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• call multiple c++ functions in python using threads

  - by wiso

  Suppose I have a C(++) function taking an integer, and it is bound to (C)python with python api, so I can call it from python: import c_module c_module.f(10) now, I want to parallelize it. The problem is: how does the GIL work in this case? Suppose I have a queue of numbers to be processed, and some workers (threading.Thread) working in parallel, each of them calling c_module.f(number) where number is taken from a queue. The difference with the usual case, when GIL lock the interpreter, is that now you don't need the interpreter to evaluate c_module.f because it is compiled. So the question is: in this case the processing is really parallel?

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• A simple Python extension in C

  - by celil

  I am trying to create a simple python extension module. I compiled the following code into a transit.so dynamic module #include <python2.6/Python.h> static PyObject* _print(PyObject* self, PyObject* args) { return Py_BuildValue("i", 10); } static PyMethodDef TransitMethods[] = { {"print", _print, METH_VARARGS, ""}, {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} }; PyMODINIT_FUNC inittransit(void) { Py_InitModule("transit", TransitMethods); } However, trying to call this from python import transit transit.print() I obtain an error message File "test.py", line 2 transit.print() ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax What's wrong with my code?

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• How to set parameters in Python zlib module

  - by fagricipni

  I want to write a Python program that makes PNG files. My big problem is with generating the CRC and the data in the IDAT chunk. Python 2.6.4 does have a zlib module, but there are extra settings needed. The PNG specification REQUIRES the IDAT data to be compressed with zlib's deflate method with a window size of 32768 bytes, but I can't find how to set those parameters in the Python zlib module. As for the CRC for each chunk, the zlib module documentation indicates that it contains a CRC function. I believe that calling that CRC function as crc32(data,-1) will generate the CRC that I need, though if necessary I can translate the C code given in the PNG specification. Note that I can generate the rest of the PNG file and the data that is to be compressed for the IDAT chunk, I just don't know how to properly compress the image data for the IDAT chunk after implementing the initial filtering step.

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• Error loading SQL_VARIANT data type using Python

  - by Brett D

  I am using Python and SQLAlchemy to query a database that I did not create. I have run into a problem querying a table that contains the SQL_VARIANT data type. I get the error: sqlalchemy.exc.DBAPIError: (Error) ('ODBC data type -150 is not supported. Cannot read column Value.', 'HY000') I confirmed with the database creator that the "Value" column is of type SQL_VARIANT. Does anyone know a way to load this data type using Python? I am currently using mssql with pyodbc. Thank you for any help you can offer! Versions: Python 2.7, SQLAlchemy 0.7.8

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• Python comparing string against several regular expressions

  - by maerics

  I'm pretty experienced with Perl and Ruby but new to Python so I'm hoping someone can show me the Pythonic way to accomplish the following task. I want to compare several lines against multiple regular expressions and retrieve the matching group. In Ruby it would be something like this: STDIN.each_line do |line| case line when /^A:(.*?)$/ then puts "FOO: #{$1}" when /^B:(.*?)$/ then puts "BAR: #{$1}" # when ... else puts "NO MATCH: #{line}" end end My attempts in Python are turning out pretty ugly because the matching group is returned from a call to match/search on a regular expression and Python has no assignment in conditionals or switch statements. What's the Pythonic way to do (or think!) about this problem?

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• Does Python work in larger teams?

  - by Kugel

  I read this post last night and it got me thinking. I like python and "batteries", pypi and such. But I've only done python solo. Never tried it in a team. Are the points that Ted mentions valid? If they are how do teams cope with them? Does Python work in teams or even large teams? Or it kills productivity? I personally see the problems he mentions when I come back to my old code. Even when working with other modules sometimes I need to peek inside. I would like to hear people with experience on this.

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• Determine calling executable in Python

  - by Brian Rosner

  I am trying to find the best way of re-invoking a Python script within itself. Currently it is working like http://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/blob/master/gunicorn/arbiter.py#L285. The START_CTX is created at http://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/blob/master/gunicorn/arbiter.py#L82-86. The code is relying on sys.argv[0] as the "caller". However, this fails in cases where it is invoked with: python script.py ... This case does work: python ./script.py ... because the code uses os.chdir before running os.execlp. I did notice os.environ["_"], but I am not sure how reliable that would be. Another possible case is to check if sys.argv[0] is not on PATH and is not executable and use sys.executable when calling os.execlp. Any thoughts on a better approach solving this issue?

