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• ASP.Net partially ignoring my Custom error section in web.config

  - by weevie

  Here's my web.config customErrors section (you'll notice I've switched the mode to 'On' so I can see the redirect on my localhost): <customErrors defaultRedirect="~/Application/ServerError.aspx" mode="On" redirectMode="ResponseRewrite"> <error statusCode="403" redirect="~/Secure/AccessDenied.aspx" /> </customErrors> and here's the code that throws: Catch adEx As AccessDeniedException Throw New HttpException(DirectCast(HttpStatusCode.Forbidden, Integer), adEx.Message) End Try and here's what I end up with: Which is not my pretty AccessDenied.aspx page but it is a forbidden error page so at least I know my throw is working. I've removed the entry for 403 in IIS (7.0) as a desperate last attempt and unsuprisingly that made no difference. I've run out of ideas now so any suggestions will be gratefully appreciated!

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• Custom Wordpress Post Page Breaks if More Thank 2 Posts?

  - by thatryan

  I have a very custom template, and it works great if there are 1 or 2 posts on the blog page. But as soon as a 3rd post is added, it alters the structure of the template... Literally moves a div inside of another and I can not understand why. The code for the blog template is here, and a screenshot of the structure as it should be and another showing the misplaced div when a third post is there. Does this make any sense, any ideas? Thank you much! <div class="post" id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>"><!--start post--> <h2><?php the_title(); ?></h2> <div id="main_full" class=" clearfix"><!--start main--> <div id="top_bar"><h3 class="gallery-title">news</h3></div> <div id="blog_page"><!--start blog page--> <div class="entry"><!--start entry--> <?php the_content(); ?> </div><!--end entry--> </div><!--end blog page--> </div><!--end main--> <?php endwhile; endif; ?> </div><!--end post--> <?php edit_post_link('Edit this entry.', '<p>', '</p>'); ?> <?php comments_template(); ?> Good One Bad One

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• WiX: Extracting Binary-string in Custom Action yields string like "???good data"

  - by leiflundgren

  I just found a weird behaviour when attempting to extract a string from the Binary-table in the MSI. I have a file containing "Hello world", the data I get is "???Hello world". (Literary question mark.) Is this as intended? Will it always be exactly 3 characters in the beginning? Regards Leif Sample code: [CustomAction] public static ActionResult CustomAction2(Session session) { View v = session.Database.OpenView("SELECT `Name`,`Data` FROM `Binary`"); v.Execute(); Record r = v.Fetch(); int datalen = r.GetDataSize("Data"); System.IO.Stream strm = r.GetStream("Data"); byte[] rawData = new byte[datalen]; int res = strm.Read(rawData, 0, datalen); strm.Close(); String s = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetString(rawData); // s == "???Hello World" return ActionResult.Success; }

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• Blogger Template: How is inline style tag getting attached to img? [migrated]

  - by john Smith

  Examining a blogger template's img tag (data:post.thumbnailUrl) i've approached a mystery. An inline style tag controlling the width, margin and heigh perimeters are getting added to my img element. They are auto adjusting the images ratio to fit a smaller size. But I can't figure-out where this style tag script lives and how it's happening in my template. My template has no special javascript or jquery scripts. The full size images in the single posts page don't have this style tag. Is this a css or xml feature? element.style { margin-top: 0px; width: 301.0033444816054px; height: 200px; margin-left: -0.5016722408026908px; }

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• How to create custom exception handler for custom controls or extension methods.

