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  • Convert sets to frozensets as values of a dictionary

    - by Space_C0wb0y
    I have dictionary that is built as part of the initialization of my object. I know that it will not change during the lifetime of the object. The dictionary maps keys to sets. I want to convert all the values from sets to frozensets, to make sure they do not get changed. Currently I do that like this: for key in self.my_dict.iterkeys(): self.my_dict[key] = frozenset(self.my_dict[key]) Is there a simpler way to achieve this? I cannot build frozenset right away, because I do not how much items will be in each set until i have built the complete dictionary.

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  • method works fine, until it is called in a function, then UnboundLocalError

    - by user1776100
    I define a method called dist, to calculate the distance between two points which I does it correctly when directly using the method. However, when I get a function to call it to calculate the distance between two points, I get UnboundLocalError: local variable 'minkowski_distance' referenced before assignment edit sorry, I just realised, this function does work. However I have another method calling it that doesn't. I put the last method at the bottom This is the method: class MinkowskiDistance(Distance): def __init__(self, dist_funct_name_str = 'Minkowski distance', p=2): self.p = p def dist(self, obj_a, obj_b): distance_to_power_p=0 p=self.p for i in range(len(obj_a)): distance_to_power_p += abs((obj_a[i]-obj_b[i]))**(p) minkowski_distance = (distance_to_power_p)**(1/p) return minkowski_distance and this is the function: (it basically splits the tuples x and y into their number and string components and calculates the distance between the numeric part of x and y and then the distance between the string parts, then adds them. def total_dist(x, y, p=2, q=2): jacard = QGramDistance(q=q) minkowski = MinkowskiDistance(p=p) x_num = [] x_str = [] y_num = [] y_str = [] #I am spliting each vector into its numerical parts and its string parts so that the distances #of each part can be found, then summed together. for i in range(len(x)): if type(x[i]) == float or type(x[i]) == int: x_num.append(x[i]) y_num.append(y[i]) else: x_str.append(x[i]) y_str.append(y[i]) num_dist = minkowski.dist(x_num,y_num) str_dist = I find using some more steps #I am simply adding the two types of distance to get the total distance: return num_dist + str_dist class NearestNeighbourClustering(Clustering): def __init__(self, data_file, clust_algo_name_str='', strip_header = "no", remove = -1): self.data_file= data_file self.header_strip = strip_header self.remove_column = remove def run_clustering(self, max_dist, p=2, q=2): K = {} #dictionary of clusters data_points = self.read_data_file() K[0]=[data_points[0]] k=0 #I added the first point in the data to the 0th cluster #k = number of clusters minus 1 n = len(data_points) for i in range(1,n): data_point_in_a_cluster = "no" for c in range(k+1): distances_from_i = [total_dist(data_points[i],K[c][j], p=p, q=q) for j in range(len(K[c]))] d = min(distances_from_i) if d <= max_dist: K[c].append(data_points[i]) data_point_in_a_cluster = "yes" if data_point_in_a_cluster == "no": k += 1 K[k]=[data_points[i]] return K

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  • "IOError [Errno 13] Permisson denied" when copy a file on Windows

    - by wong2
    Hi, I wrote a program that will copy a file called a.exe to C:/Windows/, then I pack it to exe with PyInstaller, and rename the exe file to a.exe. When I run the exe file, it output IOError [Errno 13] Permisson denied: 'C:/Windows/a.exe', but the file a.exe was copied to the directory C:/Windows. Then I ran it as the Administrator, it happened again... At first, I copy the file with shututil.copy, then I wrote a function myself(open a.exe, create a.exe under C:/Windows, read a.exe 's content and write to C:/Windows/a.exe, close all), but it doesn't help...Any ideas?

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  • What is the best way to create a running integer id on the AppEngine data storage?

    - by Freed
    For various reasons, I need a unique running integer id for my entities stored on the Google AppEngine. The automatically generated key sort of has this behaviour, but it doesn't start from 1 (or 0) and doesn't guarantee that the generated integer part will come from a continuous sequence. What would be the best way to efficiently implement this on AppEngine? Is there any support from the storage system? To add to the complexity, I might need to do this over entities from different entity groups, meaning I can't just get the highest id right now and save an entity with the next id in a transaction. Might memcache be the way to go..? Edit: I havn't yet implemented this, but to clarify on the memcache idea. I know memcache is unreliable, but in practice it probably won't lose data "too often" to hurt performance. Basically, I would have a memcache entry for the last used id, update it (somehow atomically) whenever I create a new entity and use that id. In the case of memcache not having a value for this entry, I'd get the highest id so far by doing a query on my entities sorted by the id and update memcache (unless someone else had already done so). The only problem I can see with this right now would be atomicity of the operation as a whole if the save of my new entity was also part of a transaction. Thoughts..?

