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• latin1/unicode conversion problem with ajax request and special characters

  - by mfn

  Server is PHP5 and HTML charset is latin1 (iso-8859-1). With regular form POST requests, there's no problem with "special" characters like the em dash (–) for example. Although I don't know for sure, it works. Probably because there exists a representable character for the browser at char code 150 (which is what I see in PHP on the server for a literal em dash with ord). Now our application also provides some kind of preview mechanism via ajax: the text is sent to the server and a complete HTML for a preview is sent back. However, the ordinary char code 150 em dash character when sent via ajax (tested with GET and POST) mutates into something more: %E2%80%93. I see this already in the apache log. According to various sources I found, e.g. http://www.tachyonsoft.com/uc0020.htm , this is the UTF8 byte representation of em dash and my current knowledge is that JavaScript handles everything in Unicode. However within my app, I need everything in latin1. Simply said: just like a regular POST request would have given me that em dash as char code 150, I would need that for the translated UTF8 representation too. That's were I'm failing, because with PHP on the server when I try to decode it with either utf8_decode(...) or iconv('UTF-8', 'iso-8859-1', ...) but in both cases I get a regular ? representing this character (and iconv also throws me a notice: Detected an illegal character in input string ). My goal is to find an automated solution, but maybe I'm trying to be überclever in this case? I've found other people simply doing manual replacing with a predefined input/output set; but that would always give me the feeling I could loose characters. The observant reader will note that I'm behind on understanding the full impact/complexity with things about Unicode and conversion of chars and I definitely prefer to understand the thing as a whole then a simply manual mapping. thanks

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• Conversion type

  - by Ruben

  Hi, I've got the following question. I've got one class "Instellingen" that's a property in 3 other classes public class Instellingen { private int _ID; } public class Class1: Label { private Instellingen _Instellingen; } public class Class2 : Label { private Instellingen _Instellingen; } public class Class3 : Label { private Instellingen _Instellingen; } If I've got another class, that uses the other classes (but it can be anyone of this 3 classes) Do i have to use a switch? or is there an easier way? public class AnotherClass { public AnotherClass () { GetInstellingenFromClass(new Class1()); GetInstellingenFromClass(new Class2()); GetInstellingenFromClass(new Class3()); } private void GetInstellingenFromClass(Control c) { switch (c.GetType.ToString()) { case "Class1": Class1 klasse = (Class1) c; //Do something with the _Instellingen of this class break; case "Class2": Class2 klasse2 = (Class2) c; //Do something with the _Instellingen of this class break; case "Class3": Class3 klasse3 = (Class3)c; //Do something with the _Instellingen of this class break; } } } (does there exists something so i can just do something like c._Instellingen -- without converting it first to the right type, where it doesn't matter what type c is?) I hope you understand my question. Thanks

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• UTF8 charset, diacritical elements, conversion problems - and Zend Framework form escaping

  - by imanc

  Hey, I am writing a webapp in ZF and am having serious issues with UTF8. It's using multi lingual content through Zend Form and it seems that ZF heavily escapes all of these characters and basically just won't show a field if there's diacritical elements 'é' and if I use the HTML entity equivalent e.g. é it gets escaped so that the user will see 'é'. Zend Form allows for having non escaped data, but trying to use this is confusing, and it seems it'd need to be used all over the place. So, I have been told that if the page and the text is in UTF8, no conversion to htmlentities is required. Is this true? And if the last question is true, then how do I convert the source text to UTF8? I am comfortable setting up apache so that it sends a default UTF8 charset heading, and also adding the charset meta tag to the html, but doing this I am still getting messed up encoding. I have also tried opening the translation csv file in TextWrangler on OSX as UTF8, but it has done nothing. Thanks! L

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• Changing the <input> type in IE with JavaScript