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• word ladder in python

  - by user365523

  I'm trying to create a word ladder program in python. I'd like to generate words that are similar to a given word. In c++ or java, I would go through each valid index in the original string, and replace it with each letter in the english alphabet, and see if the result is a valid word. for example (pseudocode) for (int i = 0; i < word.length(); i++) { for (every character c in the alphabet) { change the letter of word at index i to be c. if the result is a valid word, store it in a list of similar words } } . However, this doesn't seem like a very "python" way of doing things. How would I approach this problem in python?

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• What is a flexible, hybrid python collection object?

  - by Naveen

  As a way to get used to python, I am trying to translate some of my code to python from Autohotkey_L. I am immediately running into tons of choices for collection objects. Can you help me figure out a built in type or a 3rd party contributed type that has as much as possible, the functionality of the AutoHotkey_L object type and its methods. AutoHotkey_L Objects have features of a python dict, list, and a class instance. I understand that there are tradeoffs for space and speed, but I am just interested in functionality rather than optimization issues.

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• construct graph from python set type.

  - by Vincent

  The sort question, is the an off the self function to make a graph from a set of python sets? The longer: I have several python set types. They each overlap or some are sub sets of others. I would like to make a graph (as in nodes and edges) with the edges weighted by common intersection of the sets. There are several graphing packages for python. (NetworkX, igraph,...) I am not familiar with the use of any of them. Will any of them make a graph directly from a list of sets ie, MakeGraphfromSets(alistofsets) If not do you know of an example of how to take the list of sets to define the edges. It actually looks like it might be straight forward but an example is always good to have.

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• How to tell process id within Python

  - by R S

  Hey, I am working with a cluster system over linux (www.mosix.org) that allows me to run jobs and have the system run them on different computers. Jobs are run like so: mosrun ls & This will naturally create the process and run it on the background, returning the process id, like so: [1] 29199 Later it will return. I am writing a Python infrastructure that would run jobs and control them. For that I want to run jobs using the mosrun program as above, and save the process ID of the spawned process (29199 in this case). This naturally cannot be done using os.system or commands.getoutput, as the printed ID is not what the process prints to output... Any clues? Edit: Since the python script is only meant to initially run the script, the scripts need to run longer than the python shell. I guess it means the mosrun process cannot be the script's "son process". Any suggestions? Thanks

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• GWT on Python App Engine

  - by Koran

  Hi, I have a python app engine code (matured backend) - and we are now planning to have a front end for that code. I was wondering whether it is possible to implement GWT as the front end. Even though Alex Martelli in this post [1] mentions it is not possible, a comment to that post suggests that it is indeed possible using rpc over json for GWT. I was unable to understand how this is possible. In app.yaml file, we have to specify the language to be python, right? In that case, how can it compile GWT based on JAVA? Are there any examples on anyone doing that? Can someone help me out? It would be extremely helpful. [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1085898/choosing-java-vs-python-on-google-app-engine/1087878#1087878 link

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• Connecting to Google app email servers in Python to send from an alias

  - by user575228

  I'm looking to send many emails via Python and would like to connect to Google's email servers to send it from my company email address (it's for work). I've got working code for sending the email through the old company email ([email protected]) which is our login, but can't figure out how to send it through the alias ([email protected]) we use frequently. Long story short, logging in with my regular Google Apps account won't do and I need to sign in with an alias (nickname) instead. Alternatively, I can sign with the regular account ([email protected]) but send via a different email ([email protected]). Working in python and pretty new to programming, but am a good listener! (It's like this question: Google Apps - Send email from a nickname but in Python).

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• advanced python autovivification

  - by Zhang18

  This question is about implementing the full PERL autovivification in python. I know similary questions were asked before and so far the best answre is http://stackoverflow.com/questions/635483/what-is-the-best-way-to-implement-nested-dictionaries-in-python/652284#652284. However, I'm looking to do this: a['x']['y'].append('z') without declaring a['x']['y'] = [] first, or rather, not declaring a['x'] = {} either. I know dict and list classes sorta don't mix so this is hard, but I'm interested in seeing if someone has an ingenius solution probably involving creating an inherited class from dict but defined a new append method on it? I also know this might throw off some python purists who will ask me to stick with Perl. But even just for a challenge, I'd like to see something. thx!

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• Cannot import SQLite with Python 2.6

  - by David McLaughlin

  I'm running Python 2.6 on Unix and when I run the interactive prompt (SQLite is supposed to be preinstalled) I get: [root@idev htdocs]# python Python 2.6 (r26:66714, Oct 23 2008, 16:25:34) [GCC 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import sqlite Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named sqlite >>> import sqlite Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named sqlite >>> How do I resolve this?