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  • Matplotlib Contour Clabel Location

    - by jotimaz
    I would like to control the location of matplotlib clabels on a contour plot, but without utilizing the manual=True flag in clabel. For example, I would like to specify an x-coordinate, and have labels created at the points that pass through this line. I see that you can get the location of the individual labels using get_position(), but I am stuck at that. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! EDIT: The above image is an example plot that I would like to apply this method to. The default label positions are inconvenient -- the flat areas between Day 2 and Day 4 would be more visually appealing.

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  • gtk+ checkbutton settings

    - by jldupont
    Is there a way to use set_active on a gtkCheckButton but without the user being able to press/toggle the said button? In other words, I want to programmatically control the active state of the CheckButton but I don't want the user to be able to change it.

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  • Trimming lists using a loop

    - by Vishal
    I have few lists like: a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] b = [4, 6, 5, 9, 2] c = [4, 7, 9, 1, 2] I want to trim all of them using a loop, instead of doing as below: a[-2:] b[-2:] c[-2:] I tried but got confused with pass by value or pass by reference fundamentals, looked into other questions as well but no help. Thanks

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  • Fetch Subject & sender in IMAP

    - by shadyabhi
    After the following code:- import imaplib conn = imaplib.IMAP4("mail.daiict.ac.in") conn.login("200801076","mypass") # OUT: ('OK', ['Logged in.']) conn.select() # OUT: ('OK', ['166']) Now, how do I fetch the sender and subject of mails in the inbox?

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  • Object directing to a property when accessed as an iterable

    - by ThE_JacO
    I'm trying to figure out if there's an elegant and concise way to have a class accessing one of its own properties when "used" as a dictionary, basically redirecting all the methods that'd be implemented in an ordered dictionary to one of its properties. Currently I'm inheriting from IterableUserDict and explicitly setting its data to another property, and it seems to be working, but I know that UserDict is considered sort of old, and I'm concerned I might be overlooking something. What I have: class ConnectionInterface(IterableUserDict): def __init__(self, hostObject): self._hostObject= hostObject self.ports= odict.OrderedDict() self.inputPorts= odict.OrderedDict() self.outputPorts= odict.OrderedDict() self.data= self.ports This way I expect the object to behave and respond (and be used) the way I mean it to, except I want to get a freebie ordered dictionary behaviour on its property "ports" when it's iterated, items are gotten by key, something is looked up ala if this in myObject, and so on. Any advice welcome, the above seems to be working fine, but I have an odd itch that I might be missing something. Thanks in advance.

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  • Returning binomal as a tuple

    - by Mike
    I want to save the results of my function binomal_aux to a tuple but I don't have an idea how to, here is my code I have right now. def binomal (n): i=0 for i in range(n): binomal_aux(n,i) #want this to be in a tuple so, binomal (2) = (1,2,1) return def binomal_aux (n,k): if (k==0): return 1 elif (n==k): return 1 else: return (binomal_aux(n-1,k) + binomal_aux(n-1,k-1))

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  • Unittest in Django. Static variable feeded into the test case

    - by ziang
    I want to generate some dynamic data and feed these data in to test cases. But I found that Django will initial the test class every time to do the test. So the data will get generated every time django test framework calls the function. Is there anyway to use something like the singleton or static variable to solve the problem? What should be the solution? Thanks!

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  • Parse items from text file

    - by chris
    I have a text file that includes data inside {[]} tags. What would be the suggested way to parse that data so I can just use the data inside the tags? Example text file would look like this: 'this is a bunch of text that is not {[really]} useful in any {[way]}. I need to {[get]} some items {[from]} it.' I would like to end up with 'really', 'way', 'get', 'from' in a list. I guess I could use split to do it.. but seems like there might be a better way out there. I have seen a ton parsing libraries, is there one that would be perfect for what I want to do?