  - by MrEnder

  The line <input type="text" name="passwordLogin" value="Password" onfocus="if(this.value=='Password'){this.value=''; this.type='password'};" onblur="if(this.value==''){this.value='Password'; this.type='text'};" size="25" /> works in all web browsers except IE... How can I fix it for IE? Ok made some changes to still have an error I want it to work like this like here <input type="text" name="usernameLogin" value="Email" onfocus="if(this.value=='Email'){this.value=''};" onblur="if(this.value==''){this.value='Email'};" size="25" /> if I dont enter anything it will put the value back So I tried this <td colspan="2" id="passwordLoginTd"> <input id="passwordLoginInput1" type="text" name="passwordLogin" value="Password" onfocus="passwordFocus()" size="25" /> <input id="passwordLoginInput2" style="display: none;" type="password" name="passwordLogin" value="" onblur="passwordBlur()" size="25" /> </td> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ passwordElement1 = document.getElementById('passwordLoginInput1'); passwordElement2 = document.getElementById('passwordLoginInput2'); function passwordFocus() { passwordElement1.style.display = "none"; passwordElement2.style.display = "inline"; passwordElement2.focus(); } function passwordBlur() { if(passwordElement2.value=='') { passwordElement2.style.display = "none"; passwordElement1.style.display = "inline"; passwordElement1.focus(); } } //]]> </script> as you can see the blur does not work =[ ok finally got it thanks to the help needed to remove passwordElement1.focus();

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• PHP & MySQL - Array to string conversion error problem.

  - by comma

  I keep getting an the following error of Array to string conversion error on this line listed below. How can I fix this problem? $skill = explode('', $_POST['skill']); Here is the PHP & MySQL code. $skill = explode('', $_POST['skill']); $experience = explode('', $_POST['experience']); $years = explode('', $_POST['years']); for ($s = 0; $s < count($skill); $s++){ for ($x = 0; $x < count($experience); $x++){ for ($g = 0; $g < count($years); $g++){ if (mysqli_num_rows($dbc) == 0) { $mysqli = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "sitename"); $dbc = mysqli_query($mysqli,"INSERT INTO learned_skills (user_id, skill, experience, years, date_created) VALUES ('" . $user_id . "', '" . $skill[$s] . "', '" . $experience[$x] . "', '" . $years[$g] . "', NOW())"); } if ($dbc == TRUE) { $dbc = mysqli_query($mysqli,"UPDATE learned_skills SET skill = '$skill', experience = '$experience', years = '$years', date_created = NOW() WHERE user_id = '$user_id'"); echo '<p class="changes-saved">Your changes have been saved!</p>'; } if (!$dbc) { print mysqli_error($mysqli); return; } } } }

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• Native Endians and Auto Conversion

  - by KnickerKicker

  so the following converts big endians to little ones uint32_t ntoh32(uint32_t v) { return (v << 24) | ((v & 0x0000ff00) << 8) | ((v & 0x00ff0000) >> 8) | (v >> 24); } works. like a charm. I read 4 bytes from a big endian file into char v[4] and pass it into the above function as ntoh32 (* reinterpret_cast<uint32_t *> (v)) that doesn't work - because my compiler (VS 2005) automatically converts the big endian char[4] into a little endian uint32_t when I do the cast. AFAIK, this automatic conversion will not be portable, so I use uint32_t ntoh_4b(char v[]) { uint32_t a = 0; a |= (unsigned char)v[0]; a <<= 8; a |= (unsigned char)v[1]; a <<= 8; a |= (unsigned char)v[2]; a <<= 8; a |= (unsigned char)v[3]; return a; } yes the (unsigned char) is necessary. yes it is dog slow. there must be a better way. anyone ?

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• Setting minOccurs="0" (not required) on web service parameters of type int

  - by Alex Angas

  I have an ASP.NET 2.0 web method with the following signature: [WebMethod] public QueryResult[] GetListData( string url, string list, string query, int noOfItems, string titleField) I'm running the disco.exe tool to generate .wsdl and .disco files from this web service for use in SharePoint. The following WSDL for the parameters is being generated: <s:element minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1" name="url" type="s:string" /> <s:element minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1" name="list" type="s:string" /> <s:element minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1" name="query" type="s:string" /> <s:element minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" name="noOfItems" type="s:int" /> <s:element minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1" name="titleField" type="s:string" /> Why does the int parameter have minOccurs set to 1 instead of 0 and how do I change it? I've tried the following without success: [XmlElementAttribute(IsNullable=false)] in the parameter declaration: makes no difference (as expected when you think about it) [XmlElementAttribute(IsNullable=true)] in the parameter declaration: gives error "IsNullable may not be 'true' for value type System.Int32. Please consider using Nullable instead." changing the parameter type to int? : keeps minOccurs="1" and adds nillable="true" [XmlIgnore] in the parameter declaration: the parameter is never output to the WSDL at all

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• C++ Implicit Conversion Operators