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• SWIG & C/C++ Python API connected - SEGFAULT

  - by user289637

  Hello, my task is to create dual program. At the beginning I start C program that calls throught C/C++ API of Python some Python method. The called method after that call a function that is created with SWIG. I show you my sample also with backtrace from gdb after I am given Segmentation fault. main.c: #include <Python.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "utils.h" int main(int argc, char** argv) { printf("Calling from C !\n"); increment(); int i; for(i = 0; i < 11; ++i) { Py_Initialize(); PyObject *pname = PyString_FromString("py_function"); PyObject *module = PyImport_Import(pname); PyObject *dict = PyModule_GetDict(module); PyObject *func = PyDict_GetItemString(dict, "ink"); PyObject_CallObject(func, NULL); Py_DECREF(module); Py_DECREF(pname); printf("\tbefore finalize\n"); Py_Finalize(); printf("\tafter finalize\n"); } return 0; } utils.c #include <stdio.h> #include "utils.h" void increment(void) { printf("Incremention counter to: %u\n", ++counter); } py_function.py #!/usr/bin/python2.6 '''py_function.py - Python source designed to demonstrate the use of python embedding''' import utils def ink(): print 'I am gonna increment !' utils.increment() and last think is my Makefile & SWIG configure file Makefile: CC=gcc CFLAGS=-c -g -Wall -std=c99 all: main main: main.o utils.o utils_wrap.o $(CC) main.o utils.o -lpython2.6 -o sample swig -Wall -python -o utils_wrap.c utils.i $(CC) utils.o utils_wrap.o -shared -o _utils.so main.o: main.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) main.c -I/usr/include/python2.6 -o main.o utils.o: utils.c utils.h $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -fPIC utils.c -o $@ utils_wrap.o: utils_wrap.c $(CC) -c -fPIC utils_wrap.c -I/usr/include/python2.6 -o $@ clean: rm -rf *.o The program is called by ./main and there is output: (gdb) run Starting program: /home/marxin/Programming/python2/sample [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] Calling from C ! Incremention counter to: 1 I am gonna increment ! Incremention counter to: 2 before finalize after finalize I am gonna increment ! Incremention counter to: 3 before finalize after finalize I am gonna increment ! Incremention counter to: 4 before finalize after finalize Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0xb7ed3e4e in PyObject_Malloc () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 Backtrace: (gdb) backtrace #0 0xb7ed3e4e in PyObject_Malloc () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #1 0xb7ca2b2c in ?? () #2 0xb7f8dd40 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #3 0xb7eb014c in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #4 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #5 0xb7f99820 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #6 0x00000001 in ?? () #7 0xb7f8dd40 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #8 0xb7f4f014 in _PyObject_GC_Malloc () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #9 0xb7f99820 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #10 0xb7f4f104 in _PyObject_GC_NewVar () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #11 0xb7ee8760 in _PyType_Lookup () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #12 0xb7f99820 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #13 0x00000001 in ?? () #14 0xb7f8dd40 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #15 0xb7ef13ed in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #16 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #17 0x00000001 in ?? () #18 0xbfff0c34 in ?? () #19 0xb7e993c3 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #20 0x00000001 in ?? () #21 0xbfff0c70 in ?? () #22 0xb7f99da0 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #23 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #24 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #25 0x080a6b0c in ?? () #26 0x080a6b0c in ?? () #27 0xb7e99420 in PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #28 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #29 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #30 0x800e55eb in ?? () #31 0x080a6b0c in ?? () #32 0xb7e9958c in PyObject_IsSubclass () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #33 0xb7f8dd40 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #34 0x080a9020 in ?? () #35 0xb7fb78f0 in PyFPE_counter () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #36 0xb7f86ff4 in ?? () from /usr/lib/libpython2.6.so.1.0 #37 0x00000000 in ?? () Thanks for your help and advices, marxin

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• Using code generated by Py++ as a Python extension

  - by gotgenes

  I have a need to wrap an existing C++ library for use in Python. After reading through this answer on choosing an appropriate method to wrap C++ for use in Python, I decided to go with Py++. I walked through the tutorial for Py++, using the tutorial files, and I got the expected output in generated.cpp, but I haven't figured out what to do in order to actually use the generated code as an extension I can import in Python. I'm sure I have to compile the code, now, but with what? Am I supposed to use bjam?

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• Setting package-wide variables during python setup.py install

  - by Morgoth

  Is there a way that when a user types python setup.py install to install a Python package, setup.py can be made to set specific variables at the base of the pacakge? A common example would be to basically set mypackage.__revision__ to be the svn revision of the checkout if one is working from svn. Another example case would be if the user can choose a global option, so that the option mypackage.__option__ be set according to a flag passed to setup.py, e.g. python setup.py install --set-flag=10 Then when using the package, mypackage.__option__ would equal 10.

