it to read to a newline, like you get with cin to a std::string. My string class has an alloc(size_t new_size) function that (re)allocates memory, and an append(const char *) function that does that part, but I obviously need to know the amount of memory to allocate before I can write to the buffer. Any advice on how to implement this? I tried getting the istream length with seekg() and tellg(), to no avail (it returns -1), and as I said looping until EOF (doesn't stop reading at a newline) reading one chunk at a time.

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• No Buffer Space available(maximum connection reached?) Form Postgres EDB Driver

  - by Listening.Platform

  We are facing an exception while connecting to database through our java application. The stack trace is as follows com.edb.util.PSQLException: The connection attempt failed. at com.edb.core.v3.ConnectionFactoryImpl.openConnectionImpl(ConnectionFactoryImpl.java:189) at com.edb.core.ConnectionFactory.openConnection(ConnectionFactory.java:64) at com.edb.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Connection.<init>(AbstractJdbc2Connection.java:161) at com.edb.jdbc3.AbstractJdbc3Connection.<init>(AbstractJdbc3Connection.java:30) at com.edb.jdbc3.Jdbc3Connection.<init>(Jdbc3Connection.java:24) at com.edb.Driver.makeConnection(Driver.java:391) at com.edb.Driver.connect(Driver.java:266) at java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection(Unknown Source) at java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection(Unknown Source) ... 12 more Caused by: java.net.SocketException: No buffer space available (maximum connections reached?): connect at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.doConnect(Unknown Source) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(Unknown Source) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(Unknown Source) at java.net.SocksSocketImpl.connect(Unknown Source) at java.net.Socket.connect(Unknown Source) at java.net.Socket.connect(Unknown Source) at java.net.Socket.<init>(Unknown Source) at java.net.Socket.<init>(Unknown Source) at com.edb.core.PGStream.<init>(PGStream.java:70) at com.edb.core.v3.ConnectionFactoryImpl.openConnectionImpl(ConnectionFactoryImpl.java:115) ... 20 more When the error occured we were not able to connect to internet and DB and had to reboot the system. But the error occured again after 3 days at same code i.e while connecting to DB. We checked TCP connections using netstat. But there were not many TCP connections i.e it has not reached the max limit. Our application has multiple long running Java processes that pools the DB connections (not more than 60) and keeps it alive for firing the next query (as it has to poll the DB every 2 seconds). Some of the queries in our application are joining large tables (10 million records) to get the related data. We are using following System and applications Windows 2003 server SP2 Java 1.6 Postgres Plus Advanced server 8.4 Database edb-jdbc14.jar driver for connection DB from Java We have used the default configuration of Postgres DB except increasing the connection to 120 from 100. Has anybody encountred the same error with postgres edb driver? Can anybody help us finding the solution?

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• Write to memory buffer instead of file with libjpeg?

  - by Richard Knop

  I have found this function which uses libjpeg to write to a file: int write_jpeg_file( char *filename ) { struct jpeg_compress_struct cinfo; struct jpeg_error_mgr jerr; /* this is a pointer to one row of image data */ JSAMPROW row_pointer[1]; FILE *outfile = fopen( filename, "wb" ); if ( !outfile ) { printf("Error opening output jpeg file %s\n!", filename ); return -1; } cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error( &jerr ); jpeg_create_compress(&cinfo); jpeg_stdio_dest(&cinfo, outfile); /* Setting the parameters of the output file here */ cinfo.image_width = width; cinfo.image_height = height; cinfo.input_components = bytes_per_pixel; cinfo.in_color_space = color_space; /* default compression parameters, we shouldn't be worried about these */ jpeg_set_defaults( &cinfo ); /* Now do the compression .. */ jpeg_start_compress( &cinfo, TRUE ); /* like reading a file, this time write one row at a time */ while( cinfo.next_scanline < cinfo.image_height ) { row_pointer[0] = &raw_image[ cinfo.next_scanline * cinfo.image_width * cinfo.input_components]; jpeg_write_scanlines( &cinfo, row_pointer, 1 ); } /* similar to read file, clean up after we're done compressing */ jpeg_finish_compress( &cinfo ); jpeg_destroy_compress( &cinfo ); fclose( outfile ); /* success code is 1! */ return 1; } I would actually need to write the jpeg compressed image just to memory buffer, without saving it to a file, to save time. Could somebody give me an example how to do it? I have been searching the web for a while but the documentation is very rare if any and examples are also difficult to come by.

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• Java algorithm for normalizing audio

  - by Marty Pitt

  I'm trying to normalize an audio file of speech. Specifically, where an audio file contains peaks in volume, I'm trying to level it out, so the quiet sections are louder, and the peaks are quieter. I know very little about audio manipulation, beyond what I've learnt from working on this task. Also, my math is embarrassingly weak. I've done some research, and the Xuggle site provides a sample which shows reducing the volume using the following code: (full version here) @Override public void onAudioSamples(IAudioSamplesEvent event) { // get the raw audio byes and adjust it's value ShortBuffer buffer = event.getAudioSamples().getByteBuffer().asShortBuffer(); for (int i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); ++i) buffer.put(i, (short)(buffer.get(i) * mVolume)); super.onAudioSamples(event); } Here, they modify the bytes in getAudioSamples() by a constant of mVolume. Building on this approach, I've attempted a normalisation modifies the bytes in getAudioSamples() to a normalised value, considering the max/min in the file. (See below for details). I have a simple filter to leave "silence" alone (ie., anything below a value). I'm finding that the output file is very noisy (ie., the quality is seriously degraded). I assume that the error is either in my normalisation algorithim, or the way I manipulate the bytes. However, I'm unsure of where to go next. Here's an abridged version of what I'm currently doing. Step 1: Find peaks in file: Reads the full audio file, and finds this highest and lowest values of buffer.get() for all AudioSamples @Override public void onAudioSamples(IAudioSamplesEvent event) { IAudioSamples audioSamples = event.getAudioSamples(); ShortBuffer buffer = audioSamples.getByteBuffer().asShortBuffer(); short min = Short.MAX_VALUE; short max = Short.MIN_VALUE; for (int i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); ++i) { short value = buffer.get(i); min = (short) Math.min(min, value); max = (short) Math.max(max, value); } // assign of min/max ommitted for brevity. super.onAudioSamples(event); } Step 2: Normalize all values: In a loop similar to step1, replace the buffer with normalized values, calling: buffer.put(i, normalize(buffer.get(i)); public short normalize(short value) { if (isBackgroundNoise(value)) return value; short rawMin = // min from step1 short rawMax = // max from step1 short targetRangeMin = 1000; short targetRangeMax = 8000; int abs = Math.abs(value); double a = (abs - rawMin) * (targetRangeMax - targetRangeMin); double b = (rawMax - rawMin); double result = targetRangeMin + ( a/b ); // Copy the sign of value to result. result = Math.copySign(result,value); return (short) result; } Questions: Is this a valid approach for attempting to normalize an audio file? Is my math in normalize() valid? Why would this cause the file to become noisy, where a similar approach in the demo code doesn't?