  - by Imbue

  I'm trying to find a nice inheritance solution in C++. I have a Rectangle class and a Square class. The Square class can't publicly inherit from Rectangle, because it cannot completely fulfill the rectangle's requirements. For example, a Rectangle can have it's width and height each set separately, and this of course is impossible with a Square. So, my dilemma. Square obviously will share a lot of code with Rectangle; they are quite similar. For examlpe, if I have a function like: bool IsPointInRectangle(const Rectangle& rect); it should work for a square too. In fact, I have a ton of such functions. So in making my Square class, I figured I would use private inheritance with a publicly accessible Rectangle conversion operator. So my square class looks like: class Square : private Rectangle { public: operator const Rectangle&() const; }; However, when I try to pass a Square to the IsPointInRectangle function, my compiler just complains that "Rectangle is an inaccessible base" in that context. I expect it to notice the Rectangle operator and use that instead. Is what I'm trying to do even possible? If this can't work I'm probably going to refactor part of Rectangle into MutableRectangle class. Thanks.

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• Conversion failed when converting datetime from character string

  - by salvationishere

  I am developing a C# VS 2008 / SQL Server 2005 Express website application. I have tried some of the fixes for this problem but my call stack differs from others. And these fixes did not fix my problem. What steps can I take to troubleshoot this? Here is my error: System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException was caught Message="Conversion failed when converting datetime from character string." Source=".Net SqlClient Data Provider" ErrorCode=-2146232060 LineNumber=10 Number=241 Procedure="AppendDataCT" Server="\\\\.\\pipe\\772EF469-84F1-43\\tsql\\query" State=1 StackTrace: at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection.OnError(SqlException exception, Boolean breakConnection) at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlInternalConnection.OnError(SqlException exception, Boolean breakConnection) at System.Data.SqlClient.TdsParser.ThrowExceptionAndWarning(TdsParserStateObject stateObj) at System.Data.SqlClient.TdsParser.Run(RunBehavior runBehavior, SqlCommand cmdHandler, SqlDataReader dataStream, BulkCopySimpleResultSet bulkCopyHandler, TdsParserStateObject stateObj) at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.FinishExecuteReader(SqlDataReader ds, RunBehavior runBehavior, String resetOptionsString) at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.RunExecuteReaderTds(CommandBehavior cmdBehavior, RunBehavior runBehavior, Boolean returnStream, Boolean async) at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.RunExecuteReader(CommandBehavior cmdBehavior, RunBehavior runBehavior, Boolean returnStream, String method, DbAsyncResult result) at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.InternalExecuteNonQuery(DbAsyncResult result, String methodName, Boolean sendToPipe) at System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand.ExecuteNonQuery() at ADONET_namespace.ADONET_methods.AppendDataCT(DataTable dt, Dictionary`2 dic) in c:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\WebSites\Jerry\App_Code\ADONET methods.cs:line 102 And here is the related code. When I debugged this code, "dic" only looped through the 3 column names, but did not look into row values which are stored in "dt", the Data Table. public static string AppendDataCT(DataTable dt, Dictionary<string, string> dic) { if (dic.Count != 3) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("dic can only have 3 parameters"); string connString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["AW3_string"].ConnectionString; string errorMsg; try { using (SqlConnection conn2 = new SqlConnection(connString)) { using (SqlCommand cmd = conn2.CreateCommand()) { cmd.CommandText = "dbo.AppendDataCT"; cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure; cmd.Connection = conn2; foreach (string s in dic.Keys) { SqlParameter p = cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(s, dic[s]); p.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.VarChar; } conn2.Open(); cmd.ExecuteNonQuery(); conn2.Close(); errorMsg = "The Person.ContactType table was successfully updated!"; } } }

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• Xml Conversion "Type mismatch" Error

  - by prema

  I am selecting a query in sql server 2005 SELECT 'Region' AS ELEMENT,(SELECT GeographyName,GeoID from @tmpTable FOR XML RAW, TYPE) FOR XML RAW('Root') This will give the output in xml as <Root ELEMENT="Region"> <row GeographyName="East" GeoID="2" /> <row GeographyName="West" GeoID="3" /> <row GeographyName="North" GeoID="4" /> <row GeographyName="South" GeoID="5" /> </Root> In aspx page, i want to get this function Populatedata(obj, val) { var xmlDom = new JXmlDom(obj, false); --> at this point i am getting error var nodeHeader = xmlDom.selectNodes("//row"); // my code goes here } function JXmlDom (xml,isFile) { this.load=load; this.loadXML=loadXML; this.selectNodes=selectNodes; this.text=text; this.selectSingleNode=selectSingleNode; this.documentElement=documentElement; this.transformNode=transformNode; if (isFile) { this.dom=this.load (xml); }else { this.dom=this.loadXML (xml); } function loadXML (xml) { if (window.ActiveXObject) { var dom=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOm"); dom.async=false; dom.loadXML (xml); } if (document.implementation && document.implementation.createDocument) { var domParser=new DOMParser(); var dom=domParser.parseFromString (xml,"text/xml"); } return dom; } But when i am calling this i am getting an error as Type mismatch.Can anyone help me

