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  • Python - Help with multiprocessing / threading basics.

    - by orokusaki
    I haven't ever used multi-threading, and I decided to learn it today. I was reluctant to ever use it before, but when I tried it out it seemed way to easy, which makes me wary. Are there any gotchas in my code, or is it really that simple? import uuid import time import multiprocessing def sleep_then_write(content): time.sleep(5) f = open(unicode(uuid.uuid4()), 'w') f.write(content) f.close() if __name__ == '__main__': for i in range(3): p = multiprocessing.Process(target=sleep_then_write, args=('Hello World',)) p.start() My primary purpose of using threading would be to offload multiple images to S3 after re-sizing them, all at the same time. Is that a reasonable task for Python's multiprocessing? I've read a lot about certain types of tasks not really getting any gain from using threading in Python due to the GIL, but it seems that multiprocessing completely removes that worry, yes? I can imagine a case where 50 users hit the system and it spawns 150 Python interpreters. I can also imagine that wouldn't be good on a production server. How can something like that be avoided? Finally (but most important): How can I return control back to the caller of the new processes? I need to be able to continue with returning an HTTP response and content back to the user and then have the processes continue doing there work after the user of my website is done with the transaction.

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  • Common coding style for Python?

    - by Oscar Carballal
    Hi, I'm pretty new to Python, and I want to develop my first serious open source project. I want to ask what is the common coding style for python projects. I'll put also what I'm doing right now. 1.- What is the most widely used column width? (the eternal question) I'm currently sticking to 80 columns (and it's a pain!) 2.- What quotes to use? (I've seen everything and PEP 8 does not mention anything clear) I'm using single quotes for everything but docstrings, which use triple double quotes. 3.- Where do I put my imports? I'm putting them at file header in this order. import sys import -rest of python modules needed- import whatever import -rest of application modules- <code here> 4.- Can I use "import whatever.function as blah"? I saw some documents that disregard doing this. 5.- Tabs or spaces for indenting? Currently using 4 spaces tabs. 6.- Variable naming style? I'm using lowercase for everything but classes, which I put in camelCase. Anything you would recommend?

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  • Python libusb pyusb "mach-o, but wrong architecture"

    - by Jon
    I am having some trouble with the pyusb module. I have narrowed down the problem to a single line, and have created a small example script to replicate the error. #!/usr/bin/env python """ This module was created to isolate the problem in the pyusb package. Operating system: Mac OS 10.6.3 Python Version: 2.6.4 libusb 1.0.8 has been successfully installed using: sudo port install libusb I have also tried modifying /opt/local/etc/macports/macports.conf to force the i386 architecture instead of x86_64. """ from ctypes import * import ctypes.util libname = ctypes.util.find_library('usb-1.0') print 'libname: ', libname l = CDLL(libname, RTLD_GLOBAL) # RESULT: #libname: /usr/local/lib/libusb-1.0.dylib #Traceback (most recent call last): # File "./pyusb_problem.py", line 7, in <module> # l = CDLL(libname, RTLD_GLOBAL) # File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/ctypes/__init__.py", line 353, in __init__ # self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode) #OSError: dlopen(/usr/local/lib/libusb-1.0.dylib, 10): no suitable image found. Did find: # /usr/local/lib/libusb-1.0.dylib: mach-o, but wrong architecture # End of File This same script runs on Ubuntu 10.04 successfully. I have tried building the libusb module (directly from source AND through macports) for 32-bit (i386) instead of x86_64 (default for OS 10.6), but I receive the same error. Thank-you in advance for your help!

