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• What is the pythonic way to add type information to an object's attributes?

  - by Tikitu

  I'm building classes where I know the types of the attributes, but Python of course doesn't. While it's un-pythonic to want to tell it, supposing I do want to, is there an idiomatic way to do so? Why: I'm reading in serialised data (without type information) involving objects-nested-inside-objects. It's easy to put it into nested dictionaries, but I want it in objects of my class-types, to get the right behaviours as well as the data. For instance: suppose my class Book has an attribute isbn which I will fill with an ISBNumber object. My serialised data gives me the isbn as a string; I would like to be able to look at Book and say "That field should be filled by ISBNumber(theString)." Bonus glee for me if the solution can be applied to classes I get from someone else without editing their code.

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• Why are C, C++, and LISP so prevalent in embedded devices and robots?

  - by David

  It seems that the software language skills most sought for embedded devices and robots are C, C++, and LISP. Why haven't more recent languages made inroads into these applications? For example, Erlang would seem particularly well-suited to robotic applications, since it makes concurrent programming easier and allows hot swapping of code. Python would seem to be useful, if for no other reason than its support of multiple programming paradigms. I'm even surprised that Java hasn't made a foray into general robotic programming. I'm sure one argument would be, "Some newer languages are interpreted, not compiled" - implying that compiled languages are quicker and use fewer computational resources. Is this still the case, in a time when we can put a Java Virtual Machine on a cell phone or a SunSpot? (and isn't LISP interpreted anyway?)

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• Converting human readable date into integer values

  - by kahrn

  Hello all, I am looking to do something really simple. Merely convert a string, such as 'december' into something I can use with MySQL (such as '12'). At the moment I use a dict, month_map = { 'december': '12', 'november': '11', 'october': '10', 'september': '09', 'august': '08', 'july': '07', 'june': '06', 'may': '05', 'april': '04', 'march': '03', 'february': '02', 'january': '01' } and then month_map.get('december'). Does any function already exist within the standard python modules that can achieve this? Apologies if this has already been asked.. the questions I have found using search seem a little different.

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• Right design to validate attributes of a class instance

  - by systempuntoout

  Having a simple Python class like this: class Spam(object): __init__(self, description, value): self.description = description self.value = value Which is the correct approach to check these constraints: "description cannot be empty" "value must be greater than zero" Should i: 1.validate data before creating spam object ? 2.check data on __init__ method ? 3.create an is_valid method on Spam class and call it with spam.isValid() ? 4.create an is_valid static method on Spam class and call it with Spam.isValid(description, value) ? 5.check data on setters? 6.... Could you recommend a well designed\Pythonic\not verbose (on class with many attributes)\elegant approach?

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• parse this directory path without losing slash

  - by PPTim

  hi, I have a wxPython application. I am taking in a directory path from a textbox using GetValue(). I notice that while trying to parse in the directory path "C:\Documents and Settings\UserName\Desktop\InputFile.xls", python sees the string as 'C:\\Documents and Settings\UserName\\Desktop\\InputFile.xls' (missing a slash between "Settings" and "UserName). Why is it that only that slash is not correctly escaped? Once the string has been changed to 'C:\Documents and Settings\UserName\Desktop\InputFile.xls', is there a type conversion or function that can does this properly? Thanks.

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• Generate all permutations with sort constraint

  - by Moos Hueting

  Hi! I have a list consisting of other lists and some zeroes, for example: x = [[1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 2], 0, 0, 0] I would like to generate all the combinations of this list while keeping the order of the inner lists unchanged, so [[1, 1, 2], 0, 0, [1, 1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 2], 0] is fine, but [[1, 1, 1, 2], [1, 1, 2], 0, 0, [1, 1, 2], 0] isn't. I've got the feeling that this should be fairly easy in Python, but I just don't see it. Could somebody help me out?

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• too many threads due to synch communication

  - by MasoudIzzy

  I'm using threads and xmlrpclib in python at the same time. Periodically, I create a bunch of thread to complete a service on a remote server via xmlrpclib. The problem is that, there are times that the remote server doesn't answer. This causes the thread to wait forever for a response which it never gets. Over time, number of threads in this state increases and will reach the maximum number of allowed threads on the system (I'm using fedora). I tried to use socket.setdefaulttimeout(10); but the exception that is created by that will cause the server to defunct. I used it at server side but it seems that it doesn't work :/ Any idea how can I handle this issue?