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• Generics Java and Shadowing of type parameters

  - by rubixibuc

  This code seems to work fine class Rule<T> { public <T>Rule(T t) { } public <T> void Foo(T t) { } } Does the method type parameter shadow the class type parameter? Also when you create an object does it use the type parameter of the class? example Rule<String> r = new Rule<String>(); Does this normally apply to the type parameter of the class, in the situation where they do not conflict? I mean when only the class has a type parameter, not the constructor, or does this look for a type parameter in the constructor? If they do conflict how does this change? SEE DISCUSSION BELOW if I have a function call x = <Type Parameter>method(); // this is a syntax error even inside the function or class ; I must place a this before it, why is this, and does everything still hold true. Why don't I need to prefix anything for the constructor call. Shouldn't Oracle fix this.

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• Unit Conversion from feet to meters

  - by user1742419

  I have to write a program that reads in a length in feet and inches and outputs the equivalent length in meters and centimeters. I have to create three functions: one for input, one or more for calculating, and one for output; And include a loop that lets the user repeat this computation for new input values until the user says he or she wants to end the program. I can't seem to get the input from one function to be used in the conversion function and then outputted by the next function. How do I do that? Thank you. #include <iostream> #include <conio.h> using namespace std; double leng; void length(double leng); double conv(double leng); void output(double leng); int main() { length(leng); conv(leng); output(leng); _getche(); return 0; } void length(double leng) { cout<<"Enter a length in feet, then enter a length in inches if needed: "; cin>>leng; return; } double conv(double leng) { return leng = leng * .3048; } void output(double leng) { cout<<"Your input is converted to "<<leng; return; }

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• Array Conversion in Xstream Parser