  - by Shantanu Gupta

  I am creating an extension method in C# to retrieve some value from datagridview. Here if a user gives column name that doesnot exists then i want this function to throw an exception that can be handled at the place where this function will be called. How can i achieve this. public static T Value<T>(this DataGridView dgv, int RowNo, string ColName) { if (!dgv.Columns.Contains(ColName)) throw new ArgumentException("Column Name " + ColName + " doesnot exists in DataGridView."); return (T)Convert.ChangeType(dgv.Rows[RowNo].Cells[ColName].Value, typeof(T)); }

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• BizTalk 2009 - Custom Functoid Wizard

  - by StuartBrierley

  When creating BizTalk maps you may find that there are times when you need perform tasks that the standard functoids do not cover.  At other times you may find yourself reapeating a pattern of standard functoids over and over again, adding visual complexity to an otherwise simple process.  In these cases you may find it preferable to create your own custom functoids.  In the past I have created a number of custom functoids from scratch, but recently I decided to try out the Custom Functoid Wizard for BizTalk 2009. After downloading and installing the wizard you should start Visual Studio and select to create a new BizTalk Server Functoid Project. Following the splash screen you will be presented with the General Properties screen, where you can set the classname, namespace, assembly name and strong name key file. The next screen is the first set of properties for the functoid.  First of all is the fuctoid ID; this must be a value above 6000. You should also then set the name, tooltip and description of the functoid.  The name will appear in the visual studio toolbox and the tooltip on hover over in the toolbox.  The descrition will be shown when you configure the functoid inputs when using it in a map; as such it should provide a decent level of information to allow the functoid to be used. Next you must set the category, exception mesage, icon and implementation language.  The category will affect the positioning of the functoid within the toolbox and also some of the behaviours of the functoid. We must then define the parameters and connections for our new functoid.  Here you can define the names and types of your input parameters along with the minimum and maximum number of input connections.  You will also need to define the types of connections accepted and the output type of the functoid. Finally you can click finish and your custom functoid project will be created. The results of this process can be seen in the solution explorer, where you will see that a project, functoid class file and a resource file have been created for you. If you open the class file you will see that the following code has been created for you: The "base" function sets all the properties that you previsouly detailed in the custom functoid wizard.  public TestFunctoids():base()  {    int functoidID;    // This has to be a number greater than 6000    functoidID = System.Convert.ToInt32(resmgr.GetString("FunctoidId"));    this.ID = functoidID;    // Set Resource strings, bitmaps    SetupResourceAssembly(ResourceName, Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());    SetName("FunctoidName");                     SetTooltip("FunctoidToolTip");    SetDescription("FunctoidDescription");    SetBitmap("FunctoidBitmap");    // Minimum and maximum parameters that the functoid accepts    this.SetMinParams(2);    this.SetMaxParams(2);    /// Function name that needs to be called when this Functoid is invoked.    /// Put this in GAC.    SetExternalFunctionName(GetType().Assembly.FullName,     "MyCompany.BizTalk.Functoids.TestFuntoids.TestFunctoids", "Execute");    // Category for this functoid.    this.Category = FunctoidCategory.String;    // Input and output Connection type    this.OutputConnectionType = ConnectionType.AllExceptRecord;    AddInputConnectionType(ConnectionType.AllExceptRecord);   } The "Execute" function provides a skeleton function that contains the code to be executed by your new functoid.  The inputs and outputs should match those you defined in the Custom Functoid Wizard.   public System.Int32 Execute(System.Int32 Cool)   {    ResourceManager resmgr = new ResourceManager(ResourceName, Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());    try    {     // TODO: Implement Functoid Logic    }    catch (Exception e)    {     throw new Exception(resmgr.GetString("FunctoidException"), e);    }   } Opening the resource file you will see some of the various string values that you defined in the Custom Functoid Wizard - Name, Tooltip, Description and Exception. You can also select to look at the image resources.  This will display the embedded icon image for the functoid.  To change this right click the icon and select "Import from File". Once you have completed the skeleton code you can then look at trying out your functoid. To do this you will need to build the project, copy the compiled DLL to C:\Program Files\Microsoft BizTalk Server 2009\Developer Tools\Mapper Extensions and then refresh the toolbox in visual studio.