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• How to set buffer size in client-server app using sockets?

  - by nelly

  First of all i am new to networking so i may say dumb thing in here. Considering a client-server application using sockets(.net with c# if that matters). The client sends some data, the server process it and sends back a string. The client sends some other data, the serve process it, queries the db and sends back several hundreds of items from the database The client sends some other type of data and the server notifies some other clients . My question is how to set the buffer size correctly for reading/writing operation. Should i do something like this: byte[] buff = new byte[client.ReceiveBufferSize] ? I am thinking of something like this: Client sends data to the server(and the server will follow the same pattern) byte[] bytesToSend=new byte[2048] //2048 to be standard for any command send by the client bytes 0..1 ->command type bytes 1..2047 ->command parameters byte[] bytesToReceive=new byte[8]/byte[64]/byte[8192] //switch(command type) But..what is happening when a client is notified by the server without sending data? What is the correct way to accomplish what i am trying to do? Thanks for reading.

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• Implementation of ZipCrypto / Zip 2.0 encryption in java

  - by gomesla

  I'm trying o implement the zipcrypto / zip 2.0 encryption algoritm to deal with encrypted zip files as discussed in http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT I believe I've followed the specs but just can't seem to get it working. I'm fairly sure the issue has to do with my interpretation of the crc algorithm. The documentation states CRC-32: (4 bytes) The CRC-32 algorithm was generously contributed by David Schwaderer and can be found in his excellent book "C Programmers Guide to NetBIOS" published by Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc. The 'magic number' for the CRC is 0xdebb20e3. The proper CRC pre and post conditioning is used, meaning that the CRC register is pre-conditioned with all ones (a starting value of 0xffffffff) and the value is post-conditioned by taking the one's complement of the CRC residual. Here is the snippet that I'm using for the crc32 public class PKZIPCRC32 { private static final int CRC32_POLYNOMIAL = 0xdebb20e3; private int crc = 0xffffffff; private int CRCTable[]; public PKZIPCRC32() { buildCRCTable(); } private void buildCRCTable() { int i, j; CRCTable = new int[256]; for (i = 0; i <= 255; i++) { crc = i; for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) if ((crc & 1) == 1) crc = (crc >>> 1) ^ CRC32_POLYNOMIAL; else crc >>>= 1; CRCTable[i] = crc; } } private int crc32(byte buffer[], int start, int count, int lastcrc) { int temp1, temp2; int i = start; crc = lastcrc; while (count-- != 0) { temp1 = crc >>> 8; temp2 = CRCTable[(crc ^ buffer[i++]) & 0xFF]; crc = temp1 ^ temp2; } return crc; } public int crc32(int crc, byte buffer) { return crc32(new byte[] { buffer }, 0, 1, crc); } } Below is my complete code. Can anyone see what I'm doing wrong. package org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.zip; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; public class ZipCryptoInputStream extends InputStream { public class PKZIPCRC32 { private static final int CRC32_POLYNOMIAL = 0xdebb20e3; private int crc = 0xffffffff; private int CRCTable[]; public PKZIPCRC32() { buildCRCTable(); } private void buildCRCTable() { int i, j; CRCTable = new int[256]; for (i = 0; i <= 255; i++) { crc = i; for (j = 8; j > 0; j--) if ((crc & 1) == 1) crc = (crc >>> 1) ^ CRC32_POLYNOMIAL; else crc >>>= 1; CRCTable[i] = crc; } } private int crc32(byte buffer[], int start, int count, int lastcrc) { int temp1, temp2; int i = start; crc = lastcrc; while (count-- != 0) { temp1 = crc >>> 8; temp2 = CRCTable[(crc ^ buffer[i++]) & 0xFF]; crc = temp1 ^ temp2; } return crc; } public int crc32(int crc, byte buffer) { return crc32(new byte[] { buffer }, 0, 1, crc); } } private static final long ENCRYPTION_KEY_1 = 0x12345678; private static final long ENCRYPTION_KEY_2 = 0x23456789; private static final long ENCRYPTION_KEY_3 = 0x34567890; private InputStream baseInputStream = null; private final PKZIPCRC32 checksumEngine = new PKZIPCRC32(); private long[] keys = null; public ZipCryptoInputStream(ZipArchiveEntry zipEntry, InputStream inputStream, String passwd) throws Exception { baseInputStream = inputStream; // Decryption // ---------- // PKZIP encrypts the compressed data stream. Encrypted files must // be decrypted before they can be extracted. // // Each encrypted file has an extra 12 bytes stored at the start of // the data area defining the encryption header for that file. The // encryption header is originally set to random values, and then // itself encrypted, using three, 32-bit keys. The key values are // initialized using the supplied encryption password. After each byte // is encrypted, the keys are then updated using pseudo-random number // generation techniques in combination with the same CRC-32 algorithm // used in PKZIP and described elsewhere in this document. // // The following is the basic steps required to decrypt a file: // // 1) Initialize the three 32-bit keys with the password. // 2) Read and decrypt the 12-byte encryption header, further // initializing the encryption keys. // 3) Read and decrypt the compressed data stream using the // encryption keys. // Step 1 - Initializing the encryption keys // ----------------------------------------- // // Key(0) <- 305419896 // Key(1) <- 591751049 // Key(2) <- 878082192 // // loop for i <- 0 to length(password)-1 // update_keys(password(i)) // end loop // // Where update_keys() is defined as: // // update_keys(char): // Key(0) <- crc32(key(0),char) // Key(1) <- Key(1) + (Key(0) & 000000ffH) // Key(1) <- Key(1) * 134775813 + 1 // Key(2) <- crc32(key(2),key(1) >> 24) // end update_keys // // Where crc32(old_crc,char) is a routine that given a CRC value and a // character, returns an updated CRC value after applying the CRC-32 // algorithm described elsewhere in this document. keys = new long[] { ENCRYPTION_KEY_1, ENCRYPTION_KEY_2, ENCRYPTION_KEY_3 }; for (int i = 0; i < passwd.length(); ++i) { update_keys((byte) passwd.charAt(i)); } // Step 2 - Decrypting the encryption header // ----------------------------------------- // // The purpose of this step is to further initialize the encryption // keys, based on random data, to render a plaintext attack on the // data ineffective. // // Read the 12-byte encryption header into Buffer, in locations // Buffer(0) thru Buffer(11). // // loop for i <- 0 to 11 // C <- buffer(i) ^ decrypt_byte() // update_keys(C) // buffer(i) <- C // end loop // // Where decrypt_byte() is defined as: // // unsigned char decrypt_byte() // local unsigned short temp // temp <- Key(2) | 2 // decrypt_byte <- (temp * (temp ^ 1)) >> 8 // end decrypt_byte // // After the header is decrypted, the last 1 or 2 bytes in Buffer // should be the high-order word/byte of the CRC for the file being // decrypted, stored in Intel low-byte/high-byte order. Versions of // PKZIP prior to 2.0 used a 2 byte CRC check; a 1 byte CRC check is // used on versions after 2.0. This can be used to test if the password // supplied is correct or not. byte[] encryptionHeader = new byte[12]; baseInputStream.read(encryptionHeader); for (int i = 0; i < encryptionHeader.length; i++) { encryptionHeader[i] ^= decrypt_byte(); update_keys(encryptionHeader[i]); } } protected byte decrypt_byte() { byte temp = (byte) (keys[2] | 2); return (byte) ((temp * (temp ^ 1)) >> 8); } @Override public int read() throws IOException { // // Step 3 - Decrypting the compressed data stream // ---------------------------------------------- // // The compressed data stream can be decrypted as follows: // // loop until done // read a character into C // Temp <- C ^ decrypt_byte() // update_keys(temp) // output Temp // end loop int read = baseInputStream.read(); read ^= decrypt_byte(); update_keys((byte) read); return read; } private final void update_keys(byte ch) { keys[0] = checksumEngine.crc32((int) keys[0], ch); keys[1] = keys[1] + (byte) keys[0]; keys[1] = keys[1] * 134775813 + 1; keys[2] = checksumEngine.crc32((int) keys[2], (byte) (keys[1] >> 24)); } }

