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  • why is my 3n+1 problem solution wrong?

    - by nunos
    I have recently started reading "Programming Challenges" book by S. Skiena and believe or not I am kind of stuck in the very first problem. Here's a link to the problem: 3n+1 problem Here's my code: #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; unsigned long calc(unsigned long n); int main() { int i, j, a, b, m; vector<int> temp; while (true) { cin >> i >> j; if (cin.fail()) break; if (i < j) { a = i; b = j; } else { a = j; b = i; } temp.clear(); for (unsigned int k = a; k != b; k++) { temp.push_back(calc(k)); } m = *max_element(temp.begin(), temp.end()); cout << i << ' ' << j << ' ' << m << endl; } } unsigned long calc(unsigned long n) { unsigned long ret = 1; while (n != 1) { if (n % 2 == 0) n = n/2; else n = 3*n + 1; ret++; } return ret; } I know the code is inefficient and I should not be using vectors to store the data. Anyway, I still would like to know what it's wrong with this, since, for me, it makes perfect sense, even though I am getting WA (wrong answer at programming challenges judge and RE (Runtime Error) at UVa judge). Thanks.

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  • Why is cell phone software still so primitive?

    - by Tomislav Nakic-Alfirevic
    I don't do mobile development, but it strikes me as odd that features like this aren't available by default on most phones: full text search: searches all address book contents, messages, anything else being a plus better call management: e.g. a rotating audio call log, meaning you always have the last N calls recorded for your listening pleasure later (your little girl just said her first "da-da" while you were on a business trip, you had a telephone job interview, you received complex instructions to do something etc.) bluetooth remote control (like e.g. anyRemote, but available by default on a bluetooth phone) no multitasking capabilities worth mentioning and in general no e.g. weekly software updates, making the phone much more usable (even if it had to be done over USB, rather than over the network). I'm sure I was dumbfounded by the lack or design of other features as well, but they don't come to mind right now. To clarify, I'm not talking about smartphones here: my plain, 2-year old phone has a CPU an order of magnitude faster than my first PC, about as much storage space and it's ridiculous how bad (slow, unwieldy) the software is and it's not one phone or one manufacturer. What keeps the (to me) obvious software functionality vacuum on a capable hardware platform from being filled up? Edit: I believe a clarification on the multitasking point might be beneficial. I'll use my phone as an example, although the point is much more general. The phone can multitask and in fact does: you can listen to music and do something else at the same time. On the other hand, the way the software has been designed makes multitasking next to useless. (Ditto with the external touch screen: it can take touch commands, but only one application makes use of it, and only with 3 commands.) To take the multitasking example to the extreme, if I plug my phone into my laptop and it registers as an external disk, it doesn't allow any kind of operation: messages, calling, calendar, everything out of reach, although I can receive a call. No "battery life" issue there: it's charging while connected. BTW, another example of design below the current state of the art: I don't see a phone on the horizon which will remember where in an audio or video file you were when you stopped listening/watching it last time (podcasts are a good use case). Simplistic rewind/fast forward functionality only aggravates the problem.

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  • Reverse proxy for a REST web service using ADFS/AD and WebApi

    - by Kai Friis
    I need to implement a reverse proxy for a REST webservice behind a firewall. The reverse proxy should authenticate against an enterprise ADFS 2.0 server, preferably using claims in .net 4.5. The clients will be a mix of iOS, Android and web. I’m completely new to this topic; I’ve tried to implement the service as a REST service using WebApi, WIF and the new Identity and Access control in VS 2012, with no luck. I have also tried to look into Brock Allen’s Thinktecture.IdentityModel.45, however then my head was spinning so I didn’t see the difference between it and Windows Identity Foundation with the Identity and Access control. So I think I need to step back and get some advice on how to do this. There are several ways to this, as far as I understand it. In hardware. Set up our Citrix Netscaler as a reverse proxy. I have no idea how to do that, however if it’s a good solution I can always hire someone who knows… Do it in the webserver, like IIS. I haven’t tried it; do not know if it will work. Create a web service to do it. 3.1 Implement it as a SOAP service using WCF. As I understand it ADFS do not support REST so I have to use SOAP. The problem is mobile device do not like SOAP, neither do I… However if it’s the best way, I have to do it. 3.2 Use Azure Access Control Service. It might work, however the timing is not good. Our enterprise is considering several cloud options, and us jumping on the azure wagon on our own might not be the smartest thing to do right now. However if it is the only options, we can do it. I just prefer not to use it right now. Right now I feel there are too many options, and I do not know which one will work. If someone can point me in the right directions, which path to pursue, I would be very grateful.

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  • SET game odds simulation (MATLAB)

    - by yuk
    Here is an interesting problem for your weekend. :) I recently find the great card came - SET. Briefly, there are 81 cards with the four features: symbol (oval, squiggle or diamond), color (red, purple or green), number (one, two or three) or shading (solid, striped or open). The task is to find (from selected 12 cards) a SET of 3 cards, in which each of the four features is either all the same on each card or all different on each card (no 2+1 combination). In my free time I've decided to code it in MATLAB to find a solution and to estimate odds of having a set in randomly selected cards. Here is the code: %% initialization K = 12; % cards to draw NF = 4; % number of features (usually 3 or 4) setallcards = unique(nchoosek(repmat(1:3,1,NF),NF),'rows'); % all cards: rows - cards, columns - features setallcomb = nchoosek(1:K,3); % index of all combinations of K cards by 3 %% test tic NIter=1e2; % number of test iterations setexists = 0; % test results holder % C = progress('init'); % if you have progress function from FileExchange for d = 1:NIter % C = progress(C,d/NIter); % cards for current test setdrawncardidx = randi(size(setallcards,1),K,1); setdrawncards = setallcards(setdrawncardidx,:); % find all sets in current test iteration for setcombidx = 1:size(setallcomb,1) setcomb = setdrawncards(setallcomb(setcombidx,:),:); if all(arrayfun(@(x) numel(unique(setcomb(:,x))), 1:NF)~=2) % test one combination setexists = setexists + 1; break % to find only the first set end end end fprintf('Set:NoSet = %g:%g = %g:1\n', setexists, NIter-setexists, setexists/(NIter-setexists)) toc 100-1000 iterations are fast, but be careful with more. One million iterations takes about 15 hours on my home computer. Anyway, with 12 cards and 4 features I've got around 13:1 of having a set. This is actually a problem. The instruction book said this number should be 33:1. And it was recently confirmed by Peter Norvig. He provides the Python code, but I didn't test it. So can you find an error?