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• Best way to parse XMPP-like XML streams?

  - by codethief

  I am working on a server application which receives data over a TCP socket in an XMPP-like XML format, i.e. every child of the <root> element essentially represents one separate request (stanza). The connection is closed as soon as </root> is received. I do know that I must use a stream parser like SAX, somehow. Though, for convenience, I'd prefer to have a tree-like interface to access each stanza's child elements. (The data sent with every request is not large so I think it makes sense to read each stanza as a whole.) What's the best way to realize that in Python (preferably v3)? This is the code I'd like to build it in. Feel free to point me in a totally different direction to solve this issue. import socketserver import settings class MyServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, socketserver.TCPServer): pass class MyRequestHandler(socketserver.StreamRequestHandler): def handle(self): pass if __name__ == '__main__': server = MyServer((settings.host, settings.port), MyRequestHandler) server.serve_forever()

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• Inspiration and influence of the else clause of loop statements?

  - by Aristide

  Python offers an optional loop-else clause which is executed if and only if the loop is not terminated by a break. (In other words, the condition fails for a while-loop or the iterator is exhausted for a for-loop.) Does this loop-else construct originate from another language? (Either theoretical or actually implemented.) Has it been taken up in any newer language? Maybe I should ask the former of Guido, but surely he is too busy for such a futile inquiry. ;-) Related discussion and examples: Pythonic ways to use ‘else’ in a for loop

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• Writing a script to bypass college login page

  - by gtredcvb

  My college has a silly login page that requires you to download a whole bunch of garbage that a lot of us don't need (Norton Anti-virus, Antispyware software, etc.). We have to have them running to get on the internet on campus. Though, if you are on Linux, or at least set your user-agent to linux, the requirements are gone. We could easily use Firefox with the useragent switcher to bypass this, but it'd be nice to create a script that automates this. How would this be possible? I figure this could be written in python, and could grab the webpage with curl specifying a user agent? How would I go about posting the data back to the servers? Thanks

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• Difficulties with Django on Google App Engine

  - by Rosarch

  I have a Django project that works fine. I'm trying to import it to Google App Engine. I run it on the dev server, and I get an import error: ImportError at / No module named mysite.urls This is the folder structure of mysite/: app.yaml <DIR> myapp index.yaml main.py manage.py <DIR> media settings.py urls.py __init__.py app.yaml: application: mysite version: 1 runtime: python api_version: 1 handlers: - url: .* script: main.py from settings.py: ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls' What am I doing wrong?

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• Making a video with opencv and ffmpeg. How to find the right color format?

  - by luc

  I have a webcam video recorder program built with python, opencv and ffmpeg It works ok except that the color of the video is more blue than the reality. The problem seems to come from color format of images. It seems that OpenCv is giving BGR images and ffmpeg+libx264 is expecting YUV420p. I've read that YUV420p correspond to YCbCr. opencv has no conversion from BGR to YCbCr. It only has a conversion to YCrCb. I have made some searchs and tried different alternatives to try converting opencv image to something that could be ok for ffmpeg+libx264. None is working. At this point, I am a bit lost and I would appreciate any pointer that could help me to fix this color issue.

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• Problems opening large csv file

  - by John Tyler

  I have a csv file that is 100mb in size. I need to parse some data out of it into a new format. I tried PHP, but keep running into memory issues. After around the first 150 "rows" or so, the script poops out. This is even on the localhost, and doing everything I can to tune the PHP settings, including max_memory and script_execution_time. Now before I continue, I'd like to know if Python will poop out on me too. Or if I will have to use C++. Can someone name good csv libraries for for these programmin langueage? The file is quoted csv. I mean scheiza I can't even open this text file in OpenOffice without it dying on me. (then again, Java sux as bad as PHP)

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• Best tools to create valid XML files from an Excel file

  - by systempuntoout

  I need to create a script that extracts some data from a complex Excel 2003 file (with multiple Sheets and different tables inside a single sheet) and produces different XML files that need to be validated against a given XSD file. My preferred language is Python; to create and validate XML files i would go with lxml. What do you suggest for parsing XSL files? Is xlrd the right tool to use for complex Excel files? Or do i need to convert all the sheets in CSV manually, and read files line by line, splitting and getting data? I accept C#, VB6 suggestions too.