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• Passing variables to functions in Python

  - by brno792

  Im writing test scripts in python for selenium web testing. How do I pass parameters through a python function to call in a later function? I first have a login test function. Then I have a new user registration function. Im trying to pass the Username and Password I use in the registration function to the testLogin function that I call inside the testRegister function. This is my python code: userName = "admin" password = "admin" #pass username and password variables to this function def testLogin(userName,password): browser = webdriver.Firefox() browser.get("http://url/login") element = browser.find_element_by_name("userName") element.send_keys(userName) element = browser.find_element_by_name("userPassword") element.send_keys(password) element.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) browser.close() # test registration def testRegister(): browser = webdriver.Firefox() browser.get("http://url/register") #new username variable newUserName = "test" element = browser.find_element_by_name("regUser") element.send_keys(newUserName) #new password variable newUserPassword = "test" element = browser.find_element_by_name("regPassword") element.send_keys(newUserPassword) # #now test if user is registered, I want to call testLogin with the test user name and pw. testLogin(newUserName,newUserPassword) browser.close()

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• Python Library installation

  - by MacPython

  Hi everybody I have two questions regarding python libraries: I would like to know if there is something like a "super" python library which lets me install ALL or at least all scientific useful python libraries, which I can install once and then I have all I need. There is a number of annoying problems when installing different libraries (pythonpath, cant import because it is not installed BUT it is installed). Is there any good documentation about common installation errors and how to avoid them. If there is no total solution I would be interested in numpy, scipy, matplotlib, PIL Thanks a lot for the attention and help Best Z

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• Practical Python-based visual programming environment?

  - by Who8MyLunch

  I am looking for a practical visual programming environment based on Python. My primary application is algorithm development for processing remote-sensing imagery. I was initially inspired by LabVIEW from National Instruments, but that is more geared towards laboratory measurements and simulations. I write a lot of prototype code in Python and do a lot of interactive analysis with IPython. Does there exist a visual framework where a "program" is represented by connected nodes which each read data, do some work, and output data to the next node? I would like to use Python to write the code residing in each node. So far the best I've seen is Orange http://www.ailab.si/orange/, but it does not have the ability to start/stop individual nodes.

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• Handling Incoming Data from Multiple Sockets in Python

  - by user859434

  Background: I have a current implementation that receives data from about 120 different socket connections in python. In my current implementation, I handle each of these separate socket connections with a dedicated thread for each. Each of these threads parse the data and eventually store it within a shared locked dictionary. These sockets DO NOT have uniform data rates, some sockets get more data than others. Question: Is this the best way to handle incoming data in python, or does python have a better way on handling multiple sockets per thread?

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• What applications is Python optimal for?

  - by Alan

  I'm already a professional J2EE developer by day, and Rails developer by night. I'm planning on adding Python to my list of skills. I'm already convinced a language is just a tool, so I'm not interested in a religious war. I agree with the Pragmatic Programmers that learning one language/year is a good thing for your professional development So, in your considered opinion, what kinds of applications does Python hit the sweet spot? And why? What advantages does it have, and why do these advantages outweigh the costs in adopting Python? ADD: I also plan on learning a pure functional language like Scheme.

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• Can EPD Python and MacPorts Python coexist on OS X (matplotlib)?

  - by bjoern

  I've been using MacPorts Python 2.6 on OS X 10.6. I am considering also installing the Enthought Python Distribution (EPD) on the same machine because it comes preconfigured with matplotlib and other nice data analysis and visualization packages. Can the two Python distributions co-exist peacefully on the same machine? What potential problems will I have to look out for (e.g., environment variables)? I know that building matplotlib through MacPorts is an option, but the process is lengthy (on the order of a full day) and there are open questions about compiling some dependencies on 64bit Intel. I would like to know about the tradeoffs before committing to one of the two approaches.

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• Analyzing Python Code: Modulus Operator

  - by Bhubhu Hbuhdbus

  I was looking at some code in Python (I know nothing about Python) and I came across this portion: def do_req(body): global host, req data = "" s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((host, 80)) s.sendall(req % (len(body), body)) tmpdata = s.recv(8192) while len(tmpdata) > 0: data += tmpdata tmpdata = s.recv(8192) s.close() return data This is then called later on with body of huge size, as in over 500,000 bytes. This is sent to an Apache server that has the max request size on the default 8190 bytes. My question is what is happening at the "s.sendall()" part? Obviously the entire body cannot be sent at once and I'm guessing it is reduced by way of the modulus operator. I don't know how it works in Python, though. Can anyone explain? Thanks.

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