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  • How do I print out objects in an array in python?

    - by Jonathan
    I'm writing a code which performs a k-means clustering on a set of data. I'm actually using the code from a book called collective intelligence by O'Reilly. Everything works, but in his code he uses the command line and i want to write everything in notepad++. As a reference his line is >>>kclust=clusters.kcluster(data,k=10) >>>[rownames[r] for r in k[0]] Here is my code: from PIL import Image,ImageDraw def readfile(filename): lines=[line for line in file(filename)] # First line is the column titles colnames=lines[0].strip( ).split('\t')[1:] rownames=[] data=[] for line in lines[1:]: p=line.strip( ).split('\t') # First column in each row is the rowname rownames.append(p[0]) # The data for this row is the remainder of the row data.append([float(x) for x in p[1:]]) return rownames,colnames,data from math import sqrt def pearson(v1,v2): # Simple sums sum1=sum(v1) sum2=sum(v2) # Sums of the squares sum1Sq=sum([pow(v,2) for v in v1]) sum2Sq=sum([pow(v,2) for v in v2]) # Sum of the products pSum=sum([v1[i]*v2[i] for i in range(len(v1))]) # Calculate r (Pearson score) num=pSum-(sum1*sum2/len(v1)) den=sqrt((sum1Sq-pow(sum1,2)/len(v1))*(sum2Sq-pow(sum2,2)/len(v1))) if den==0: return 0 return 1.0-num/den class bicluster: def __init__(self,vec,left=None,right=None,distance=0.0,id=None): self.left=left self.right=right self.vec=vec self.id=id self.distance=distance def hcluster(rows,distance=pearson): distances={} currentclustid=-1 # Clusters are initially just the rows clust=[bicluster(rows[i],id=i) for i in range(len(rows))] while len(clust)>1: lowestpair=(0,1) closest=distance(clust[0].vec,clust[1].vec) # loop through every pair looking for the smallest distance for i in range(len(clust)): for j in range(i+1,len(clust)): # distances is the cache of distance calculations if (clust[i].id,clust[j].id) not in distances: distances[(clust[i].id,clust[j].id)]=distance(clust[i].vec,clust[j].vec) #print 'i' #print i #print #print 'j' #print j #print d=distances[(clust[i].id,clust[j].id)] if d<closest: closest=d lowestpair=(i,j) # calculate the average of the two clusters mergevec=[ (clust[lowestpair[0]].vec[i]+clust[lowestpair[1]].vec[i])/2.0 for i in range(len(clust[0].vec))] # create the new cluster newcluster=bicluster(mergevec,left=clust[lowestpair[0]], right=clust[lowestpair[1]], distance=closest,id=currentclustid) # cluster ids that weren't in the original set are negative currentclustid-=1 del clust[lowestpair[1]] del clust[lowestpair[0]] clust.append(newcluster) return clust[0] def kcluster(rows,distance=pearson,k=4): # Determine the minimum and maximum values for each point ranges=[(min([row[i] for row in rows]),max([row[i] for row in rows])) for i in range(len(rows[0]))] # Create k randomly placed centroids clusters=[[random.random( )*(ranges[i][1]-ranges[i][0])+ranges[i][0] for i in range(len(rows[0]))] for j in range(k)] lastmatches=None for t in range(100): print 'Iteration %d' % t bestmatches=[[] for i in range(k)] # Find which centroid is the closest for each row for j in range(len(rows)): row=rows[j] bestmatch=0 for i in range(k): d=distance(clusters[i],row) if d<distance(clusters[bestmatch],row): bestmatch=i bestmatches[bestmatch].append(j) # If the results are the same as last time, this is complete if bestmatches==lastmatches: break lastmatches=bestmatches # Move the centroids to the average of their members for i in range(k): avgs=[0.0]*len(rows[0]) if len(bestmatches[i])>0: for rowid in bestmatches[i]: for m in range(len(rows[rowid])): avgs[m]+=rows[rowid][m] for j in range(len(avgs)): avgs[j]/=len(bestmatches[i]) clusters[i]=avgs return bestmatches

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  • What's the standard algorithm for syncing two lists of objects?

    - by Oliver Giesen
    I'm pretty sure this must be in some kind of text book (or more likely in all of them) but I seem to be using the wrong keywords to search for it... :( A common task I'm facing while programming is that I am dealing with lists of objects from different sources which I need to keep in sync somehow. Typically there's some sort of "master list" e.g. returned by some external API and then a list of objects I create myself each of which corresponds to an object in the master list. Sometimes the nature of the external API will not allow me to do a live sync: For instance the external list might not implement notifications about items being added or removed or it might notify me but not give me a reference to the actual item that was added or removed. Furthermore, refreshing the external list might return a completely new set of instances even though they still represent the same information so simply storing references to the external objects might also not always be feasible. Another characteristic of the problem is that both lists cannot be sorted in any meaningful way. You should also assume that initializing new objects in the "slave list" is expensive, i.e. simply clearing and rebuilding it from scratch is not an option. So how would I typically tackle this? What's the name of the algorithm I should google for? In the past I have implemented this in various ways (see below for an example) but it always felt like there should be a cleaner and more efficient way. Here's an example approach: Iterate over the master list Look up each item in the "slave list" Add items that do not yet exist Somehow keep track of items that already exist in both lists (e.g. by tagging them or keeping yet another list) When done iterate once more over the slave list Remove all objects that have not been tagged (see 4.) Update Thanks for all your responses so far! I will need some time to look at the links. Maybe one more thing worthy of note: In many of the situations where I needed this the implementation of the "master list" is completely hidden from me. In the most extreme cases the only access I might have to the master list might be a COM-interface that exposes nothing but GetFirst-, GetNext-style methods. I'm mentioning this because of the suggestions to either sort the list or to subclass it both of which is unfortunately not practical in these cases unless I copy the elements into a list of my own and I don't think that would be very efficient. I also might not have made it clear enough that the elements in the two lists are of different types, i.e. not assignment-compatible: Especially, the elements in the master list might be available as interface references only.