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• How to handle date difference between client and server?

  - by daydreamer

  I have an API which looks like /summary/yyyy/mm Which returns the summary of their data for the year and month requested. One of the things it returns the number of days left if this is current year and month. For example: days_left: 9 for 2013 and 10 and current date on server is 21 Oct 2013 How I calculate remaining days? This is implemented in python as def current_financial_month_details(self): time_from, time_to = self \ .get_start_end_time_current_financial_month() today = datetime.today() from_time = datetime(year=today.year, month=today.month, day=today.day) return { 'time_from': time_from, 'time_to': time_to, 'remaining_days': (time_to - from_time).days } The problem? The server is in east coast and the client(me with browser) is on pacific time zone When its 9PM PST the time changes in east coast, so if I run hit /summary/2013/10 and if it is Oct 21 2013 for me on PST, the date has already changed on EST, so days_left: 8 which is incorrect on client end. right? How do I handle this situation?

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• Access to an "upper" instance of a class from another instance of a different class

  - by BorrajaX

  Hello everyone! I have a tricky question and probably what I want to do is not even possible but... who knows... Python seems very flexible and powerful... I'd like to know if there's a way to access to the class (or its fields) where an object is instanciated. Let's say I have: def Class1: def __init__(self): self.title = "randomTitle" self.anotherField = float() self.class2Field = Class2() and the class whose type will be the class2Field: def Class2: def __init__(self): self.field1 = "" self.field2 = "" # . . . # I'd like to know if there's a way to access the instance of Class1 from the instance of Class2 that is declared in Class1 (meaning, accessing the fields of Class1 from the variable self.class2Field in that Class1 instance) I know I can always change the init in Class2 to accept a Class1 parameter, but I'd like to know if there's another way of "climbing" through the class hierachy... Thank you very much!

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• get n records at a time from a temporary table

  - by Claudiu

  I have a temporary table with about 1 million entries. The temporary table stores the result of a larger query. I want to process these records 1000 at a time, for example. What's the best way to set up queries such that I get the first 1000 rows, then the next 1000, etc.? They are not inherently ordered, but the temporary table just has one column with an ID, so I can order it if necessary. I was thinking of creating an extra column with the temporary table to number all the rows, something like: CREATE TEMP TABLE tmptmp AS SELECT ##autonumber somehow##, id FROM .... --complicated query then I can do: SELECT * FROM tmptmp WHERE autonumber>=0 AND autonumber < 1000 etc... how would I actually accomplish this? Or is there a better way? I'm using Python and PostgreSQL.

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• Removing duplicates (within a given tolerance) from a Numpy array of vectors

  - by Brendan

  I have an Nx5 array containing N vectors of form 'id', 'x', 'y', 'z' and 'energy'. I need to remove duplicate points (i.e. where x, y, z all match) within a tolerance of say 0.1. Ideally I could create a function where I pass in the array, columns that need to match and a tolerance on the match. Following this thread on Scipy-user, I can remove duplicates based on a full array using record arrays, but I need to just match part of an array. Moreover this will not match within a certain tolerance. I could laboriously iterate through with a for loop in Python but is there a better Numponic way?

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• Installing OSQA on windows(Local system)

  - by Pankaj Khurana

  Hi I want to install osqa on windows local system for this i have downloaded bitnami-djangostack-1.1.1-2-windows-installer.exe which has in built django,python,mysql & apache. I have run a django example given on the django website. Its working fine. But i am confused how to install osqa. I have downloaded the source code available on osqa site and readed the installation instruction(requires django 1.1.1). But how to make it working? Please help me on this Thanks

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• wxpython : button covers all in the frame

  - by Prakash

  Below is my code: #!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import wx class Example(wx.Frame): def __init__(self): #super(Example, self).__init__(parent, title=title, size=(300, 200)) wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, 'wxButton', pos=(300, 150), size=(320, 250)) self.button1 = wx.Button(self, id=-1, label='Button1', pos=(8, 8), size=(10, 20)) self.button1.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.button1Click) self.Centre() self.Show() def button1Click(self,event): #self.button1.Hide() self.SetTitle("Button1 clicked") if __name__ == '__main__': app = wx.App() Example() app.MainLoop() Actually I am expecting the button1 on the frame to have a look like a button - a bit raised and be placed in center of frame - but it is just expanding to the full frame. Also text Button1 looks like a text which does not has a button look like feeling? What wrong am I doing?