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• Implementing an async "read all currently available data from stream" operation

  - by Jon

  I recently provided an answer to this question: C# - Realtime console output redirection. As often happens, explaining stuff (here "stuff" was how I tackled a similar problem) leads you to greater understanding and/or, as is the case here, "oops" moments. I realized that my solution, as implemented, has a bug. The bug has little practical importance, but it has an extremely large importance to me as a developer: I can't rest easy knowing that my code has the potential to blow up. Squashing the bug is the purpose of this question. I apologize for the long intro, so let's get dirty. I wanted to build a class that allows me to receive input from a console's standard output Stream. Console output streams are of type FileStream; the implementation can cast to that, if needed. There is also an associated StreamReader already present to leverage. There is only one thing I need to implement in this class to achieve my desired functionality: an async "read all the data available this moment" operation. Reading to the end of the stream is not viable because the stream will not end unless the process closes the console output handle, and it will not do that because it is interactive and expecting input before continuing. I will be using that hypothetical async operation to implement event-based notification, which will be more convenient for my callers. The public interface of the class is this: public class ConsoleAutomator { public event EventHandler<ConsoleOutputReadEventArgs> StandardOutputRead; public void StartSendingEvents(); public void StopSendingEvents(); } StartSendingEvents and StopSendingEvents do what they advertise; for the purposes of this discussion, we can assume that events are always being sent without loss of generality. The class uses these two fields internally: protected readonly StringBuilder inputAccumulator = new StringBuilder(); protected readonly byte[] buffer = new byte[256]; The functionality of the class is implemented in the methods below. To get the ball rolling: public void StartSendingEvents(); { this.stopAutomation = false; this.BeginReadAsync(); } To read data out of the Stream without blocking, and also without requiring a carriage return char, BeginRead is called: protected void BeginReadAsync() { if (!this.stopAutomation) { this.StandardOutput.BaseStream.BeginRead( this.buffer, 0, this.buffer.Length, this.ReadHappened, null); } } The challenging part: BeginRead requires using a buffer. This means that when reading from the stream, it is possible that the bytes available to read ("incoming chunk") are larger than the buffer. Remember that the goal here is to read all of the chunk and call event subscribers exactly once for each chunk. To this end, if the buffer is full after EndRead, we don't send its contents to subscribers immediately but instead append them to a StringBuilder. The contents of the StringBuilder are only sent back whenever there is no more to read from the stream. private void ReadHappened(IAsyncResult asyncResult) { var bytesRead = this.StandardOutput.BaseStream.EndRead(asyncResult); if (bytesRead == 0) { this.OnAutomationStopped(); return; } var input = this.StandardOutput.CurrentEncoding.GetString( this.buffer, 0, bytesRead); this.inputAccumulator.Append(input); if (bytesRead < this.buffer.Length) { this.OnInputRead(); // only send back if we 're sure we got it all } this.BeginReadAsync(); // continue "looping" with BeginRead } After any read which is not enough to fill the buffer (in which case we know that there was no more data to be read during the last read operation), all accumulated data is sent to the subscribers: private void OnInputRead() { var handler = this.StandardOutputRead; if (handler == null) { return; } handler(this, new ConsoleOutputReadEventArgs(this.inputAccumulator.ToString())); this.inputAccumulator.Clear(); } (I know that as long as there are no subscribers the data gets accumulated forever. This is a deliberate decision). The good This scheme works almost perfectly: Async functionality without spawning any threads Very convenient to the calling code (just subscribe to an event) Never more than one event for each time data is available to be read Is almost agnostic to the buffer size The bad That last almost is a very big one. Consider what happens when there is an incoming chunk with length exactly equal to the size of the buffer. The chunk will be read and buffered, but the event will not be triggered. This will be followed up by a BeginRead that expects to find more data belonging to the current chunk in order to send it back all in one piece, but... there will be no more data in the stream. In fact, as long as data is put into the stream in chunks with length exactly equal to the buffer size, the data will be buffered and the event will never be triggered. This scenario may be highly unlikely to occur in practice, especially since we can pick any number for the buffer size, but the problem is there. Solution? Unfortunately, after checking the available methods on FileStream and StreamReader, I can't find anything which lets me peek into the stream while also allowing async methods to be used on it. One "solution" would be to have a thread wait on a ManualResetEvent after the "buffer filled" condition is detected. If the event is not signaled (by the async callback) in a small amount of time, then more data from the stream will not be forthcoming and the data accumulated so far should be sent to subscribers. However, this introduces the need for another thread, requires thread synchronization, and is plain inelegant. Specifying a timeout for BeginRead would also suffice (call back into my code every now and then so I can check if there's data to be sent back; most of the time there will not be anything to do, so I expect the performance hit to be negligible). But it looks like timeouts are not supported in FileStream. Since I imagine that async calls with timeouts are an option in bare Win32, another approach might be to PInvoke the hell out of the problem. But this is also undesirable as it will introduce complexity and simply be a pain to code. Is there an elegant way to get around the problem? Thanks for being patient enough to read all of this. Update: I definitely did not communicate the scenario well in my initial writeup. I have since revised the writeup quite a bit, but to be extra sure: The question is about how to implement an async "read all the data available this moment" operation. My apologies to the people who took the time to read and answer without me making my intent clear enough.