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  • How do we, as a community, help encourage programming in public schools? (Or state Schools for the U

    - by NoMoreZealots
    PRIMARY MOTIVATION My office gets involved with the "First Robotics" competitions and one thing that lingers year to year is the students typically have no preparation for doing even simple programming as part of the public schools system. While the science classes provide some basic grasp of mechanical and electrical concepts, by in large computer programming gets no coverage from the curriculum. (This my be different in other areas of the country/world.) What makes it worse is there is only a short period of time you have to prepare the student's and help them design the robot. Talking to some professors from local colleges, it's a problem because you can't assume even the most basic understanding for freshman CS majors. Languages like Python, Lua and BASIC are simple enough for at least high school level students, if not younger. SCOPE So how do you get public schools to support a programming, at least to the level of "Try it in BASIC" examples that used to be at the end of a chapter in my Algebra book? At least enough to prepare them for event's such as the FIRST Robotic competitions. Which the primary objectives are to teach problem solving and team work, and to possible foster an interest in Math, Science and Engineering in general. (Not force feed to them, as some people her seem to be implying.) Edit: Why teach kids: (Since 2000 CS enrollment in US colleges has decreased by 70% while college enrollment has increased, this is a PROBLEM.) Saying there is no value in teaching someone programming in Jr./High school because they might think "they know programming." Is like saying there's no value in teaching High school science and physics, because they might decide they "know physics." Leading to abuse like: "I passed a high school physics class, I'm going to develop a Unified Quantum Gravitational Theory." Better Prepared students are better students. Instead it would allows college programs to raise the bar on the entry level courses, allowing students to be weeded out based on their understanding of more advanced material. Plus people who did poorly in that in topic in High school aren't as likely to say "I think there's money in computer's so I'll computer science." Plus if people take it in high school and decide THEN that it's not for them, it's better than them wasting their money to PAY a college to figure that out. The result is that people who take the degree are more likely to succeed and be there for the RIGHT reasons. (i.e. It's what they REALLY want to do. And that's REALLY the key to being good at anything.) Programming is like anything else, the more practice and genuine interest you have the better you get. If you start them later, they get less practice. The earlier give them the opportunity to start, the more practice they will get. All other things equal, the more practice the better the programmer.

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  • Job queue manager with RPC interface

    - by admr
    I need a job queue manager that I can control over the Internet. It should be able to execute and stop processes, check on their status (ideally notice and execute some code when a process exits), respond to commands and also be able to report back to a server. Background: I have a GWT application that allows to create jobs to execute on a cloud instance (currently EC2). I want to push a "job packet" (data for a process to operate on etc) to S3, start a Linux EC2 instance (or use one that's already running), and tell a job manager on the instance to execute that job (possibly parallel to other jobs). It should then pull the "job packet" from S3, run a process that operates on that data and report back to the server that is running the server part of my GWT application with some information (e.g. exit code, stdout, stderr). If I have to write e.g. stdour/err to a file from the process and read that file, that's OK too. I would really like the manager to be "close" to the processes it runs, meaning I want to avoid using something like Runtime.exec from the JDK. It seems like I would have to do that if I used Quartz for example. I'm fine with the calls in both directions being asynchronous. I'm fine with any reasonable technology for the calls as long as I can easily build an interface for that in my GWT server side (e.g. HTTP requests to a servlet over SSL would be nice and trivial). The job manager does not need to have a very sophisticated queueing system. Running several processes either sequentially or in parallel should be fine. Determining how much compute time a process received during its lifetime would be nice (AFAIK, this might be challenging). I did not yet find any existing software that does this, including http://java-source.net/open-source/job-schedulers. I suspect I might have to build an RPC interface (with authentication etc, of course) around a job manager; maybe use something like Apache Commons Exec. In that case, I would prefer Java or Python for the job manager part. I would be happy to hear suggestions for either the former or latter scenario!

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  • Text Obfuscation using base64_encode()

    - by user271619
    I'm playing around with encrypt/decrypt coding in php. Interesting stuff! However, I'm coming across some issues involving what text gets encrypted into. Here's 2 functions that encrypt and decrypt a string. It uses an Encryption Key, which I set as something obscure. I actually got this from a php book. I modified it slightly, but not to change it's main goal. I created a small example below that anyone can test. But, I notice that some characters show up as the "encrypted" string. Characters like "=" and "+". Sometimes I pass this encrypted string via the url. Which may not quite make it to my receiving scripts. I'm guessing the browser does something to the string if certain characters are seen. I'm really only guessing. is there another function I can use to ensure the browser doesn't touch the string? or does anyone know enough php bas64_encode() to disallow certain characters from being used? I'm really not going to expect the latter as a possibility. But, I'm sure there's a work-around. enjoy the code, whomever needs it! define('ENCRYPTION_KEY', "sjjx6a"); function encrypt($string) { $result = ''; for($i=0; $i<strlen($string); $i++) { $char = substr($string, $i, 1); $keychar = substr(ENCRYPTION_KEY, ($i % strlen(ENCRYPTION_KEY))-1, 1); $char = chr(ord($char)+ord($keychar)); $result.=$char; } return base64_encode($result)."/".rand(); } function decrypt($string){ $exploded = explode("/",$string); $string = $exploded[0]; $result = ''; $string = base64_decode($string); for($i=0; $i<strlen($string); $i++) { $char = substr($string, $i, 1); $keychar = substr(ENCRYPTION_KEY, ($i % strlen(ENCRYPTION_KEY))-1, 1); $char = chr(ord($char)-ord($keychar)); $result.=$char; } return $result; } echo $encrypted = encrypt("reaplussign.jpg"); echo "<br>"; echo decrypt($encrypted);

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  • Java - strange problem storing text to a String[] and then storing the array to a Vector. Help plea