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• Newbie question: Creating a custom control

  - by Wild Thing

  Hi, I have an ASP.Net site, in which I am using a ListView with a Datapager. Apparently there is a bug with the Datapager, where it crashes if there is an empty ampersand (&) in the querystring. This is a known issue: https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/ViewFeedback.aspx?FeedbackID=357344&wa=wsignin1.0#tabs I see that there is a workaround given, but did not understand how to implement it. Can somebody point me in the right direction? Also, I see that this issue is marked as resolved. Any idea where I can find the updated version of this control? Wild Thing

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• iphone tabbar with custom buttons and scrollvie

  - by chunjai

  i'm trying to get a tab bar effect not unlike russel quinn's 'creative review' app. the tabbar swipes across, which i have figured out, but the tabbar style itself is unlike anything i've seen on the iphone (though it looks so simple!). it has square buttons with a space between, and each button has a select/active/inactive state. i'm having a hard time seeing how this can be tabbar, but i don't know any other way. can someone explain this? here's the example :: http://bit.ly/c8CeBC. any help is appreciated.

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• custom grid style in silverlight 4

  - by Archie

  Hello, I want to set background of a grid using a style. I style I'm setting the Background Property of the grid. But I have a border filled with LinearGradientFill and a Path which also has LinearGradientFill in it. But I'm not able to combine both. Below is sample code. I want to create it as a style. <Grid> <Border BorderBrush="Black" BorderThickness="2"> <Border.Background> <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="1,0.5" StartPoint="0,0.5"> <GradientStop Color="Black" Offset="0.953" /> <GradientStop Color="White" Offset="0" /> </LinearGradientBrush> </Border.Background> </Border> <Path Data="M 0,0 C 0,620 10,10 560,0" Height="60" VerticalAlignment="Top"> <Path.Fill> <LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="1,0.5" StartPoint="0,0.5"> <GradientStop Color="Black" Offset="0" /> <GradientStop Color="White" Offset="0.779" /> </LinearGradientBrush> </Path.Fill> </Path> </Grid> It gives me an error as The Property 'Value' is set more than once. Can anyone help me with it? Thanks.

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• Custom Message Box in WPF - What project type?

  - by Tony

  I have a WPF Composite application and I want to create a customized messagebox, I wondered what project type I should use to create it? A usercontrol A WPF Application A Class Library I have to then be able to use this MessageBox in other places in my application.

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• How can my facebook application post message to a wall?

  - by Thomas Dekiere

  i already found out how to post something to a wall with the graph api on behalf of the facebook user. But now i want to post something in the name of my application. Here is how i'm trying to do this: protected void btn_submit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Dictionary<string, string> data = new Dictionary<string, string>(); data.Add("message", "Testing"); // i'll add more data later here (picture, link, ...) data.Add("access_token", FbGraphApi.getAppToken()); FbGraphApi.postOnWall(ConfigSettings.getFbPageId(), data); } FbGraphApi.getAppToken() // ... private static string graphUrl = "https://graph.facebook.com"; //... public static string getAppToken() { MyWebRequest req = new MyWebRequest(graphUrl + "/" + "oauth/access_token?type=client_cred&client_id=" + ConfigSettings.getAppID() + "&client_secret=" + ConfigSettings.getAppSecret(), "GET"); return req.GetResponse().Split('=')[1]; } FbGraphApi.postOnWall() public static void postOnWall(string id, Dictionary<string,string> args) { call(id, "feed", args); } FbGraphApi.call() private static void call(string id, string method, Dictionary<string,string> args ) { string data = ""; foreach (KeyValuePair<string, string> arg in args) { data += arg.Key + "=" + arg.Value + "&"; } MyWebRequest req = new MyWebRequest(graphUrl +"/" + id + "/" + method, "POST", data.Substring(0, data.Length - 1)); req.GetResponse(); // here i get: "The remote server returned an error: (403) Forbidden." } Does anyone see where this i going wrong? I'm really stuck on this. Thanks!

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• AutoRestart Custom Shell App

  - by MattH

  We have a .Net application that runs as a shell for certain users. We'd like the application to automatically restart when it crashes. The application is set as the shell here: HKEY_USERS*User*\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\WinLogon\Shell I've tried adding an "AutoRestartShell" key with a value of "1", like what exists in: HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\WinLogon. When I kill the application's process for the user (via RDP) the application exits, but never restarts. Ideas?