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• MINSCN?Cache Fusion Read Consistent

  - by Liu Maclean(???)

  ????? ???Ask Maclean Home ???  RAC ? Past Image PI????, ?????????,???11.2.0.3 2 Node RAC??????????: SQL> select * from v$version; BANNER -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production CORE 11.2.0.3.0 Production TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production SQL> select * from global_name; GLOBAL_NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- www.oracledatabase12g.com SQL> drop table test purge; Table dropped. SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache; System altered. SQL> create table test(id number); insert into test values(1); insert into test values(2); commit; /* ???? rowid??TEST????2????????? */ select dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) from test; DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_BLOCK_NUMBER(ROWID) DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_RELATIVE_FNO(ROWID) ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------                                89233                                    1                                89233                                    1 SQL> alter system flush buffer_cache; System altered. Instance 1 Session A ??UPDATE??: SQL> update test set id=id+1 where id=1; 1 row updated. Instance 1 Session B ??x$BH buffer header?? ?? ??Buffer??? SQL> select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0;      STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ----------          1          0          3    1227595 X$BH ??? STATE????Buffer???, ???????: STATE NUMBER KCBBHFREE 0 buffer free KCBBHEXLCUR 1 buffer current (and if DFS locked X) KCBBHSHRCUR 2 buffer current (and if DFS locked S) KCBBHCR 3 buffer consistant read KCBBHREADING 4 Being read KCBBHMRECOVERY 5 media recovery (current & special) KCBBHIRECOVERY 6 Instance recovery (somewhat special) ????????????? : state =1 Xcurrent ? state=2 Scurrent ? state=3 CR ??? Instance 2  ?? ????????????? ,???? gc current block 2 way  ??Current Block ??? Instance 2, ?? Instance 1 ??”Current Block” Convert ? Past Image: Instance 2 Session C SQL> update test set id=id+1 where id=2; 1 row updated. Instance 2 Session D SQL> select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0; STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ---------- 1 0 3 1227641 3 1227638 STATE =1 ?Xcurrent block???? Instance 2 , ??? Instance 1 ??? GC??: Instance 1 Session B SQL> select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0;      STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ----------          3    1227641          3    1227638          8          0          3    1227595 ???????, ??????Instance 1??session A????TEST??SELECT??? ,????? 3? State=3?CR ? ??????1?: Instance 1 session A ?????UPDATE? session SQL> alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever,level 8:10708 trace name context forever,level 103: trace[rac.*] disk high'; Session altered. SQL> select * from test;         ID ----------          2          2 select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0;       STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ----------          3    1227716          3    1227713          8          0 ?????????v$BH ????CR????,?????SELECT??? CR????????,???????? ?????????? ??X$BH?????? , ?????CR??SCN Version???: 1227641?1227638?1227595, ?SELECT?????? 2???SCN version?CR? 1227716? 1227713 ???, Oracle????????? ?????????SELECT??????event 10708? rac.*???TRACE,??????TRACE??: PARSING IN CURSOR #140444679938584 len=337 dep=1 uid=0 oct=3 lid=0 tim=1335698913632292 hv=3345277572 ad='bc0e68c8' sqlid='baj7tjm3q9sn4' SELECT /* OPT_DYN_SAMP */ /*+ ALL_ROWS IGNORE_WHERE_CLAUSE NO_PARALLEL(SAMPLESUB) opt_param('parallel_execution_enabled', 'false') NO_PARALLEL_INDEX(SAMPLESUB) NO_SQL_TUNE */ NVL(SUM(C1),0), NVL(SUM(C2),0) FROM (SELECT /*+ NO_PARALLEL("TEST") FULL("TEST") NO_PARALLEL_INDEX("TEST") */ 1 AS C1, 1 AS C2 FROM "SYS"."TEST" "TEST") SAMPLESUB END OF STMT PARSE #140444679938584:c=1000,e=27630,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=1,r=0,dep=1,og=1,plh=1950795681,tim=1335698913632252 EXEC #140444679938584:c=0,e=44,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=1,og=1,plh=1950795681,tim=1335698913632390 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632 kclscrs: req=0 block=1/89233 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632 kclscrs: bid=1:3:1:0:7:80:1:0:4:0:0:0:1:2:4:1:26:0:0:0:70:1a:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:4:3:2:1:2:0:3f:0:1c:86:2d:4:0:0:0:0:a2:3c:7c:b:70:1a:0:0:0:0:1:0:7a:f8:76:1d:1:2:dc:5:a9:fe:17:75:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:63:e5:0:0:0:0:0:0:10:0:0:0 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632578 : kjbcrc[0x15c91.1 76896.0][9] 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632616 : GSIPC:GMBQ: buff 0xba1e8f90, queue 0xbb79f278, pool 0x60013fa0, freeq 1, nxt 0xbb79f278, prv 0xbb79f278 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632634 : kjbmscrc(0x15c91.1)seq 0x2 reqid=0x1c(shadow 0xb4bb4458,reqid x1c)mas@2(infosz 200)(direct 1) 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632654 : kjbsentscn[0x0.12bbc1][to 2] 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632669 : GSIPC:SENDM: send msg 0xba1e9000 dest x20001 seq 24026 type 32 tkts xff0000 mlen x17001a0 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633385 : GSIPC:KSXPCB: msg 0xba1e9000 status 30, type 32, dest 2, rcvr 1 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633 kclwcrs: wait=0 tm=689 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633 kclwcrs: got 1 blocks from ksxprcv WAIT #140444679938584: nam='gc cr block 2-way' ela= 689 p1=1 p2=89233 p3=1 obj#=76896 tim=1335698913633418 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633490 : kjbcrcomplete[0x15c91.1 76896.0][0] 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633510 : kjbrcvdscn[0x0.12bbc1][from 2][idx 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633527 : kjbrcvdscn[no bscn <= rscn 0x0.12bbc1][from 2] *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.633 kclwcrs: req=0 typ=cr(2) wtyp=2hop tm=689 ??TRACE???? ?????????TEST??????, ???????Dynamic Sampling?????,???????TEST?? CR???,???????’gc cr block 2-way’ ??: 2012-04-29 07:28:33.632654 : kjbsentscn[0x0.12bbc1][to 2] 12bbc1= 1227713  ???X$BH????CR???,kjbsentscn[0x0.12bbc1][to 2] ????? ? Instance 2 ???SCN=12bbc1=1227713   DBA=0x15c91.1 76896.0 ?  