    - by hatboysam
    OK so for background I've only been using Java for a little more than a week and I am making a basic GUI "Recipe Book" application just to test out some of the techniques I've learned. Currently I'm working on the "Add New Recipe" page that allows the user to make a new recipe by adding ingredients one at a time. The ingredients have 3 attributes: Name, amount, and unit (like cups, oz, etc) that come from two text fields and a combo box respectively. The 3 values are stores as strings to a String array that represents the ingredient, then the arrays are stored in a vector that holds all of the ingredients for one recipe. When an ingredient is added, the user first types in the 3 necessary values into empty boxes/combo box dropdown and then clicks "Add Ingredient". Here is my code for when the button is clicked: public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { Object source = event.getSource(); if (source == addIngredientButton) { //make sure 3 ingredient fields are not blank if (!ingredientNameField.getText().equals("") && !ingredientAmountField.getText().equals("") && !ingredientUnitDropdown.getSelectedItem().equals("")) { tempIngredientsArray[0] = ingredientNameField.getText(); //set ingredient name to first position in array tempIngredientsArray[1] = ingredientAmountField.getText(); //set ingredient amount to second position in array tempIngredientsArray[2] = (String) ingredientUnitDropdown.getSelectedItem(); //set ingredient unit to third position in array int ingredientsVectorSize = tempRecipe.ingredientsVector.size(); tempRecipe.ingredientsVector.add(this.tempIngredientsArray); //why would it matter if this and previous statement were switched for (int k = 0; k < ingredientsVectorSize + 1; k++ ) { liveIngredientsListArea.append("\n" + tempRecipe.makeIngredientSentence(k)); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(tempIngredientsArray)); //shows that tempIngredientsArray gets messed up each time } } Now here's the really strange problem I've been having. The first time the user adds an ingredient everything works fine. The second time, the String[] for that ingredient seems to be duplicated, and the third time it's triplicated. Aka the first time it runs the System.out.println might return "{Sugar, 3, Cups}" and the second time it will return "{Flour, 2, Oz.} {Flour, 2, Oz.}" etc. What's causing this strange problem? All help greatly appreciated, let me know if you need any clarification.

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  • NullPointerException using datanucleus-json with S3

    - by Matt
    I'm using datanucleus 3.2.7 from Maven, trying to use the Amazon S3 JPA provider. I can successfully write data into S3, but querying either by using "SELECT u FROM User u" or "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE id = :id" causes a NullPointerException to be thrown. Using the RDBMS provider, everything works perfectly. Is there something I'm doing wrong? Main.java EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("MyUnit"); EntityManager entityManager = factory.createEntityManager(); Query query = entityManager.createQuery("SELECT u FROM User u", User.class); List<User> users = query.getResultList(); // Null pointer exception here for(User u:users) System.out.println(u); User.java package test; import javax.persistence.*; @Entity @Table(name = "User") public class User { @Id public String id; public String name; public User(String id, String name) { this.id = id; this.name = name; } public String toString() { return id+" : "+name; } } persistence.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <persistence xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_1_0.xsd" version="1.0"> <persistence-unit name="MyUnit"> <class>test.User</class> <exclude-unlisted-classes /> <properties> <properties> <property name="datanucleus.ConnectionURL" value="amazons3:http://s3.amazonaws.com/" /> <property name="datanucleus.ConnectionUserName" value="xxxxx" /> <property name="datanucleus.ConnectionPassword" value="xxxxx" /> <property name="datanucleus.cloud.storage.bucket" value="my-bucket" /> </properties> <property name="datanucleus.autoCreateSchema" value="true" /> </properties> </persistence-unit> </persistence> Exception java.lang.NullPointerException at org.datanucleus.NucleusContext.isClassWithIdentityCacheable(NucleusContext.java:1840) at org.datanucleus.ExecutionContextImpl.getObjectFromLevel2Cache(ExecutionContextImpl.java:5287) at org.datanucleus.ExecutionContextImpl.getObjectFromCache(ExecutionContextImpl.java:5191) at org.datanucleus.ExecutionContextImpl.findObject(ExecutionContextImpl.java:3137) at org.datanucleus.store.json.CloudStoragePersistenceHandler.getObjectsOfCandidateType(CloudStoragePersistenceHandler.java:367) at org.datanucleus.store.json.query.JPQLQuery.performExecute(JPQLQuery.java:94) at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeQuery(Query.java:1786) at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeWithMap(Query.java:1690) at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:194) at test.Main.main(Main.java:16)

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  • Performance tuning of a Hibernate+Spring+MySQL project operation that stores images uploaded by user

    - by Umar
    Hi I am working on a web project that is Spring+Hibernate+MySQL based. I am stuck at a point where I have to store images uploaded by a user into the database. Although I have written some code that works well for now, but I believe that things will mess up when the project would go live. Here's my domain class that carries the image bytes: @Entity public class Picture implements java.io.Serializable{ long id; byte[] data; ... // getters and setters } And here's my controller that saves the file on submit: public class PictureUploadFormController extends AbstractBaseFormController{ ... protected ModelAndView onSubmit(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command, BindException errors) throws Exception{ MutlipartFile file; // getting MultipartFile from the command object ... // beginning hibernate transaction ... Picture p=new Picture(); p.setData(file.getBytes()); pictureDAO.makePersistent(p); // this method simply calls getSession().saveOrUpdate(p) // committing hiernate transaction ... } ... } Obviously a bad piece of code. Is there anyway I could use InputStream or Blob to save the data, instead of first loading all the bytes from the user into the memory and then pushing them into the database? I did some research on hibernate's support for Blob, and found this in Hibernate In Action book: java.sql.Blob and java.sql.Clob are the most efficient way to handle large objects in Java. Unfortunately, an instance of Blob or Clob is only useable until the JDBC transaction completes. So if your persistent class defines a property of java.sql.Clob or java.sql.Blob (not a good idea anyway), you’ll be restricted in how instances of the class may be used. In particular, you won’t be able to use instances of that class as detached objects. Furthermore, many JDBC drivers don’t feature working support for java.sql.Blob and java.sql.Clob. Therefore, it makes more sense to map large objects using the binary or text mapping type, assuming retrieval of the entire large object into memory isn’t a performance killer. Note you can find up-to-date design patterns and tips for large object usage on the Hibernate website, with tricks for particular platforms. Now apparently the Blob cannot be used, as it is not a good idea anyway, what else could be used to improve the performance? I couldn't find any up-to-date design pattern or any useful information on Hibernate website. So any help/recommendations from stackoverflowers will be much appreciated. Thanks

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  • Design Technique: How to design a complex system for processing orders, products and units.