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• Drupal : Custom views filter

  - by Joseph

  Hi, First thing I would say is that I am a Drupal newbie. So, I would appreciate your answer in a detailed step by step process. I am using Drupal 6 and location module. There are two main content types - user profile (using content profile module) and event content type. Both have one field for location. Now, lets suppose in his profile, user is selecting city as Toronto and province as Ontario. And some events have been added for Toronto city. I need one Views, which will display events from user city. So, if user is from Vancouver, and they click on "my city events", they will see list of events from their city. Someone told me that I can achieve this using arguments/ relationships, but I don't know how to do that. Can someone please help me out? I am not good at PHP either :(

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• Adding custom validator without using Zend_Form's addElementPrefixPath

  - by nush

  The problem is that I don't use Zend_Form, so I can't use the built in capabilities. I usually look for three things when setting a validator: - its path (usually in library/path/validators/MyValidator.php) - its class name (tried Validators_MyValidator) and - in application.ini, the autoloaderNamespaces[] = "Validators" I've tried different settings/namings/layouts to no avail. When using a validator in my Zend_Validate_Input, an exception occurs, saying that it couldn't find my plugin/validator, the classes being searched only in Zend/Validate with the Zend_Validate prefix (I didn't try this prefix, though). Wasn't there a setting in app.ini that added a prefix and a path?

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• How to maintain form state after Post-Redirect-Get in ASP.net?

  - by Ian Boyd

  Imagine a page with a form input: Search Criteria: crackers                   From: [email protected]           To: [email protected]       Subject: How to maintain form state with PRG? Message: Imagine a page with form input:                         Send After the user clicks Send, the server will instruct to client to Redirect, as part of the Post-Redirect-Get pattern. POST /mail/u/compose HTTP/1.1 303 See Other Location: http://stackoverflow.com/mail/u/compose And the client will issue a GET of the new page. The problem is that some elements of the existing form are lost: Search Criteria:                    It gets worse when there are a few drop-downs, and checkboxes. How can i maintain form state in using Post-Redirect-Get in ASP.net, given that the viewstate is then non-existent. Bonus Reading ASP.NET: How to redirect, prefilling form data?

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• How do I make a HTTP POST request to an url from within a c++ dll?

  - by tjorriemorrie

  Hi, there's an open-source application I need to use. It allows you to use a custom dll. Unfortunately, I can't code c++; i don't like it; it don't want to learn it. I do know PHP very well however, thus you can see that I'll rather do my logic within a PHP application. Thus I'm thinking about posting the data from c++/dll to a url on my localhost. (i have my local server set up, that's not the problem). I need to post a large amount of variables (thus a POST and not GET request required). The return value will only be one (int)variable, either 0, 1 or 2. So I need a c++ function that: 1) will post variables to an url. 2) Wait for, and receive the answer. The data type can be in xml, soap, json, whatever, doesn't matter. Is there anyone that can write a little c++ http function for me? pretty please? ;)

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• Access Page property from ASP.NET custom control

  - by Farinha

  How do I access a base page property from a UserControl that is part of that page?

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• Blackberry - custom logic for checkboxes group