CR Request(obj#=76896) ??kjbrcvdscn????? [no bscn <= rscn 0x0.12bbc1][from 2] ,??? ??receive? SCN Version =12bbc1 ???Best Version CR Server Arch ??????????????????SELECT??: PARSING IN CURSOR #140444682869592 len=18 dep=0 uid=0 oct=3 lid=0 tim=1335698913635874 hv=1689401402 ad='b1a188f0' sqlid='c99yw1xkb4f1u' select * from test END OF STMT PARSE #140444682869592:c=4999,e=34017,p=0,cr=7,cu=0,mis=1,r=0,dep=0,og=1,plh=1357081020,tim=1335698913635870 EXEC #140444682869592:c=0,e=23,p=0,cr=0,cu=0,mis=0,r=0,dep=0,og=1,plh=1357081020,tim=1335698913635939 WAIT #140444682869592: nam='SQL*Net message to client' ela= 7 driver id=1650815232 #bytes=1 p3=0 obj#=0 tim=1335698913636071 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636 kclscrs: req=0 block=1/89233 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636 kclscrs: bid=1:3:1:0:7:83:1:0:4:0:0:0:1:2:4:1:26:0:0:0:70:1a:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:4:3:2:1:2:0:2:0:1c:86:2d:4:0:0:0:0:a2:3c:7c:b:70:1a:0:0:0:0:1:0:7d:f8:76:1d:1:2:dc:5:a9:fe:17:75:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:63:e5:0:0:0:0:0:0:10:0:0:0 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636209 : kjbcrc[0x15c91.1 76896.0][9] 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636228 : GSIPC:GMBQ: buff 0xba0e5d50, queue 0xbb79f278, pool 0x60013fa0, freeq 1, nxt 0xbb79f278, prv 0xbb79f278 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636244 : kjbmscrc(0x15c91.1)seq 0x3 reqid=0x1d(shadow 0xb4bb4458,reqid x1d)mas@2(infosz 200)(direct 1) 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636252 : kjbsentscn[0x0.12bbc4][to 2] 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636358 : GSIPC:SENDM: send msg 0xba0e5dc0 dest x20001 seq 24029 type 32 tkts xff0000 mlen x17001a0 2012-04-29 07:28:33.636861 : GSIPC:KSXPCB: msg 0xba0e5dc0 status 30, type 32, dest 2, rcvr 1 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637 kclwcrs: wait=0 tm=865 *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637 kclwcrs: got 1 blocks from ksxprcv WAIT #140444682869592: nam='gc cr block 2-way' ela= 865 p1=1 p2=89233 p3=1 obj#=76896 tim=1335698913637294 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637356 : kjbcrcomplete[0x15c91.1 76896.0][0] 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637374 : kjbrcvdscn[0x0.12bbc4][from 2][idx 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637389 : kjbrcvdscn[no bscn <= rscn 0x0.12bbc4][from 2] *** 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637 kclwcrs: req=0 typ=cr(2) wtyp=2hop tm=865 ???, “SELECT * FROM TEST”??????’gc cr block 2-way’??:2012-04-29 07:28:33.637374 : kjbrcvdscn[0x0.12bbc4][from 2][idx 2012-04-29 07:28:33.637389 : kjbrcvdscn[no bscn ??Foreground Process? Remote LMS??got?? SCN=1227716 Version?CR, ??? ?????X$BH ?????scn??? ??????????Instance 1????2?SCN???CR?, ???????????Instance 1 Buffer Cache?? ??SCN Version ???CR ??????? ?????????: SQL> alter system set "_enable_minscn_cr"=false scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> alter system set "_db_block_max_cr_dba"=20 scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> startup force; ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1570009088 bytes Fixed Size 2228704 bytes Variable Size 989859360 bytes Database Buffers 570425344 bytes Redo Buffers 7495680 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. ???? “_enable_minscn_cr”=false ? “_db_block_max_cr_dba”=20 ???RAC????, ??????: ?Instance 2 Session C ?update??????? ?????Instance 1 ????? ,????Instance 1?Request CR SQL> update test set id=id+1 where id=2; -- Instance 2 1 row updated. SQL> select * From test; -- Instance 1 ID ---------- 1 2 ??? Instance 1? X$BH?? select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0;  STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ---------- 3 1273080 3 1273071 3 1273041 3 1273039 8 0 SQL> update test set id=id+1 where id=3; 1 row updated. SQL> select * From test; ID ---------- 1 2 SQL> select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0; STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ---------- 3 1273091 3 1273080 3 1273071 3 1273041 3 1273039 8 0 ................... SQL> select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0; STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ---------- 3 1273793 3 1273782 3 1273780 3 1273769 3 1273734 3 1273715 3 1273691 3 1273679 3 1273670 3 1273643 3 1273635 3 1273623 3 1273106 3 1273091 3 1273080 3 1273071 3 1273041 3 1273039 3 1273033 19 rows selected. SQL> select state,cr_scn_bas from x$bh where file#=1 and dbablk=89233 and state!=0; STATE CR_SCN_BAS ---------- ---------- 3 1274993 ????? ???? “_enable_minscn_cr”(enable/disable minscn optimization for CR)=false ? “_db_block_max_cr_dba”=20 (Maximum Allowed Number of CR buffers per dba) 2? ??? ????? Instance 1 ??????????? ?? 19????CR?? “_enable_minscn_cr”?11g??????????,???Oracle????CR????SCN,?Foreground Process Receive????????????(SCN??)?SCN Version CR Block??????CBC?? SCN??????CR? , ?????????Buffer Cache??????? ????SCN Version?CR????,????? ?????????? ?????Snap_Scn ?? SCN?? ?????????Current SCN, ??????CR??????????????????????, ????Buffer Cache? ?????????? CR?????????, ?????? “_db_block_max_cr_dba” ???????, ???????????20 ,??????Buffer Cache?????19????CR?; ???”_db_block_max_cr_dba” ???????6 , ?????Buffer cache????????CR ???????6?? ??”_enable_minscn_cr” ??CR???MINSCN ??????, ?????????CR???????, ????? Foreground Process??????CR Request , ?? Holder Instance LMS ?build?? BEST CR ??, ?????????