    - by Shyam
    Hi, Programming is fun: I learned that by trying out simple challenges, reading up some books and following some tutorials. I am able to grasp the concepts of writing with OO (I do so in Ruby), and write a bit of code myself. What bugs me though is that I feel re-inventing the wheel: I haven't followed an education or found a book (a free one that is) that explains me the why's instead of the how's, and I've learned from the A-team that it is the plan that makes it come together. So, armed with my nuby Ruby skills, I decided I wanted to program a virtual store. I figured out the following: My virtual Store will have: Products and Services Inventories Orders and Shipping Customers Now this isn't complex at all. With the help of some cool tools (CMapTools), I drew out some concepts, but quickly enough (thanks to my inferior experience in designing), my design started to bite me. My very first product-line were virtual "laptops". So, I created a class (Ruby): class Product attr_accessor :name, :price def initialize(name, price) @name = name @price = price end end which can be instantiated by doing (IRb) x = Product.new("Banana Pro", 250) Since I want my virtual customers to be able to purchase more than one product, or various types, I figured out I needed some kind of "Order" mechanism. class Order def initialize(order_no) @order_no = order_no @line_items = [] end def add_product(myproduct) @line_items << myproduct end def show_order() puts @order_no @line_items.each do |x| puts x.name.to_s + "\t" + x.price.to_s end end end that can be instantiated by doing (IRb) z = Order.new(1234) z.add_product(x) z.show_order Splendid, I have now a very simple ordering system that allows me to add products to an order. But, here comes my real question. What if I have three models of my product (economy, business, showoff)? Or have my products be composed out of separate units (bigger screen, nicer keyboard, different OS)? Surely I could make them three separate products, or add complexity to my product class, but I am looking for are best practices to design a flexible product object that can be used in the real world, to facilitate a complex system. My apologies if my grammar and my spelling are with error, as english is not my first language and I took the time to check as far I could understand and translate properly! Thank you for your answers, comments and feedback!

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  • Working through exercises in "Cocoa Programming for Mac OS X" - I'm stumped

    - by Zigrivers
    I've been working through the exercises in a book recommended here on stackoverflow, however I've run into a problem and after three days of banging my head on the wall, I think I need some help. I'm working through the "Speakline" exercise where we add a TableView to the interface and the table will display the "voices" that you can choose for the text to speech aspect of the program. I am having two problems that I can't seem to get to the bottom of: I get the following error: * Illegal NSTableView data source (). Must implement numberOfRowsInTableView: and tableView:objectValueForTableColumn:row: The tableView that is supposed to display the voices comes up blank I have a feeling that both of these problems are related. I'm including my interface code here: #import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h> @interface AppController : NSObject <NSSpeechSynthesizerDelegate, NSTableViewDelegate> { IBOutlet NSTextField *textField; NSSpeechSynthesizer *speechSynth; IBOutlet NSButton *stopButton; IBOutlet NSButton *startButton; IBOutlet NSTableView *tableView; NSArray *voiceList; } - (IBAction)sayIt:(id)sender; - (IBAction)stopIt:(id)sender; @end And my implementation code here: #import "AppController.h" @implementation AppController - (id)init { [super init]; //Log to help me understand what is happening NSLog(@"init"); speechSynth = [[NSSpeechSynthesizer alloc] initWithVoice:nil]; [speechSynth setDelegate:self]; voiceList = [[NSSpeechSynthesizer availableVoices] retain]; return self; } - (IBAction)sayIt:(id)sender { NSString *string = [[textField stringValue] stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceCharacterSet]]; //Is the string zero-length? if([string length] == 0) { NSLog(@"String from %@ is a string with a length of %d.", textField, [string length]); [speechSynth startSpeakingString:@"Please enter a phrase first."]; } [speechSynth startSpeakingString:string]; NSLog(@"Started to say: %@", string); [stopButton setEnabled:YES]; [startButton setEnabled:NO]; } - (IBAction)stopIt:(id)sender { NSLog(@"Stopping..."); [speechSynth stopSpeaking]; } - (void) speechSynthesizer:(NSSpeechSynthesizer *)sender didFinishSpeaking:(BOOL)complete { NSLog(@"Complete = %d", complete); [stopButton setEnabled:NO]; [startButton setEnabled:YES]; } - (NSInteger)numberOfRowsInTableView:(NSTableView *)aTableView { return [voiceList count]; } - (id)tableView: (NSTableView *)tv objecValueForTableColumn: (NSTableColumn *)tableColumn row:(NSInteger)row { NSString *v = [voiceList objectAtIndex:row]; NSLog(@"v = %@",v); NSDictionary *dict = [NSSpeechSynthesizer attributesForVoice:v]; return [dict objectForKey:NSVoiceName]; } /* - (BOOL)respondsToSelector:(SEL)aSelector { NSString *methodName = NSStringFromSelector(aSelector); NSLog(@"respondsToSelector: %@", methodName); return [super respondsToSelector:aSelector]; } */ @end Hopefully, you guys can see something obvious that I've missed. Thank you!

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  • Can I call make runtime decided method calls in Java?

    - by Catalin Marin
    I know there is an invoke function that does the stuff, I am overall interested in the "correctness" of using such a behavior. My issue is this: I have a Service Object witch contains methods which I consider services. What I want to do is alter the behavior of those services without later intrusion. For example: class MyService { public ServiceResponse ServeMeDonuts() { do stuff... return new ServiceResponse(); } after 2 months I find out that I need to offer the same service to a new client app and I also need to do certain extra stuff like setting a flag, or make or updating certain data, or encode the response differently. What I can do is pop it up and throw down some IFs. In my opinion this is not good as it means interaction with tested code and may result in un wanted behaviour for the previous service clients. So I come and add something to my registry telling the system that the "NewClient" has a different behavior. So I'll do something like this: public interface Behavior { public void preExecute(); public void postExecute(); } public class BehaviorOfMyService implements Behavior{ String method; String clientType; public void BehaviorOfMyService(String method,String clientType) { this.method = method; this.clientType = clientType; } public void preExecute() { Method preCall = this.getClass().getMethod("pre" + this.method + this.clientType); if(preCall != null) { return preCall.invoke(); } return false; } ...same for postExecute(); public void preServeMeDonutsNewClient() { do the stuff... } } when the system will do something like this if(registrySaysThereIs different behavior set for this ServiceObject) { Class toBeCalled = Class.forName("BehaviorOf" + usedServiceObjectName); Object instance = toBeCalled.getConstructor().newInstance(method,client); instance.preExecute(); ....call the service... instance.postExecute(); .... } I am not particularly interested in correctness of code as in correctness of thinking and approach. Actually I have to do this in PHP, witch I see as a kind of Pop music of programming which I have to "sing" for commercial reasons, even though I play POP I really want to sing by the book, so putting aside my more or less inspired analogy I really want to know your opinion on this matter for it's practical necessity and technical approach. Thanks

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  • sorry for asking again the same user here help me out