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  • how python http request and response works

    - by Apache
    hi expert, i'm newbie for python, i use to learn using sample, i use python to scan wifi to get ssid, and now i want to send the data to the server, then i did as follow import httplib,urllib params = urllib.urlencode({"ssid":"guest"}) headers = {"Content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded","Accept":"text/plain"} conn=httplib.HTTPConnection("http://223.56.124.58:8080/wireless") conn.request("POST","data",params,headers) response = conn.getresponse() print "Response" print response.status print "-----" print response.reason data = response.read() print data conn.close() but when execute the code i'm getting as follow root@dave-laptop:~# python http.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "http.py", line 9, in conn.request("POST","http://202.45.139.58:8080/ppod-web",params,headers) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 898, in request self._send_request(method, url, body, headers) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 935, in _send_request self.endheaders() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 892, in endheaders self._send_output() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 764, in _send_output self.send(msg) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 723, in send self.connect() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/httplib.py", line 704, in connect self.timeout) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/socket.py", line 500, in create_connection for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM): socket.gaierror: [Errno -2] Name or service not known can anyone help me the code should be like this when rum in the url http://223.56.124.58:8080/wireless?data={"wifi":{"ssid":"guest","rssi","80"}} how to set like this or other way to do this to send to the server thanks

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  • Creating a new workbook in Excel from Python breaks

    - by Marcelo Cantos
    I am trying to use the stock standard win32com approach to drive Excel 2007 from Python. However, when I try to create a new workbook, things go pear-shaped: Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Nov 3 2009, 13:23:17) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 ... >>> import win32com.client >>> excel = win32com.client.Dispatch("Excel.Application") >>> wb = excel.Workbooks.Add() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module> wb = excel.Workbooks.Add() File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\dynamic.py", line 467, in __getattr__ if self._olerepr_.mapFuncs.has_key(attr): return self._make_method_(attr) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\dynamic.py", line 295, in _make_method_ methodCodeList = self._olerepr_.MakeFuncMethod(self._olerepr_.mapFuncs[name], methodName,0) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 297, in MakeFuncMethod return self.MakeDispatchFuncMethod(entry, name, bMakeClass) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 318, in MakeDispatchFuncMethod s = linePrefix + 'def ' + name + '(self' + BuildCallList(fdesc, names, defNamedOptArg, defNamedNotOptArg, defUnnamedArg, defOutArg) + '):' File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 604, in BuildCallList argName = MakePublicAttributeName(argName) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 542, in MakePublicAttributeName return filter( lambda char: char in valid_identifier_chars, className) File "C:\Python26\lib\site-packages\win32com\client\build.py", line 542, in <lambda> return filter( lambda char: char in valid_identifier_chars, className) UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0x83 in position 52: ordinal not in range(128) >>> What is going wrong here? Have I done something silly, or is Python/win32com/Excel somehow broken?

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  • Python: Seeing all files in Hex.

    - by Recursion
    I am writing a python script which looks at common computer files and examines them for similar bytes, words, double word's. Though I need/want to see the files in Hex, ande cannot really seem to get python to open a simple file in python. I have tried codecs.open with hex as the encoding, but when I operate on the file descriptor it always spits back File "main.py", line 41, in <module> main() File "main.py", line 38, in main process_file(sys.argv[1]) File "main.py", line 27, in process_file seeker(line.rstrip("\n")) File "main.py", line 15, in seeker for unit in f.read(2): File "/usr/lib/python2.6/codecs.py", line 666, in read return self.reader.read(size) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/codecs.py", line 472, in read newchars, decodedbytes = self.decode(data, self.errors) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/encodings/hex_codec.py", line 50, in decode return hex_decode(input,errors) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/encodings/hex_codec.py", line 42, in hex_decode output = binascii.a2b_hex(input) TypeError: Non-hexadecimal digit found def seeker(_file): f = codecs.open(_file, "rb", "hex") for LINE in f.read(): print LINE f.close() I really just want to see files, and operate on them as if it was in a hex editor like xxd. Also is it possible to read a file in increments of maybe a word at a time. No this is not homework.