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• Why MySQL sat for 2 minutes doing nothing?

  - by Alex R

  This was a one-time thing, not reproducible... But I saved the show innodb status output. Can anybody tell what's going on here? The simple insert took almost 3 minutes to complete. | InnoDB | | ===================================== 110201 15:58:10 INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT ===================================== Per second averages calculated from the last 34 seconds ---------- SEMAPHORES ---------- OS WAIT ARRAY INFO: reservation count 11963, signal count 11766 --Thread 1824 has waited at .\btr\btr0cur.c line 443 for 118.00 seconds the sema phore: S-lock on RW-latch at 09D6453C created in file .\buf\buf0buf.c line 550 a writer (thread id 1824) has reserved it in mode wait exclusive number of readers 1, waiters flag 1 Last time read locked in file .\buf\buf0flu.c line 599 Last time write locked in file .\btr\btr0cur.c line 443 Mutex spin waits 0, rounds 527817, OS waits 7133 RW-shared spins 2532, OS waits 1226; RW-excl spins 1652, OS waits 1118 ------------ TRANSACTIONS ------------ Trx id counter 0 95830 Purge done for trx's n:o < 0 95814 undo n:o < 0 0 History list length 11 LIST OF TRANSACTIONS FOR EACH SESSION: ---TRANSACTION 0 0, not started, OS thread id 3704 MySQL thread id 551, query id 2702112 localhost 127.0.0.1 root show innodb status ---TRANSACTION 0 95829, not started, OS thread id 3132 MySQL thread id 534, query id 2702020 localhost 127.0.0.1 root ---TRANSACTION 0 95828, not started, OS thread id 3152 MySQL thread id 527, query id 2701973 localhost 127.0.0.1 root ---TRANSACTION 0 95827, ACTIVE 118 sec, OS thread id 1824 inserting, thread decl ared inside InnoDB 500 mysql tables in use 1, locked 1 1 lock struct(s), heap size 320, 0 row lock(s) MySQL thread id 526, query id 2701972 localhost 127.0.0.1 root update INSERT INTO log_searchcriteria (userid,search_criteria,date,search_type) VALUES ( NAME_CONST('userid',NULL), NAME_CONST('search_criteria',_latin1' SELECT SQL_C ALC_FOUND_ROWS idx_search.CTCX_LATITUDE, idx_search.CTCX_LONGITUDE, idx_search.b uilding_id, idx_search.LN_LIST_NUMBER, idx_search.LP_LIST_PRICE, idx_search.HSN_ ADRESS_HOUSE_NUMBER, idx_search.STR_ADDRESS_STREET, idx_search.CP_ADDRESS_COMPAS S_POINT, idx_search.UN_UNIT, idx_search.CIT_CITY, idx_search.ZP_ZIP_CODE, idx_se arch.AR_AREA_NAME, idx_search.BR_BEDROOMS, idx_search.BTH_BATHS, idx_search.ST_S TATUS, idx_search.CTCX_STYLE_TYPE, idx_s -------- FILE I/O -------- I/O thread 0 state: wait Windows aio (insert buffer thread) I/O thread 1 state: wait Windows aio (log thread) I/O thread 2 state: wait Windows aio (read thread) I/O thread 3 state: wait Windows aio (write thread) Pending normal aio reads: 0, aio writes: 1, ibuf aio reads: 0, log i/o's: 0, sync i/o's: 0 Pending flushes (fsync) log: 0; buffer pool: 0 151006 OS file reads, 120758 OS file writes, 6844 OS fsyncs 0.00 reads/s, 0 avg bytes/read, 0.00 writes/s, 0.00 fsyncs/s ------------------------------------- INSERT BUFFER AND ADAPTIVE HASH INDEX ------------------------------------- Ibuf: size 1, free list len 5, seg size 7, 24664 inserts, 24664 merged recs, 4612 merges Hash table size 553253, node heap has 629 buffer(s) 0.00 hash searches/s, 0.00 non-hash searches/s --- LOG --- Log sequence number 5 2318193115 Log flushed up to 5 2318193115 Last checkpoint at 5 2318129891 0 pending log writes, 0 pending chkp writes 3036 log i/o's done, 0.00 log i/o's/second ---------------------- BUFFER POOL AND MEMORY ---------------------- Total memory allocated 213459462; in additional pool allocated 1720192 Dictionary memory allocated 240416 Buffer pool size 8192 Free buffers 0 Database pages 7563 Modified db pages 18 Pending reads 0 Pending writes: LRU 0, flush list 18, single page 0 Pages read 150973, created 28788, written 115137 0.00 reads/s, 0.00 creates/s, 0.00 writes/s No buffer pool page gets since the last printout -------------- ROW OPERATIONS -------------- 1 queries inside InnoDB, 0 queries in queue 1 read views open inside InnoDB Main thread id 2992, state: flushing buffer pool pages Number of rows inserted 794294, updated 89203, deleted 13698, read 1453084305 0.00 inserts/s, 0.00 updates/s, 0.00 deletes/s, 0.00 reads/s ---------------------------- END OF INNODB MONITOR OUTPUT ============================ Thanks

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• Is there a way to "lock" the viewport in vim?

  - by breadjesus

  I recently started using Vim with NERDTree. The annoying thing is when I close the buffer, NERDTree expands to fill the rest of the screen, and I have to open another file and reopen NERDTree to get it back to the old layout. Is there a way to "lock" NERDTree in place? Ideally, closing a buffer would replace it with another buffer that's hidden, or open a new blank buffer if no other buffers are open. Thanks!