  - by Avidev9

  Hi am trying to convert the following xml into object using Xstream parser. I tried using the below code to convert the xml but am getting Duplicate field ERRORS ---- Debugging information ---- field : ERRORS class : com.avidev9.Fees.GCSFeesResponse$DebitsWSDS required-type : com.avidev9.Fees.GCSFeesResponse$DebitsWSDS converter-type : com.thoughtworks.xstream.converters.reflection.ReflectionConverter path : /DebitsWSDS/ERRORS[2] line number : 1 version : null The Code I used xstream.alias("DebitsWSDS", GCSFeesResponse.DebitsWSDS.class); xstream.alias("ERRORS", GCSFeesResponse.ERRORS.class); xstream.alias("ERROR_ID", String.class); xstream.alias("TABLE_NAME", String.class); xstream.alias("TABLE_ID", String.class); xstream.alias("ROW_ID", String.class); xstream.alias("ERROR_TEXT", String.class); xstream.alias("ERROR_CODE", String.class); xstream.alias("COLUMN_ID", String.class); xstream.alias("ERROR_TYPE", String.class); GCSFeesResponse.DebitsWSDS gcsFeesResponse =(GCSFeesResponse.DebitsWSDS)xstream.fromXML(result.get_any()[0].getAsString()); XML <DebitsWSDS xmlns=""> <DEBITS> <DEBIT_ID>-1</DEBIT_ID> <ACCOUNT_ID>12321312313</ACCOUNT_ID> <EFFECTIVE_DATE>2012-12-12T00:00:00-06:00</EFFECTIVE_DATE> <DAY_OF_MONTH>12</DAY_OF_MONTH> <DEBIT_TYPE>S</DEBIT_TYPE> <OCCURS_NUM>1</OCCURS_NUM> <DEBIT_AMOUNT>750</DEBIT_AMOUNT> <MEMO>S</MEMO> <ACTIVE_FLAG>Y</ACTIVE_FLAG> <MODIFIED_BY/> <DEBIT_AUTHORIZED/> <DEBIT_AUTHORIZED_BY/> <REMAINING_OCCURRENCES>0</REMAINING_OCCURRENCES> </DEBITS> <ERRORS> <ERROR_ID>1</ERROR_ID> <TABLE_NAME>Debits</TABLE_NAME> <TABLE_ID>-1</TABLE_ID> <ROW_ID>0</ROW_ID> <COLUMN_ID>EXCEPTION</COLUMN_ID> <ERROR_TYPE>E</ERROR_TYPE> <ERROR_CODE>4</ERROR_CODE> <ERROR_TEXT>This debit type is not allowed for this company and policy group</ERROR_TEXT> </ERRORS> <ERRORS> <ERROR_ID>2</ERROR_ID> <TABLE_NAME>Clients</TABLE_NAME> <TABLE_ID/> <ROW_ID>0</ROW_ID> <COLUMN_ID>CLOSE_SCHED_DATE</COLUMN_ID> <ERROR_TYPE>E</ERROR_TYPE> <ERROR_CODE>4</ERROR_CODE> <ERROR_TEXT>Client has been closed. Cannot Authorize Draft.</ERROR_TEXT> </ERRORS> <ERRORS> <ERROR_ID>3</ERROR_ID> <TABLE_NAME>Debits</TABLE_NAME> <TABLE_ID>-1</TABLE_ID> <ROW_ID>0</ROW_ID> <COLUMN_ID>EXCEPTION</COLUMN_ID> <ERROR_TYPE>E</ERROR_TYPE> <ERROR_CODE>4</ERROR_CODE> <ERROR_TEXT>Cannot Schedule a Debit or Draft. Client has been closed.</ERROR_TEXT> </ERRORS> <ERRORS> <ERROR_ID>1</ERROR_ID> <TABLE_NAME>Debits</TABLE_NAME> <TABLE_ID>-1</TABLE_ID> <ROW_ID>0</ROW_ID> <COLUMN_ID>ACTIVE_FLAG</COLUMN_ID> <ERROR_TYPE>W</ERROR_TYPE> <ERROR_CODE>4</ERROR_CODE> <ERROR_TEXT>Creating debit on inactive Client account.</ERROR_TEXT> </ERRORS> </DebitsWSDS> My class structure. package com.avidev9.Fees; import java.util.List; public class GCSFeesResponse { public DebitsWSDS DebitsWSDS; public class DebitsWSDS { public List<ERRORS> ERRORS; public String xmlns; public DEBITS DEBITS; } public class ERRORS { public String TABLE_NAME; public Integer TABLE_ID; public Integer ERROR_ID; public Integer ROW_ID; public String ERROR_TEXT; public Integer ERROR_CODE; public String COLUMN_ID; public String ERROR_TYPE; } public class DEBITS { public String EFFECTIVE_DATE; public String ACTIVE_FLAG; public Long ACCOUNT_ID; public String DEBIT_AUTHORIZED_BY; public Integer DAY_OF_MONTH; public Integer DEBIT_ID; public String MEMO; public Integer REMAINING_OCCURRENCES; public String DEBIT_TYPE; public Integer OCCURS_NUM; public Integer DEBIT_AMOUNT; public String DEBIT_AUTHORIZED; public String MODIFIED_BY; } }

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• SQL SERVER – Wait Stats – Wait Types – Wait Queues – Day 0 of 28

  - by pinaldave

  This blog post will have running account of the all the blog post I will be doing in this month related to SQL Server Wait Types and Wait Queues. SQL SERVER – Introduction to Wait Stats and Wait Types – Wait Type – Day 1 of 28 SQL SERVER – Signal Wait Time Introduction with Simple Example – Wait Type – Day 2 of 28 SQL SERVER – DMV – sys.dm_os_wait_stats Explanation – Wait Type – Day 3 of 28 SQL SERVER – DMV – sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks and sys.dm_exec_requests – Wait Type – Day 4 of 28 SQL SERVER – Capturing Wait Types and Wait Stats Information at Interval – Wait Type – Day 5 of 28 SQL SERVER – CXPACKET – Parallelism – Usual Solution – Wait Type – Day 6 of 28 SQL SERVER – CXPACKET – Parallelism – Advanced Solution – Wait Type – Day 7 of 28 SQL SERVER – SOS_SCHEDULER_YIELD – Wait Type – Day 8 of 28 SQL SERVER – PAGEIOLATCH_DT, PAGEIOLATCH_EX, PAGEIOLATCH_KP, PAGEIOLATCH_SH, PAGEIOLATCH_UP – Wait Type – Day 9 of 28 SQL SERVER – IO_COMPLETION – Wait Type – Day 10 of 28 SQL SERVER – ASYNC_IO_COMPLETION – Wait Type – Day 11 of 28 SQL SERVER – PAGELATCH_DT, PAGELATCH_EX, PAGELATCH_KP, PAGELATCH_SH, PAGELATCH_UP – Wait Type – Day 12 of 28 SQL SERVER – FT_IFTS_SCHEDULER_IDLE_WAIT – Full Text – Wait Type – Day 13 of 28 SQL SERVER – BACKUPIO, BACKUPBUFFER – Wait Type – Day 14 of 28 SQL SERVER – LCK_M_XXX – Wait Type – Day 15 of 28 Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Pinal Dave, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Optimization, SQL Performance, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL Wait Stats, SQL Wait Types, T SQL, Technology