    - by jazz
    i copied a game from a book which name is paratrooper i ask this question again i also provide the code of the objects which i create there i want to change the color of these objects but i didn't understand how to do that so can any one plz help me how to do that.Listen guys they are not the standard functions but i use the graphics library for these functions and i can't find the function in the library file of graphics. i hope u understand know.this code will not run properly so plz tell me something about the function which color it i can't put the image other wize i show u the image it will make alot easieer #include "graphics.h" #include "stdio.h" #include "conio.h" #include "process.h" #include "alloc.h" #include "stdlib.h" #include "math.h" #include "dos.h" main() { int gm=CGAHI, gd=CGA, key=0, area; initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\tc\bgi"); helidraw(246,50,-1); getch(); return 0; } helidraw ( int x, int y, int d ) { int direction, i, j ; if ( d ) direction = -1 ; else direction = 1 ; i = 3 ; j = 8 ; line ( x - j - 8, y - i - 2, x + j + 8, y - i - 2 ) ; line ( x - j + 5, y - i - 1, x + j - 5, y - i - 1 ) ; line ( x - j, y - i, x + j, y - i ) ; for ( ; i 0 ; i--, j += 2 ) { putpixel ( x - ( direction * j ), y - i, 1 ) ; line ( x + ( direction * j ), y - i, x + ( direction * ( j - 8 ) ), y - i ) ; } i = 0 ; j -= 2 ; line ( x - ( direction * j ), y - i, x - ( direction * ( j + 17 ) ), y - i ) ; line ( x - ( direction * j ), y - i + 1, x - ( direction * ( j + 7 ) ), y - i + 1 ) ; putpixel ( x - ( direction * ( j + 19 ) ), y - i - 1, 1 ) ; for ( ; i < 3 ; i++, j -= 2 ) { putpixel ( x - j, y + i, 1 ) ; putpixel ( x + j, y + i, 1 ) ; } line ( x - j, y + i, x + j, y + i ) ; putpixel ( x - j + 3, y + i + 1, 1 ) ; putpixel ( x + j - 3, y + i + 1, 1 ) ; line ( x - j - 10, y + i + 2, x + j + 10, y + i + 2 ) ; putpixel ( x + ( direction * ( j + 12 ) ), y + i + 1, 1 ) ; }

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  • Help me understand this "Programming pearls" bitsort program

    - by ardsrk
    Jon Bentley in Column 1 of his book programming pearls introduces a technique for sorting a sequence of non-zero positive integers using bit vectors. I have taken the program bitsort.c from here and pasted it below: /* Copyright (C) 1999 Lucent Technologies */ /* From 'Programming Pearls' by Jon Bentley */ /* bitsort.c -- bitmap sort from Column 1 * Sort distinct integers in the range [0..N-1] */ #include <stdio.h> #define BITSPERWORD 32 #define SHIFT 5 #define MASK 0x1F #define N 10000000 int a[1 + N/BITSPERWORD]; void set(int i) { int sh = i>>SHIFT; a[i>>SHIFT] |= (1<<(i & MASK)); } void clr(int i) { a[i>>SHIFT] &= ~(1<<(i & MASK)); } int test(int i){ return a[i>>SHIFT] & (1<<(i & MASK)); } int main() { int i; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) clr(i); /*Replace above 2 lines with below 3 for word-parallel init int top = 1 + N/BITSPERWORD; for (i = 0; i < top; i++) a[i] = 0; */ while (scanf("%d", &i) != EOF) set(i); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) if (test(i)) printf("%d\n", i); return 0; } I understand what the functions clr, set and test are doing and explain them below: ( please correct me if I am wrong here ). clr clears the ith bit set sets the ith bit test returns the value at the ith bit Now, I don't understand how the functions do what they do. I am unable to figure out all the bit manipulation happening in those three functions. Please help.

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  • Passing Activity A's data into Activity B

    - by user1058153
    What i am trying to show here is that I am trying to pass the data in Activity A to Activity B. Activity A mainly there are 3 textbox for me to key in something then a button to go to Activity B(Confirmation Page) and in Activity B, i am able to show what i have keyed in Activity A. I am new to Android, so can someone guide me through this? In Activity A @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activitya); Textview01 = (EditText) this.findViewById(R.id.txtView1); Textview02 = (EditText) this.findViewById(R.id.txtView2); Textview03 = (EditText) this.findViewById(R.id.txtView3); mButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button); mButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(View v) { Intent i = new Intent(ActivityA.this, ActivityB.class); i.putExtra("Textview01", txtView1.getText().toString()); i.putExtra("Textview02", txtView2.getText().toString()); i.putExtra("Textview03", txtView3.getText().toString()); startActivity(i); In Activity B. @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.confirmbooking); TextView txtPickup = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.txtPickup); TextView txtLocation = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.txtLocation); TextView txtDestination = (TextView) this.findViewById(R.id.txtDestination); txtLocation.setText(getIntent().getStringExtra("Location")); txtPickup.setText(getIntent().getStringExtra("Pick Up Point")); txtDestination.setText(getIntent().getStringExtra("Destination")); In my Activity B XML <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent"> <TextView android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="txtView01:" /> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/txtView01"></TextView> <TextView android:id="@+id/TextView02" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="txtView02:"></TextView> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/txtView02"></TextView> <TextView android:id="@+id/TextView02" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="txtView03:"></TextView> <TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/txtView03"></TextView> <Button android:id="@+id/btnButton" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:text="Book now" /> </LinearLayout> Can someone tell me if this is correct? I'm getting some error like a popup Instrumental.class. LogCat shows : 11-26 17:27:40.895: INFO/ActivityManager(52): Starting activity: Intent { cmp=ActivityA/.ActivityB (has extras) } 11-26 17:27:42.956: DEBUG/dalvikvm(252): GC_EXPLICIT freed 156 objects / 11384 bytes in 346ms 11-26 17:27:47.815: DEBUG/dalvikvm(288): GC_EXPLICIT freed 31 objects / 1496 bytes in 161ms

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  • Windows 7 - pydoc from cmd