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• Need a very simple bash-based webserver for logging XML in HTTP POST

  - by Syffys

  As in title, it's for testing purpose and I need it to be extremely light (1 line to 1 single light file). Here is a XML query sample: XML_QUERY=$(cat <<EOF <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <Test></Test> EOF ) curl -H "Content-type: text/xml; charset=utf-8" -H "Soapaction: \"\"" -k -d "${XML_QUERY}" http://localhost:8088 Here are some of the tracks I have found so far even if I wasnt able to adapt them to work as I expect: Netcat minimal webserver: Problem is that my nc does not have the -q option, so the connection is closing before delivering the XML content Netcat Only webserver: Same as above Python based: But does not handle POST Thanks in advance!

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• Why am I getting a TypeError when looping?

  - by Lee Crabtree

  I'm working on a Python extension module, and one of my little test scripts is doing something strange, viz.: x_max, y_max, z_max = m.size for x in xrange(x_max): for y in xrange(y_max): for z in xrange(z_max): #do my stuff What makes no sense is that the loop gets to the end of the first 'z' iteration, then throws a TypeError, stating that "an integer is required". If I put a try...except TypeError around it and check the types of x, y, and z, they all come back as < type 'int' . Am I missing something here?

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• Starting an http request, but dropping out if no response after a certain time

  - by nbv4

  I'm trying to write a python script that does the following from within a minutely cronjob: tries to execute a url after 10 seconds if there is no response yet, abandon the response and immediately issue a command via os.system to restart the webserver. The problem is that when my server crashes, it doesn't return a response at all. If I were to just have my script time the response, the script will go on for 10 minutes or more. I want it to issue the restart immediately once it detects a slow response. I know such a script could be written in probably less than 5 mines of code, but I have no idea how to go about it.

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• How to make pytest display a custom string representation for fixture parameters?

  - by Björn Pollex

  When using builtin types as fixture parameters, pytest prints out the value of the parameters in the test report. For example: @fixture(params=['hello', 'world'] def data(request): return request.param def test_something(data): pass Running this with py.test --verbose will print something like: test_example.py:7: test_something[hello] PASSED test_example.py:7: test_something[world] PASSED Note that the value of the parameter is printed in square brackets after the test name. Now, when using an object of a user-defined class as parameter, like so: class Param(object): def __init__(self, text): self.text = text @fixture(params=[Param('hello'), Param('world')] def data(request): return request.param def test_something(data): pass pytest will simply enumerate the number of values (p0, p1, etc.): test_example.py:7: test_something[p0] PASSED test_example.py:7: test_something[p1] PASSED This behavior does not change even when the user-defined class provides custom __str__ and __repr__ implementations. Is there any way to make pytest display something more useful than just p0 here? I am using pytest 2.5.2 on Python 2.7.6 on Windows 7.

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• how to exit recursive math formula and still get an answer

  - by calccrypto

  i wrote this python code, which from wolfram alpha says that its supposed to return the factorial of any positive value (i probably messed up somewhere), integer or not: from math import * def double_factorial(n): if int(n) == n: n = int(n) if [0,1].__contains__(n): return 1 a = (n&1) + 2 b = 1 while a<=n: b*=a a+= 2 return float(b) else: return factorials(n/2) * 2**(n/2) *(pi/2)**(.25 *(-1+cos(n * pi))) def factorials(n): return pi**(.5 * sin(n*pi)**2) * 2**(-n + .25 * (-1 + cos(2*n*pi))) * double_factorial(2*n) the problem is , say i input pi to 6 decimal places. 2*n will not become a float with 0 as its decimals any time soon, so the equation turns out to be pi**(.5 * sin(n*pi)**2) * 2**(-n + .25 * (-1 + cos(2*n*pi))) * double_factorial(loop(loop(loop(...))))) how would i stop the recursion and still get the answer? ive had suggestions to add an index to the definitions or something, but the problem is, if the code stops when it reaches an index, there is still no answer to put back into the previous "nests" or whatever you call them

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