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• Confusion for mime files: magic, magic.mgc, magic.mime

  - by Florence Foo

  I'm using Ubuntu. I'm trying to use ruby gem 'shared-mime-info' for an application I'm writing. I understand that magic.mgc is a compiled version of magic file which has magic number definitions for the different file types. BUT I don't understand why is it /usr/share/mime/magic is in binary format instead of just normal text file with each parameters separated by white space like everywhere else I'm finding on the internet when it's referencing this file? The /usr/share/mime/magic has the word 'MIME-Magic' at the beginning of the file and prioritize the rest of the stuff like. So it doesn't look like magic.mgc at all. [100:application/vnd.scribus] >1=^@^KSCRIBUSUTF8 [90:application/vnd.stardivision.writer] >2089=^@ shared-mime-info seems to want a magic file in the binary non compiled format as above and I wanted to add definition for DOCX but how does one update or generate this file without using a hex editor? There is a reference to the magic file I found at: http://standards.freedesktop.org/shared-mime-info-spec/shared-mime-info-spec-latest.html And it mention this file is updated with update-mime-database but what if I just want to add some new entry to it. hex editor? Anyway I ended up using hexer to make a new magic file in ~/.local/share/mime/ with only the entry I wanted to add and the MIME-Magic header. Seems to work (assuming I will ever deal with docx for now). 00000000: 4d 49 4d 45 2d 4d 61 67 69 63 00 0a 5b 36 30 3a MIME-Magic..[60: 00000010: 61 70 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 2f 76 6e 64 2e application/vnd. 00000020: 6f 70 65 6e 78 6d 6c 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 73 2d 6f openxmlformats-o 00000030: 66 66 69 63 65 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 2e 77 6f fficedocument.wo 00000040: 72 64 70 72 6f 63 65 73 73 69 6e 67 6d 6c 2e 64 rdprocessingml.d 00000050: 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 5d 0a 3e 30 3d 00 08 50 4b ocument].>0=..PK 00000060: 03 04 14 00 06 00 0a -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- .......---------

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• C# 4.0: Covariance And Contravariance In Generics

  - by Paulo Morgado

  C# 4.0 (and .NET 4.0) introduced covariance and contravariance to generic interfaces and delegates. But what is this variance thing? According to Wikipedia, in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometrical or physical entities changes when passing from one coordinate system to another.(*) But what does this have to do with C# or .NET? In type theory, a the type T is greater (>) than type S if S is a subtype (derives from) T, which means that there is a quantitative description for types in a type hierarchy. So, how does covariance and contravariance apply to C# (and .NET) generic types? In C# (and .NET), variance applies to generic type parameters and not to the resulting generic type. A generic type parameter is: covariant if the ordering of the generic types follows the ordering of the generic type parameters: Generic<T> = Generic<S> for T = S. contravariant if the ordering of the generic types is reversed from the ordering of the generic type parameters: Generic<T> = Generic<S> for T = S. invariant if neither of the above apply. If this definition is applied to arrays, we can see that arrays have always been covariant because this is valid code: object[] objectArray = new string[] { "string 1", "string 2" }; objectArray[0] = "string 3"; objectArray[1] = new object(); However, when we try to run this code, the second assignment will throw an ArrayTypeMismatchException. Although the compiler was fooled into thinking this was valid code because an object is being assigned to an element of an array of object, at run time, there is always a type check to guarantee that the runtime type of the definition of the elements of the array is greater or equal to the instance being assigned to the element. In the above example, because the runtime type of the array is array of string, the first assignment of array elements is valid because string = string and the second is invalid because string = object. This leads to the conclusion that, although arrays have always been covariant, they are not safely covariant – code that compiles is not guaranteed to run without errors. In C#, the way to define that a generic type parameter as covariant is using the out generic modifier: public interface IEnumerable<out T> { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> { T Current { get; } bool MoveNext(); } Notice the convenient use the pre-existing out keyword. Besides the benefit of not having to remember a new hypothetic covariant keyword, out is easier to remember because it defines that the generic type parameter can only appear in output positions — read-only properties and method return values. In a similar way, the way to define a type parameter as contravariant is using the in generic modifier: public interface IComparer<in T> { int Compare(T x, T y); } Once again, the use of the pre-existing in keyword makes it easier to remember that the generic type parameter can only be used in input positions — write-only properties and method non ref and non out parameters. Because covariance and contravariance apply only to the generic type parameters, a generic type definition can have both covariant and contravariant generic type parameters in its definition: public delegate TResult Func<in T, out TResult>(T arg); A generic type parameter that is not marked covariant (out) or contravariant (in) is invariant. All the types in the .NET Framework where variance could be applied to its generic type parameters have been modified to take advantage of this new feature. In summary, the rules for variance in C# (and .NET) are: Variance in type parameters are restricted to generic interface and generic delegate types. A generic interface or generic delegate type can have both covariant and contravariant type parameters. Variance applies only to reference types; if you specify a value type for a variant type parameter, that type parameter is invariant for the resulting constructed type. Variance does not apply to delegate combination. That is, given two delegates of types Action<Derived> and Action<Base>, you cannot combine the second delegate with the first although the result would be type safe. Variance allows the second delegate to be assigned to a variable of type Action<Derived>, but delegates can combine only if their types match exactly. If you want to learn more about variance in C# (and .NET), you can always read: Covariance and Contravariance in Generics — MSDN Library Exact rules for variance validity — Eric Lippert Events get a little overhaul in C# 4, Afterward: Effective Events — Chris Burrows Note: Because variance is a feature of .NET 4.0 and not only of C# 4.0, all this also applies to Visual Basic 10.