  - by SWATI

  if i click on any checkbox all previous checkboxes must get checked "my logic works" if i uncheck a checkbox then all checkboxes after it must get unchecked "how to do that" MyLogic works for storm but not for other models what to do //well what i want to do is i have 5 checkboxes class myscreen { chk_service = new CheckboxField[5]; chk_service[0]= new CheckboxField("1",true) chk_service[1]= new CheckboxField("2",false) chk_service[2]= new CheckboxField("3",false) chk_service[3]= new CheckboxField("4",false) chk_service[4]= new CheckboxField("5",false) CheckboxFieldChangeListener obj = new CheckboxFieldChangeListener(chk_service); chk_service[0].setChangeListener(obj); chk_service[1].setChangeListener(obj); chk_service[2].setChangeListener(obj); chk_service[3].setChangeListener(obj); chk_service[4].setChangeListener(obj); hm4 = new HorizontalFieldManager(); hm4.add(chk_service[0]); hm4.add(chk_service[1]); hm4.add(chk_service[2]); hm4.add(chk_service[3]); hm4.add(chk_service[4]); add(hm4); } public CheckboxFieldChangeListener (CheckboxField[] arrFields) { m_arrFields = arrFields; } public void fieldChanged(Field field, int context) { if(true == ((CheckboxField) field).getChecked()) { for(int i = 0; i < m_arrFields.length; i++) { if(m_arrFields[i]==field) { //a[j]=i; j++; break; } else { CheckboxField oField = m_arrFields[i]; oField.setChecked(true); } } } a[k] = j; if(false == ((CheckboxField) field).getChecked()) { for(int i =field.getIndex(); i < m_arrFields.length; i++) { if(m_arrFields[i]==field) { //a[j]=i; j++; break; } else { CheckboxField oField = m_arrFields[i]; oField.setChecked(false); } } } } }

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• ActionScript Custom Class With Return Type?

  - by TheDarkIn1978

  i just know this is a dumb question, so excuse me in advance. i want to essentially classify a simple function in it's own .as file. the function compares integers. but i don't know how to call the class and receive a boolean return. here's my class package { public class CompareInts { public function CompareInts(small:int, big:int) { compare(small, big); } private function compare(small:int, big:int):Boolean { if (small < big) return true; else return false; } } } so now i'd like to write something like this: if (CompareInts(1, 5) == true). or output 'true' by writing trace(CompareInts(1, 5));

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• as3 custom functions

  - by pixeltocode

  why is it that every time moveSlide() is called, the values traced are the same? var slideWidth:Number = 680; var newPos:Number; function moveSlide () { var currentPos:Number = image_holder.x; newPos = currentPos + slideWidth; trace('currentPos ' + currentPos); trace('newPos ' + newPos); } moveSlide(); moveSlide(); moveSlide(); (image_holder is a movieclip with the images)

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• Ububtu server 12.04 auto installation freezes at kickseeding running if ks.cfg has post scripts

  - by john206

  I'm trying to make a custom Ubuntu Server iso file. Kickstart file (ks.cfg) runs smooth when there is no %post in the file and Ubuntu installs correctly with ks configuration. Installation finishes installing base, apt, grub and It echos: Kickseed Running... and it freezes @ 0% I thought may be apt-get update doesnt work in ks file, I tried to install other apps like apache2 but no luck I have created dozen iso images and installed them in Virtual Box.I have been googling for 3 days and checked out ubuntu forums but haven't figured out the issue. I appreciate your help. This is how I made the iso image. My ks.file and txt.cfg files located in isolinux directory: root@ubuntu:/home/work mount -o loop ubuntu-12.04-amd64.iso original-iso/ rsync -a original-iso/ custom-iso/ cp ks.cfg custom-iso/isolinux/ cp txt.cfg custom-iso/isolinux/ chmod -R 777 custom-iso/ #Creating Iso image mkisofs -D -r -V “$IMAGE_NAME” -cache-inodes -J -l -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -o ~/ubuntu-12.04-alternate-custom-amd64.iso custom-iso/ ks.cfg #Generated by Kickstart Configurator #platform=AMD64 or Intel EM64T #System language lang en_US #Language modules to install langsupport en_US #System keyboard keyboard us #System mouse mouse #System timezone timezone America/Los_Angeles #Root password rootpw --iscrypted somethingsomething #Initial user user ubuntu --fullname "ubuntu" --iscrypted --password somethingsomething. #Reboot after installation reboot #Use text mode install text #Install OS instead of upgrade install #Use CDROM installation media cdrom #System bootloader configuration bootloader --location=mbr #Clear the Master Boot Record zerombr yes #Partition clearing information clearpart --all --initlabel #Disk partitioning information part /boot --size 128 --fstype=ext3 --asprimary part / --size 512 --fstype=ext3 --asprimary part swap --size 512 part /tmp --size 512 --fstype=ext3 part /var --size 512 --fstype=ext3 part /usr --size 4096 --fstype=ext3 part /home --size 2048 --fstype=ext3 #System authorization infomation auth --useshadow --enablemd5 #Network information network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 #Firewall configuration firewall --disabled --http --ftp --ssh #X Window System configuration information xconfig --depth=32 --resolution=1024x768 --defaultdesktop=GNOME %post apt-get update mkdir /home/user txt.cfg default autoinstall label autoinstall menu label ^Install Custom Ubuntu Server kernel /install/vmlinuz append file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet ks=cdrom:/isolinux/ks.cfg -- label install menu label ^Install Ubuntu Server kernel /install/vmlinuz append file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet -- label cloud menu label ^Multiple server install with MAAS kernel /install/vmlinuz append modules=maas-enlist-udeb vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet -- label check menu label ^Check disc for defects kernel /install/vmlinuz append MENU=/bin/cdrom-checker-menu vga=788 initrd=/install/initrd.gz quiet -- label memtest menu label Test ^memory kernel /install/mt86plus label hd menu label ^Boot from first hard disk localboot 0x80