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• Unicode problems with Delphi 2009 / 2010 and windows API calls

  - by Charles Faiga

  Hi I have been using this function in Delphi 2006, but now with D2010 it throws an error. I think it is related to the switch to Unicode. Function TWinUtils.GetTempFile(Const Extension: STRING): STRING; Var Buffer: ARRAY [0 .. MAX_PATH] OF char; Begin Repeat GetTempPath(SizeOf(Buffer) - 1, Buffer); GetTempFileName(Buffer, '~~', 0, Buffer); Result := ChangeFileExt(Buffer, Extension); Until not FileExists(Result); End; What should I do to make it work? EDIT I get an 'access violation' when the ChangeFileExt is called

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• idomatic batch processing of text in emacs?

  - by Stephen

  In python, you might do something like fout = open('out','w') fin = open('in') for line in fin: fout.write(process(line)+"\n") fin.close() fout.close() (I think it would be similar in many other languages as well). In emacs lisp, would you do something like (find-file 'out') (setq fout (current-buffer) (find-file 'in') (setq fin (current-buffer) (while moreLines (setq begin (point)) (move-end-of-line 1) (setq line (buffer-substring-no-properties begin (point)) ;; maybe (print (process line) fout) ;; or (save-excursion (set-buffer fout) (insert (process line))) (setq moreLines (= 0 (forward-line 1)))) (kill-buffer fin) (kill-buffer fout) which I got inspiration (and code) from here. Or should I try something entirely different? And how to remove the "" from the print statement? Thanks!

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• How to add a column via a query which counts the total rows with a specific criteria in a table with circular relationship in MS ACCESS 2007

  - by Xaqron

  I have a simple table "Employees" with this fields: ID, ParentID, Name ParentID is Nullable since an employee may have no Manager. This table has a one-to-many relationship with itself: ID --one--to--many--> ParentID Now I want a query which returns this columns: Name, Count of rows where their ParentID equals to the current row ID (the row is the manager of that rows) Sample Table: ID | ParentID | Name ====================== 1 | 0 | John ---------------------- 2 | 1 | Bob ---------------------- 3 | 1 | Alice ---------------------- 4 | 3 | Jack This way I can find an employee is the manager of how many other employees. The result should be something like this: Name | Count of Employees ========================== John | 2 -------------- Bob | 0 -------------- Alice | 1 -------------- Jack | 0 How can I achieve this in MS ACCESS 2007? * I have tried built-in query builder without any success.

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• How to stream video content in asp.net?

  - by Kon

  Hi, I have the following code which downloads video content: WebRequest wreq = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url); using (HttpWebResponse wresp = (HttpWebResponse)wreq.GetResponse()) using (Stream mystream = wresp.GetResponseStream()) { using (BinaryReader reader = new BinaryReader(mystream)) { int length = Convert.ToInt32(wresp.ContentLength); byte[] buffer = new byte[length]; buffer = reader.ReadBytes(length); Response.Clear(); Response.Buffer = false; Response.ContentType = "video/mp4"; //Response.BinaryWrite(buffer); Response.OutputStream.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); Response.End(); } } But the problem is that the whole file downloads before being played. How can I make it stream and play as it's still downloading? Or is this up to the client/receiver application to manage?

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• How do I execute a shell-command in background?

  - by Adobe

  Here's a simple defun to run a shell script: (defun bk-konsoles () "Calls: bk-konsoles.bash" (interactive) (shell-command (concat (expand-file-name "~/its/plts/goodies/bk-konsoles.bash ") (if (buffer-file-name) (file-name-directory (buffer-file-name))) " &") nil nil)) If I start a program with no ampersand - it start the script, but blocks emacs until I close the program, if I don't put ampersand it gives error: /home/boris/its/plts/goodies/bk-konsoles.bash /home/boris/scl/geekgeek/: exited abnormally with code 1. Edit: So now I'm using: (defun bk-konsoles () "Calls: bk-konsoles.bash" (interactive) (shell-command (concat (expand-file-name "~/its/plts/goodies/bk-konsoles.bash ") (if (buffer-file-name) (file-name-directory (buffer-file-name))) " & disown") nil nil) (kill-buffer "*Shell Command Output*")) Edit 2: Nope - doesn't work: (defun bk-konsoles () "Calls: bk-konsoles.bash" (interactive) (let ((curDir default-directory)) ;; (shell-command (concat "nohup " (expand-file-name "~/its/plts/goodies/bk-konsoles.bash ") curDir) nil nil) (shell-command (concat (expand-file-name "~/its/plts/goodies/bk-konsoles.bash ") curDir "& disown") nil nil) (kill-buffer "*Shell Command Output*"))) keeps emacs busy - either with disown, or nohup. Here's a script I'm running if it might be of help: bk-konsoles.bash

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• How to configure the framesize using AudioUnit.framework on iOS

  - by Piperoman

  I have an audio app i need to capture mic samples to encode into mp3 with ffmpeg First configure the audio: /** * We need to specifie our format on which we want to work. * We use Linear PCM cause its uncompressed and we work on raw data. * for more informations check. * * We want 16 bits, 2 bytes (short bytes) per packet/frames at 8khz */ AudioStreamBasicDescription audioFormat; audioFormat.mSampleRate = SAMPLE_RATE; audioFormat.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM; audioFormat.mFormatFlags = kAudioFormatFlagIsPacked | kAudioFormatFlagIsSignedInteger; audioFormat.mFramesPerPacket = 1; audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame = 1; audioFormat.mBitsPerChannel = audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame*sizeof(SInt16)*8; audioFormat.mBytesPerPacket = audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame*sizeof(SInt16); audioFormat.mBytesPerFrame = audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame*sizeof(SInt16); The recording callback is: static OSStatus recordingCallback(void *inRefCon, AudioUnitRenderActionFlags *ioActionFlags, const AudioTimeStamp *inTimeStamp, UInt32 inBusNumber, UInt32 inNumberFrames, AudioBufferList *ioData) { NSLog(@"Log record: %lu", inBusNumber); NSLog(@"Log record: %lu", inNumberFrames); NSLog(@"Log record: %lu", (UInt32)inTimeStamp); // the data gets rendered here AudioBuffer buffer; // a variable where we check the status OSStatus status; /** This is the reference to the object who owns the callback. */ AudioProcessor *audioProcessor = (__bridge AudioProcessor*) inRefCon; /** on this point we define the number of channels, which is mono for the iphone. the number of frames is usally 512 or 1024. */ buffer.mDataByteSize = inNumberFrames * sizeof(SInt16); // sample size buffer.mNumberChannels = 1; // one channel buffer.mData = malloc( inNumberFrames * sizeof(SInt16) ); // buffer size // we put our buffer into a bufferlist array for rendering AudioBufferList bufferList; bufferList.mNumberBuffers = 1; bufferList.mBuffers[0] = buffer; // render input and check for error status = AudioUnitRender([audioProcessor audioUnit], ioActionFlags, inTimeStamp, inBusNumber, inNumberFrames, &bufferList); [audioProcessor hasError:status:__FILE__:__LINE__]; // process the bufferlist in the audio processor [audioProcessor processBuffer:&bufferList]; // clean up the buffer free(bufferList.mBuffers[0].mData); //NSLog(@"RECORD"); return noErr; } With data: inBusNumber = 1 inNumberFrames = 1024 inTimeStamp = 80444304 // All the time same inTimeStamp, this is strange However, the framesize that i need to encode mp3 is 1152. How can i configure it? If i do buffering, that implies a delay, but i would like to avoid this because is a real time app. If i use this configuration, each buffer i get trash trailing samples, 1152 - 1024 = 128 bad samples. All samples are SInt16.