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• Mission critical embedded language

  - by Moe

  Maybe the question sounds a bit strange, so i'll explain a the background a little bit. Currently i'm working on a project at y university, which will be a complete on-board software for an satellite. The system is programmed in c++ on top of a real-time operating system. However, some subsystems like the attitude control system and the fault detection and a space simulation are currently only implemented in Matlab/Simulink, to prototype the algorithms efficiently. After their verification, they will be translated into c++. The complete on-board software grew very complex, and only a handful people know the whole system. Furthermore, many of the students haven't program in c++ yet and the manual memory management of c++ makes it even more difficult to write mission critical software. Of course the main system has to be implemented in c++, but i asked myself if it's maybe possible to use an embedded language to implement the subsystem which are currently written in Matlab. This embedded language should feature: static/strong typing and compiler checks to minimize runtime errors small memory usage, and relative fast runtime attitude control algorithms are mainly numerical computations, so a good numeric support would be nice maybe some sort of functional programming feature, matlab/simulink encourage you to use it too I googled a bit, but only found Lua. It looks nice, but i would not use it in mission critical software. Have you ever encountered a situation like this, or do you know any language, which could satisfies the conditions? EDIT: To clarify some things: embedded means it should be able to embed the language into the existing c++ environment. So no compiled languages like Ada or Haskell ;)

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• Question about casting a class in Java with generics

  - by Florian F

  In Java 6 Class<? extends ArrayList<?>> a = ArrayList.class; gives and error, but Class<? extends ArrayList<?>> b = (Class<? extends ArrayList<?>>)ArrayList.class; gives a warning. Why is (a) an error? What is it, that Java needs to do in the assignment, if not the cast shown in (b)? And why isn't ArrayList compatible with ArrayList? I know one is "raw" and the other is "generic", but what is it you can do with an ArrayList and not with an ArrayList, or the other way around?

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• Matrix Pattern Recognition Algorithm

  - by Andres

  I am designing a logic analyzer and I would like to implement some Matrix Algorithm. I have several channels each one represented by a row in the matrix and every element in the column would be the state, for example: Channel 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Channel 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Channel 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Channel 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 I would like to detect a pattern inside my matrix for example, detect if exist and where the sub-matrix or pattern: 1 0 1 1 I think it can be accomplished testing element by element but I think there should be a better way of doing it. Is there any Java API or any way to do it ? If there is a API ARM optimized for NEON instructions would be great also but not mandatory. Thank you very much in advance.

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• Firefox application associations not working

  - by Pavlos G.

  No matter what changes i make to file associations (actions) in the 'Applications' tab in firefox, they're totally ignored. For example, i set .wmv and .avi files to open with 'smplayer' but when i download a file and double-click on it (through the 'Downloads' window), it keeps opening with Totem player. I've tried to delete and recreate mimetypes.rdf but that didn't help. Any ideas on what else should i check?