    - by Random_Person
    Okay, I'm having one of those moments that makes me question my ability to use a computer. This is not the sort of question I imagined asking as my first SO post, but here goes. Started on Zed's new "Learn Python the Hard Way" since I've been looking to get back into programming after a 10 year hiatus and python was always what I wanted. This book has really spoken to me. That being said, I'm having a serious issue with pydoc from the command. I've got all the directories in c:/python26 in my system path and I can execute pydoc from the command line just fine regardless of pwd - but it accepts no arguments. Doesn't matter what I type, I just get the standard pydoc output telling me the acceptable arguments. Any ideas? For what it's worth, I installed ActivePython as per Zed's suggestion. C:\Users\Chevee>pydoc file pydoc - the Python documentation tool pydoc.py <name> ... Show text documentation on something. <name> may be the name of a Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted reference to a class or function within a module or module in a package. If <name> contains a '\', it is used as the path to a Python source file to document. If name is 'keywords', 'topics', or 'modules', a listing of these things is displayed. pydoc.py -k <keyword> Search for a keyword in the synopsis lines of all available modules. pydoc.py -p <port> Start an HTTP server on the given port on the local machine. pydoc.py -g Pop up a graphical interface for finding and serving documentation. pydoc.py -w <name> ... Write out the HTML documentation for a module to a file in the current directory. If <name> contains a '\', it is treated as a filename; if it names a directory, documentation is written for all the contents. C:\Users\Chevee> EDIT: New information, pydoc works just fine in PowerShell. As a linux user, I have no idea why I'm trying to use cmd anyways--but I'd still love to figure out what's up with pydoc and cmd. EDIT 2: More new information. In cmd... c:\>python c:/python26/lib/pydoc.py file ...works just fine. Everything works just fine with just pydoc in PowerShell without me worrying about pwd, or extensions or paths.

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  • Problem while adding new Object to CoreData App

    - by elementsense
    Hi Another Day, another CoreData problem,...but hopefully the last one now. Ok here is a copy of what I have : I have a List of Hotel Guests that stay in one Room and have Preferences. Once ready the user should select a guest and see the data and should also be able to add new guest, select the room (maintained also by application) and select their preferences (where the user can also add new preferences). The guest can have no or many preferences. So here is what I have so far. I created 3 Entities : - Rooms with roomnumber - Preferences with name - GuestInfo with name - with these Relationships room (Destination Rooms) and prefs (Destination Preferences with "To-Many Relationship") The prefs is a NSSet when you create a Managed Object Class. Now I created a UITableViewController to display all the data. I also have an edit and add mode. When I add a new Guest and just fill out the name, everything works fine. But when I want to add the prefs or the room number I get this error : Illegal attempt to establish a relationship 'room' between objects in different contexts Now, what confuses me is that when I add a guest and enter just the name, save it, go back and edit it and select the prefs and room number it works ? I have this line in both ViewControllers to select the room or prefs : [editedObject setValue:selectedRoom forKey:editedFieldKey]; with this .h : NSManagedObject *editedObject; NSString *editedFieldKey; NSString *editedFieldName; Again, it works on the editing mode but not when I want to add a fresh object. And to be sure, this is what I do for adding an new Guest : - (IBAction)addNewItem { AddViewController *addViewController = [[AddViewController alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewStyleGrouped]; addViewController.delegate = self; addViewController.context = _context; // Create a new managed object context for the new book -- set its persistent store coordinator to the same as that from the fetched results controller's context. NSManagedObjectContext *addingContext = [[NSManagedObjectContext alloc] init]; self.addingManagedObjectContext = addingContext; [addingContext release]; [addingManagedObjectContext setPersistentStoreCoordinator:[[_fetchedResultsController managedObjectContext] persistentStoreCoordinator]]; GuestInfo *info = (GuestInfo *)[NSEntityDescription insertNewObjectForEntityForName:@"GuestInfo" inManagedObjectContext:addingContext]; addViewController.info = info; UINavigationController *navController = [[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:addViewController]; [self.navigationController presentModalViewController:navController animated:YES]; [addViewController release]; [navController release]; } Anything I have to do to initialize the Room or Prefs ? Hope someone can help me out. Thanks

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  • How and why do I set up a C# build machine?

    - by mmr
    Hi all, I'm working with a small (4 person) development team on a C# project. I've proposed setting up a build machine which will do nightly builds and tests of the project, because I understand that this is a Good Thing. Trouble is, we don't have a whole lot of budget here, so I have to justify the expense to the powers that be. So I want to know: What kind of tools/licenses will I need? Right now, we use Visual Studio and Smart Assembly to build, and Perforce for source control. Will I need something else, or is there an equivalent of a cron job for running automated scripts? What, exactly, will this get me, other than an indication of a broken build? Should I set up test projects in this solution (sln file) that will be run by these scripts, so I can have particular functions tested? We have, at the moment, two such tests, because we haven't had the time (or frankly, the experience) to make good unit tests. What kind of hardware will I need for this? Once a build has been finished and tested, is it a common practice to put that build up on an ftp site or have some other way for internal access? The idea is that this machine makes the build, and we all go to it, but can make debug builds if we have to. How often should we make this kind of build? How is space managed? If we make nightly builds, should we keep around all the old builds, or start to ditch them after about a week or so? Is there anything else I'm not seeing here? I realize that this is a very large topic, and I'm just starting out. I couldn't find a duplicate of this question here, and if there's a book out there I should just get, please let me know. EDIT: I finally got it to work! Hudson is completely fantastic, and FxCop is showing that some features we thought were implemented were actually incomplete. We also had to change the installer type from Old-And-Busted vdproj to New Hotness WiX. Basically, for those who are paying attention, if you can run your build from the command line, then you can put it into hudson. Making the build run from the command line via MSBuild is a useful exercise in itself, because it forces your tools to be current.

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  • newbie problems with codeigniter

    - by Patrick
    hi, i'm trying to learn codeigniter (following a book) but don't understand why the web page comes out empty. my controller is class Welcome extends Controller { function Welcome() { parent::Controller(); } function index() { $data['title'] = "Welcome to Claudia's Kids"; $data['navlist'] = $this->MCats->getCategoriesNav(); $data['mainf'] = $this->MProducts->getMainFeature(); $skip = $data['mainf']['id']; $data['sidef'] = $this->MProducts->getRandomProducts(3, $skip); $data['main'] = "home"; $this->load->vars($data); $this->load->view('template'); } the view is: <--doctype declaration etc etc.. --> </head> <body> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="header"> <?php $this->load->view('header');?> </div> <div id='nav'> <?php $this->load->view('navigation');?> </div> <div id="main"> <?php $this->load->view($main);?> </div> <div id="footer"> <?php $this->load->view('footer');?> </div> </div> </body> </html> Now I know the model is passing back the right variables, but the page appears completely blank. I would expect at least to see an error, or the basic html structure, but the page is just empty. Moreover, the controller doesn't work even if I modify it as follows: function index() { echo "hello."; } What am I doing wrong? Everything was working until I made some changes to the model - but even if I delete all those new changes, the page is still blank.. i'm really confused! thanks, P.