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  • twisted DeferredList parallel Image Download

    - by bell007
    This is code: http://www.dpaste.de/Ij0S/ 1,if there is a erorr (networking erorr,or Unhandled error in Deferred), the code stop. I need this code running until all urls finish request. (May be the parallel function not work? ) 2,when I write image to local filesystem, if meet erorr, there images may not complete. Thanks!

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  • django flatpage redirects

    - by Joe
    I want to make sure all of my flatpages have the "www" subdomain and redirect to it if they don't. I've looked at some middlewares that redirect to www, but 1. they usually redirect all urls to www and 2. the ones I've found don't work with flatpages. I don't want all of my site urls to redirect to include the www subdomian, just the flatpages. Anyone know how I should go about doing this? Thanks

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  • reuse generators

    - by wiso
    I need to check the central limit with dices. Rool D dices. Sum the results. Repeat the same thing for N times. Change D and repeat. There's no need to store random values so I want to use only generators. The problem is that generators are consuming, I can't resuging them more times. Now my code use explicit for and I don't like it. dice_numbers = (1, 2, 10, 100, 1000) repetitions = 10000 for dice_number in dice_numbers: # how many dice to sum sum_container = [] for r in range(repetitions): rool_sum = sum((random.randint(1,6) for _ in range(dice_number))) sum_container.append(rool_sum) plot_histogram(sum_container) I want to create something like for r in repetitions: rools_generator = (random.randint(1,6) for _ in range(dice_number) sum_generator = (sum(rools_generator) for _ in range(r)) but the second time I resuse rools_generator it is condumed. I need to construct generator class?

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  • Matching Strings: a biological perspective

    - by sun
    Write a function, called constrainedMatchPair which takes three arguments: a tuple representing starting points for the first substring, a tuple representing starting points for the second substring, and the length of the first substring. The function should return a tuple of all members (call it n) of the first tuple for which there is an element in the second tuple (call it k) such that n+m+1 = k, where m is the length of the first substring. Complete the definition def constrainedMatchPair(firstMatch,secondMatch,length):

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  • printing only the last 8 entries in a .csv file

    - by user2341103
    I have an input csv file as below,I want to print only the most recent 8 entries..can anyone provide inputs on how to do this? INPUT:- trend.csv ['2013-06-25 20:01', '10'] ['2013-06-25 20:06', '9'] ['2013-06-25 20:06', '8'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '7'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '6'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '5'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '4'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '3'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '2'] ['2013-06-26 20:08', '1'] OUTPUT:- ['2013-06-25 20:06', '8'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '7'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '6'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '5'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '4'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '3'] ['2013-06-26 20:06', '2'] ['2013-06-26 20:08', '1'] import csv #Now read the recent 8 entries and print cr = csv.reader(open("trend.csv","rb")) for row in cr: #print only the recent most 8 entries print row

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  • writing 'bits' to c++ file streams

    - by Sorush Rabiee
    How can i write 'one bit' into a file stream or file structure each time? is it possible to write to a queue and then flush it ? is it possible with c# or java? this was needed when i try to implement an instance of Huffman codding. i can't write bits into files. so write them to a bitset and then (when compression was completed) write 8-bit piece of it each time (exclude last one).

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  • How to print string in this way

    - by xRobot
    For every string, I need to print # each 6 characters. For example: example_string = "this is an example string. ok ????" myfunction(example_string) "this i#s an e#ample #string#. ok ?#???" What is the most efficient way to do that ?

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  • form.has_errors tag not working

    - by John
    Hello, Im using Django 1.2.3. I have login functionality in my site using django.contrib.auth.views.login. The user is able to login after entering correct username and password. But, form.has_errors is not working i.e. if the login credentials entered are incorrect i dont see the error message. My login.html in templates/registration is as follows : <html> <head> <title>Login</title> </head> <body> <h1>User Login</h1> {% if form.has_errors %} <p>Your username and password didn't match. Please try again.</p> {% endif %} <form method="post" action="."> {% csrf_token %} <p><label for="id_username">Username:</label> {{ form.username }}</p> <p><label for="id_password">Password:</label> {{ form.password }}</p> <input type="hidden" name="next" value="/" /> <input type="submit" value="login" /> </form> </body> </html> Any way to fix this problem? Please Help Thank You.

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