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• When should a method of a class return the same instance after modifying itself?

  - by modiX

  I have a class that has three methods A(), B() and C(). Those methods modify the own instance. While the methods have to return an instance when the instance is a separate copy (just as Clone()), I got a free choice to return void or the same instance (return this;) when modifying the same instance in the method and not returning any other value. When deciding for returning the same modified instance, I can do neat method chains like obj.A().B().C();. Would this be the only reason for doing so? Is it even okay to modify the own instance and return it, too? Or should it only return a copy and leave the original object as before? Because when returning the same modified instance the user would maybe admit the returned value is a copy, otherwise it would not be returned? If it's okay, what's the best way to clarify such things on the method?

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• C# return variables

  - by pb01

  In a debate regarding return variables, some members of the team prefer a method to return the result directly to the caller, whereas others prefer to declare a return variable that is then returned to the caller (see code examples below) The argument for the latter is that it allows a developer that is debugging the code to find the return value of the method before it returns to the caller thereby making the code easier to understand: This is especially true where method calls are daisy-chained. Are there any guidelines as to which is the most efficient and/or are there any other reasons why we should adopt one style over another? Thanks private bool Is2(int a) { return a == 2; } private bool Is3(int a) { var result = a == 3; return result; }

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• Optimization ended up in casting an object at each method call

  - by Aybe

  I've been doing some optimization for the following piece of code : public void DrawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color) { _bitmap.DrawLineBresenham(x1, y1, x2, y2, color); } After profiling it about 70% of the time spent was in getting a context for drawing and disposing it. I ended up sketching the following overload : public void DrawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color, BitmapContext bitmapContext) { _bitmap.DrawLineBresenham(x1, y1, x2, y2, color, bitmapContext); } Until here no problems, all the user has to do is to pass a context and performance is really great as a context is created/disposed one time only (previously it was a thousand times per second). The next step was to make it generic in the sense it doesn't depend on a particular framework for rendering (besides .NET obvisouly). So I wrote this method : public void DrawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int color, IDisposable bitmapContext) { _bitmap.DrawLineBresenham(x1, y1, x2, y2, color, (BitmapContext)bitmapContext); } Now every time a line is drawn the generic context is casted, this was unexpected for me. Are there any approaches for fixing this design issue ? Note : _bitmap is a WriteableBitmap from WPF BitmapContext is from WriteableBitmapEx library DrawLineBresenham is an extension method from WriteableBitmapEx

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• Web browser downloads only open target folders - cannot open files

  - by Pavlos G.

  After installing xubuntu packages in order to check xfce, I reverted back to gnome2. During the first login, I noticed that thunar was now selected as the default file manager. Preferred applications menu is also missing now, so I could not set nautilus as the default. I removed all the xubuntu packages (including thunar) and then when I tried to open a folder, I was asked to select the default file manager - that's how I got nautilus back. The next problem I'm now facing has to do with the downloaded files from web browsers: Open and Open containing folder options produce exactly the same result. If I double-click on a file, it'll just open the containing folder, instead of opening the file with it's associated application (e.g. libreoffice writer for .doc,.odt, smplayer for .avi,.wmv, etc). The problem happens both in Firefox and Chrome. Through nautilus, all files open correctly. Up until now I've tried the following: Delete/recreate mimeTypes.rdf in my FF profile Create a new profile in FF Delete/recreate ~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list Already checked this similar article None of them worked. Any ideas on the issue would be appreciated.

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• Loose typing not applied to objects

  - by TecBrat

  I have very little experience working with classes and object. I work in a loosely typed language, PHP. I was working with a SimpleXML object and ran into a problem where I was trying to do math with an element of that object like $results->ProductDetail->{'Net'.$i}; If I echoed that value, I'd get 0.53 but when I tried to do math with it, it was converted to 0 Is there a reason that a loosely typed language would not recognize that as a float and handle it as such? Why would "echo" handle it as a string but the math fail to convert it? Example: $xml='<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>'; $xml.='<Test> <Item> <Price>0.53</Price> </Item> </Test>'; $result=simplexml_load_string($xml); var_dump($result->Item->Price); echo '<br>'; echo $result->Item->Price; echo '<br>'; echo 1+$result->Item->Price; echo '<br>'; echo 1+(float)$result->Item->Price; Output: object(SimpleXMLElement)#4 (1) { [0]=> string(4) "0.53" } 0.53 1 1.53

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