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  • Looking for an Open Source Project in need of help

    - by hvidgaard
    Hi StackOverflow! I'm a CS student on well on my way to graduate. I have had a difficult time of finding relevant student jobs (they seems to be taken merely hours after the notice gets on the board) , so instead I'm looking for an open source project in need of help. I'm aware that I should choose one that I use, but I'm not aware of any OS-project that I use that needs help. That's why I'm asking you. I don't have any deep experience, but I here are some of my biggest projects so far: BitTorrent-ish client in Python (a subset of BitTorrent) HTTP 1.1 webserver in Java Compiler from a subset of Java to run on JRE Flash-framework project to model an iPad look and feel (not to run actual iPad programs) complete with an API for programs. Complete MySQL database for a booking system, with departure and arrival times, so you could only book valid tickets (with a Java frontend). I know, Java and languages like AS3 and C# feels natural per se, Python, and have done a fair bit of hacking around in C, but I don't feel very comfortable with it. Mostly I'm afraid to make a fuckup because I have such a high degree of control. I would like to think I'm well aware of good software design practices, but in reality what I do is ask myself "would I like to use/maintain this?", and I love to refactor my code because I see optimizations. I love algorithms and to make them run in the best possible time. I don't have any preferred domain to work in, but I wouldn't mind it to be graphics or math heavy. Ideally I'm looking for a project in C++ to learn the in's and out's of it, but I'm well aware that I don't know that language very well. I would like to have a mentor-like figure until I'm confident enough to stand on my own, not one to review all my code (I'm sure someone will to start with anyway), but to ask questions about the project and language in question. I do have a wife and two children, so don't expect me to put in 10+ hours every week. In return I can work on my own, I strive to program modular and maintainable code. Know how to read an API, use Google, StackOverflow and online resources in general. If you have any questions, shoot. I'm looking forward to your suggestions.

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  • Best practices regarding equals: to overload or not to overload?

    - by polygenelubricants
    Consider the following snippet: import java.util.*; public class EqualsOverload { public static void main(String[] args) { class Thing { final int x; Thing(int x) { this.x = x; } public int hashCode() { return x; } public boolean equals(Thing other) { return this.x == other.x; } } List<Thing> myThings = Arrays.asList(new Thing(42)); System.out.println(myThings.contains(new Thing(42))); // prints "false" } } Note that contains returns false!!! We seems to have lost our things!! The bug, of course, is the fact that we've accidentally overloaded, instead of overridden, Object.equals(Object). If we had written class Thing as follows instead, then contains returns true as expected. class Thing { final int x; Thing(int x) { this.x = x; } public int hashCode() { return x; } @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { return (o instanceof Thing) && (this.x == ((Thing) o).x); } } Effective Java 2nd Edition, Item 36: Consistently use the Override annotation, uses essentially the same argument to recommend that @Override should be used consistently. This advice is good, of course, for if we had tried to declare @Override equals(Thing other) in the first snippet, our friendly little compiler would immediately point out our silly little mistake, since it's an overload, not an override. What the book doesn't specifically cover, however, is whether overloading equals is a good idea to begin with. Essentially, there are 3 situations: Overload only, no override -- ALMOST CERTAINLY WRONG! This is essentially the first snippet above Override only (no overload) -- one way to fix This is essentially the second snippet above Overload and override combo -- another way to fix The 3rd situation is illustrated by the following snippet: class Thing { final int x; Thing(int x) { this.x = x; } public int hashCode() { return x; } public boolean equals(Thing other) { return this.x == other.x; } @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { return (o instanceof Thing) && (this.equals((Thing) o)); } } Here, even though we now have 2 equals method, there is still one equality logic, and it's located in the overload. The @Override simply delegates to the overload. So the questions are: What are the pros and cons of "override only" vs "overload & override combo"? Is there a justification for overloading equals, or is this almost certainly a bad practice?

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  • What are the Options for Storing Hierarchical Data in a Relational Database?

    - by orangepips
    Good Overviews One more Nested Intervals vs. Adjacency List comparison: the best comparison of Adjacency List, Materialized Path, Nested Set and Nested Interval I've found. Models for hierarchical data: slides with good explanations of tradeoffs and example usage Representing hierarchies in MySQL: very good overview of Nested Set in particular Hierarchical data in RDBMSs: most comprehensive and well organized set of links I've seen, but not much in the way on explanation Options Ones I am aware of and general features: Adjacency List: Columns: ID, ParentID Easy to implement. Cheap node moves, inserts, and deletes. Expensive to find level (can store as a computed column), ancestry & descendants (Bridge Hierarchy combined with level column can solve), path (Lineage Column can solve). Use Common Table Expressions in those databases that support them to traverse. Nested Set (a.k.a Modified Preorder Tree Traversal) First described by Joe Celko - covered in depth in his book Trees and Hierarchies in SQL for Smarties Columns: Left, Right Cheap level, ancestry, descendants Compared to Adjacency List, moves, inserts, deletes more expensive. Requires a specific sort order (e.g. created). So sorting all descendants in a different order requires additional work. Nested Intervals Combination of Nested Sets and Materialized Path where left/right columns are floating point decimals instead of integers and encode the path information. Bridge Table (a.k.a. Closure Table: some good ideas about how to use triggers for maintaining this approach) Columns: ancestor, descendant Stands apart from table it describes. Can include some nodes in more than one hierarchy. Cheap ancestry and descendants (albeit not in what order) For complete knowledge of a hierarchy needs to be combined with another option. Flat Table A modification of the Adjacency List that adds a Level and Rank (e.g. ordering) column to each record. Expensive move and delete Cheap ancestry and descendants Good Use: threaded discussion - forums / blog comments Lineage Column (a.k.a. Materialized Path, Path Enumeration) Column: lineage (e.g. /parent/child/grandchild/etc...) Limit to how deep the hierarchy can be. Descendants cheap (e.g. LEFT(lineage, #) = '/enumerated/path') Ancestry tricky (database specific queries) Database Specific Notes MySQL Use session variables for Adjacency List Oracle Use CONNECT BY to traverse Adjacency Lists PostgreSQL ltree datatype for Materialized Path SQL Server General summary 2008 offers HierarchyId data type appears to help with Lineage Column approach and expand the depth that can be represented.

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