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• GitLab post-receive hook not firing

  - by Ben Graham

  Apologies if this isn't the right stackexchange. I have a GitLab install. It was installed over the top of a gitolite install that was only a few days old, and I assume this non-standard setup is at the root of my problem, but I cannot pin it down. The problem is straightforward: post-receive hooks are not fired. This prevents 'project activity' appearing in GitLab. The problem looks like: $ git push #... error: cannot run hooks/post-receive: No such file or directory Hook Exists The post-receive hook/symlink exists and is executable: -rwxr-xr-x 1 git git 470 Oct 3 2012 .gitolite/hooks/common/post-receive lrwxrwxrwx 1 git git 45 Oct 3 2012 repositories/project.git/hooks/post-receive -> /home/git/.gitolite/hooks/common/post-receive It's Executable By GitLab The gitlab user can execute the script (I have removed the /dev/null redirect and fed in blank input to get an 'OK' as output): sudo su - gitlab -c /home/git/.gitolite/hooks/common/post-receive OK GitLab Can Find It GitLab is looking for hooks in the correct location: $ grep hooks /srv/gitlab/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml hooks_path: /home/git/.gitolite/hooks/ and $ bundle exec rake gitlab:app:status RAILS_ENV=production # ... /home/git/.gitolite/hooks/common/post-receive exists? ............YES Environment The env -i line in the hook is commonly cited as an issue. I think that would occur after this problem, but for completeness, redis-cli is found OK: $ env -i redis-cli redis> I've run out of debugging ideas on this one. Does anybody have any suggestions?

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• Safari Mobile Multi-Line <Select> aka GWT Multi-Line ListBox

  - by McTrafik

  Hi guys. Working on a webapp here that must run on the iPad (so, Safari Mobile). I have this code that works fine in just about anything except iPad: <select class="gwt-ListBox" size="12" multiple="multiple"> <option value="Bleeding Eyelashes">Bleeding Eyelashes</option> <option value="Smelly Pupils">Smelly Pupils</option> <option value="Bushy Eyebrows">Bushy Eyebrows</option> <option value="Green Vessels">Green Vessels</option> <option value="Sucky Noses">Sucky Noses</option> </select> What it's supposed to look like is a box with 12 lines ans 5 of them filled up. It works fine in FF, IE, Chrome, Safari Win. But, when I open it on iPad, it's just a single line! Styling it with CSS doesn't work. It just makes the single line bigger if I set the height. Is there a way to make it behave the same way as in normal browsers, or do I nave to make a custom component? Thanks.