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• Pushing a variable onto a vector, value at that point in vector changes when the variable does.

  - by David Andrews

  I have a programming problem =) std::vector<char*> Names; if(MyPacket.ID == 3) {Names.push_back(MyPacket.Buffer);} I push the recieved buffer onto a vector like so, but when the buffer changes so does the value of the variable at that point in the vector. So say I sent and pushed a buffer containing 'Simon' onto the vector that would be fine so at point [0] on the vector would be the word Simon. but then when I recieve a new buffer it overwrites position [0] even though the packets ID is different, a breakpoint within the if statement is not reached with this new buffer. I really hope i'm explaining this well enough, I tried asking a friends advice and he pointed me towards this site. Any help appreciated David Andrews

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• How to encrypt and save a binary stream after serialization and read it back?

  - by Anindya Chatterjee

  I am having some problems in using CryptoStream when I want to encrypt a binary stream after binary serialization and save it to a file. I am getting the following exception System.ArgumentException : Stream was not readable. Can anybody please show me how to encrypt a binary stream and save it to a file and deserialize it back correctly? The code is as follows: class Program { public static void Main(string[] args) { var b = new B {Name = "BB"}; WriteFile<B>(@"C:\test.bin", b, true); var bb = ReadFile<B>(@"C:\test.bin", true); Console.WriteLine(b.Name == bb.Name); Console.ReadLine(); } public static T ReadFile<T>(string file, bool decrypt) { T bObj = default(T); var _binaryFormatter = new BinaryFormatter(); Stream buffer = null; using (var stream = new FileStream(file, FileMode.OpenOrCreate)) { if(decrypt) { const string strEncrypt = "*#4$%^.++q~!cfr0(_!#$@$!&#&#*&@(7cy9rn8r265&$@&*E^184t44tq2cr9o3r6329"; byte[] dv = {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF}; CryptoStream cs; DESCryptoServiceProvider des = null; var byKey = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(strEncrypt.Substring(0, 8)); using (des = new DESCryptoServiceProvider()) { cs = new CryptoStream(stream, des.CreateEncryptor(byKey, dv), CryptoStreamMode.Read); } buffer = cs; } else buffer = stream; try { bObj = (T) _binaryFormatter.Deserialize(buffer); } catch(SerializationException ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } return bObj; } public static void WriteFile<T>(string file, T bObj, bool encrypt) { var _binaryFormatter = new BinaryFormatter(); Stream buffer; using (var stream = new FileStream(file, FileMode.Create)) { try { if(encrypt) { const string strEncrypt = "*#4$%^.++q~!cfr0(_!#$@$!&#&#*&@(7cy9rn8r265&$@&*E^184t44tq2cr9o3r6329"; byte[] dv = {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF}; CryptoStream cs; DESCryptoServiceProvider des = null; var byKey = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(strEncrypt.Substring(0, 8)); using (des = new DESCryptoServiceProvider()) { cs = new CryptoStream(stream, des.CreateEncryptor(byKey, dv), CryptoStreamMode.Write); buffer = cs; } } else buffer = stream; _binaryFormatter.Serialize(buffer, bObj); buffer.Flush(); } catch(SerializationException ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } } } } [Serializable] public class B { public string Name {get; set;} } It throws the serialization exception as follows The input stream is not a valid binary format. The starting contents (in bytes) are: 3F-17-2E-20-80-56-A3-2A-46-63-22-C4-49-56-22-B4-DA ...

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• Unknown symbols when I read file

  - by Sergey Gavruk

  I read file, but in the end of file i get unknown symbols: int main() { char *buffer, ch; int i = 0, size; FILE *fp = fopen("file.txt", "r"); if(!fp){ printf("File not found!\n"); exit(1); } fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END); size = ftell(fp); printf("%d\n", size); fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET); buffer = malloc(size * sizeof(*buffer)); while(((ch = fgetc(fp)) != NULL) && (i <= size)){ buffer[i++] = ch; } printf(buffer); fclose(fp); free(buffer); getch(); return 0; }

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• Same loop giving different output. Java IO

  - by Nitesh Panchal

  Hi, I am facing a very strange problem where the same loop keeps giving me different different output on change of value of BUFFER final int BUFFER = 100; char[] charArr = new char[BUFFER]; StringBuffer objStringBuffer = new StringBuffer(); while (objBufferedReader.read(charArr, 0,BUFFER) != -1) { objStringBuffer.append(charArr); } objFileWriter.write(objStringBuffer.toString()); When i change BUFFER size to 500 it gives me a file of 7 kb when i change BUFFER size to 100000 it gives a file of 400 kb where the contents are repeated again and again. Please help. What should i do to prevent this?

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• C# - How to convert 10 bytes to unsigned long

  - by Justin

  Hey, I have 10 bytes - 4 bytes of low order, 4 bytes of high order, 2 bytes of highest order - that I need to convert to an unsigned long. I've tried a couple different methods but neither of them worked: Try #1: var id = BitConverter.ToUInt64(buffer, 0); Try #2: var id = GetID(buffer, 0); long GetID(byte[] buffer, int startIndex) { var lowOrderUnitId = BitConverter.ToUInt32(buffer, startIndex); var highOrderUnitId = BitConverter.ToUInt32(buffer, startIndex + 4); var highestOrderUnitId = BitConverter.ToUInt16(buffer, startIndex + 8); return lowOrderUnitId + (highOrderUnitId * 100000000) + (highestOrderUnitId * 10000000000000000); } Any help would be appreciated, thanks!

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