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• Subterranean IL: Pseudo custom attributes

  - by Simon Cooper

  Custom attributes were designed to make the .NET framework extensible; if a .NET language needs to store additional metadata on an item that isn't expressible in IL, then an attribute could be applied to the IL item to represent this metadata. For instance, the C# compiler uses DecimalConstantAttribute and DateTimeConstantAttribute to represent compile-time decimal or datetime constants, which aren't allowed in pure IL, and FixedBufferAttribute to represent fixed struct fields. How attributes are compiled Within a .NET assembly are a series of tables containing all the metadata for items within the assembly; for instance, the TypeDef table stores metadata on all the types in the assembly, and MethodDef does the same for all the methods and constructors. Custom attribute information is stored in the CustomAttribute table, which has references to the IL item the attribute is applied to, the constructor used (which implies the type of attribute applied), and a binary blob representing the arguments and name/value pairs used in the attribute application. For example, the following C# class: [Obsolete("Please use MyClass2", true)] public class MyClass { // ... } corresponds to the following IL class definition: .class public MyClass { .custom instance void [mscorlib]System.ObsoleteAttribute::.ctor(string, bool) = { string('Please use MyClass2' bool(true) } // ... } and results in the following entry in the CustomAttribute table: TypeDef(MyClass) MemberRef(ObsoleteAttribute::.ctor(string, bool)) blob -> {string('Please use MyClass2' bool(true)} However, there are some attributes that don't compile in this way. Pseudo custom attributes Just like there are some concepts in a language that can't be represented in IL, there are some concepts in IL that can't be represented in a language. This is where pseudo custom attributes come into play. The most obvious of these is SerializableAttribute. Although it looks like an attribute, it doesn't compile to a CustomAttribute table entry; it instead sets the serializable bit directly within the TypeDef entry for the type. This flag is fully expressible within IL; this C#: [Serializable] public class MySerializableClass {} compiles to this IL: .class public serializable MySerializableClass {} For those interested, a full list of pseudo custom attributes is available here. For the rest of this post, I'll be concentrating on the ones that deal with P/Invoke. P/Invoke attributes P/Invoke is built right into the CLR at quite a deep level; there are 2 metadata tables within an assembly dedicated solely to p/invoke interop, and many more that affect it. Furthermore, all the attributes used to specify p/invoke methods in C# or VB have their own keywords and syntax within IL. For example, the following C# method declaration: [DllImport("mscorsn.dll", SetLastError = true)] [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.U1)] private static extern bool StrongNameSignatureVerificationEx( [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string wszFilePath, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.U1)] bool fForceVerification, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.U1)] ref bool pfWasVerified); compiles to the following IL definition: .method private static pinvokeimpl("mscorsn.dll" lasterr winapi) bool marshal(unsigned int8) StrongNameSignatureVerificationEx( string marshal(lpwstr) wszFilePath, bool marshal(unsigned int8) fForceVerification, bool& marshal(unsigned int8) pfWasVerified) cil managed preservesig {} As you can see, all the p/invoke and marshal properties are specified directly in IL, rather than using attributes. And, rather than creating entries in CustomAttribute, a whole bunch of metadata is emitted to represent this information. This single method declaration results in the following metadata being output to the assembly: A MethodDef entry containing basic information on the method Four ParamDef entries for the 3 method parameters and return type An entry in ModuleRef to mscorsn.dll An entry in ImplMap linking ModuleRef and MethodDef, along with the name of the function to import and the pinvoke options (lasterr winapi) Four FieldMarshal entries containing the marshal information for each parameter. Phew! Applying attributes Most of the time, when you apply an attribute to an element, an entry in the CustomAttribute table will be created to represent that application. However, some attributes represent concepts in IL that aren't expressible in the language you're coding in, and can instead result in a single bit change (SerializableAttribute and NonSerializedAttribute), or many extra metadata table entries (the p/invoke attributes) being emitted to the output assembly.

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• Django multiple many to many fields?

  - by Tom

  Hello everybody I am building a news app for my website. I want to use a sort of tag system. Each news article can have different and multiple tags. All tags are saved in a tag model, and i want to connect the tags to the newsarticle. Now is this possible with: tags = models.ForeignKey( TagsModel ) for one tag, but how i can do this with multiple of them? Thank you!

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