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  • record output sound in python

    - by aaronstacy
    i want to programatically record sound coming out of my laptop in python. i found PyAudio and came up with the following program that accomplishes the task: import pyaudio, wave, sys chunk = 1024 FORMAT = pyaudio.paInt16 CHANNELS = 1 RATE = 44100 RECORD_SECONDS = 5 WAVE_OUTPUT_FILENAME = sys.argv[1] p = pyaudio.PyAudio() channel_map = (0, 1) stream_info = pyaudio.PaMacCoreStreamInfo( flags = pyaudio.PaMacCoreStreamInfo.paMacCorePlayNice, channel_map = channel_map) stream = p.open(format = FORMAT, rate = RATE, input = True, input_host_api_specific_stream_info = stream_info, channels = CHANNELS) all = [] for i in range(0, RATE / chunk * RECORD_SECONDS): data = stream.read(chunk) all.append(data) stream.close() p.terminate() data = ''.join(all) wf = wave.open(WAVE_OUTPUT_FILENAME, 'wb') wf.setnchannels(CHANNELS) wf.setsampwidth(p.get_sample_size(FORMAT)) wf.setframerate(RATE) wf.writeframes(data) wf.close() the problem is i have to connect the headphone jack to the microphone jack. i tried replacing these lines: input = True, input_host_api_specific_stream_info = stream_info, with these: output = True, output_host_api_specific_stream_info = stream_info, but then i get this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "./test.py", line 25, in data = stream.read(chunk) File "/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages/pyaudio.py", line 562, in read paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream) IOError: [Errno Not input stream] -9975 is there a way to instantiate the PyAudio stream so that it inputs from the computer's output and i don't have to connect the headphone jack to the microphone? is there a better way to go about this? i'd prefer to stick w/ a python app and avoid cocoa.

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  • Alternative Python standard library reference

    - by Ender
    I love Python; I absolutely despise its official documentation. Tutorials do not count as library references, but that appears to be what they're attempting. What I really want is the ability to find a class in the standard library and view documentation for all of its properties and methods. Actionscript, MSDN, and Java all do this just fine (although each with their odd quirks). Where is this for python? For example, I wanted to sort a list. mylist.sort(). Awesome. But what if I wanted it sorted in descending order? Official documentation is not - much - help. Or what if I wanted to specify a key function? That's also supported: mylist.sort(key=lamba item: item.customVar)- but documented...where? I understand that Python's approach to OOP may not be equivalent to Java et. al. Maybe list isn't actually a class - maybe it's just a function that returns an iterable when the tachyon beams are set to glorious and the unboxed hyper enumeration is quantized, but...I don't care. I just want to know how to sort lists. (Apologies for the angst - too much caffeine today)

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  • Disassembling with python - no easy solution?

    - by Abc4599
    Hi, I'm trying to create a python script that will disassemble a binary (a Windows exe to be precise) and analyze its code. I need the ability to take a certain buffer, and extract some sort of struct containing information about the instructions in it. I've worked with libdisasm in C before, and I found it's interface quite intuitive and comfortable. The problem is, its Python interface is available only through SWIG, and I can't get it to compile properly under Windows. At the availability aspect, diStorm provides a nice out-of-the-box interface, but it provides only the Mnemonic of each instruction, and not a binary struct with enumerations defining instruction type and what not. This is quite uncomfortable for my purpose, and will require a lot of what I see as spent time wrapping the interface to make it fit my needs. I've also looked at BeaEngine, which does in fact provide the output I need, a struct with binary info concerning each instruction, but its interface is really odd and counter-intuitive, and it crashes pretty much instantly when provided with wrong arguments. The CTypes sort of ultimate-death-to-your-python crashes. So, I'd be happy to hear about other solutions, which are a little less time consuming than messing around with djgcc or mingw to make SWIGed libdisasm, or writing an OOP wrapper for diStorm. If anyone has some guidance as to how to compile SWIGed libdisasm, or better yet, a compiled binary (pyd or dll+py), I'd love to hear/have it. :) Thanks ahead.

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  • Python SQLite FTS3 alternatives?

    - by Mike Cialowicz
    Are there any good alternatives to SQLite + FTS3 for python? I'm iterating over a series of text documents, and would like to categorize them according to some text queries. For example, I might want to know if a document mentions the words "rating" or "upgraded" within three words of "buy." The FTS3 syntax for this query is the following: (rating OR upgraded) NEAR/3 buy That's all well and good, but if I use FTS3, this operation seems rather expensive. The process goes something like this: # create an SQLite3 db in memory conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:') c = conn.cursor() c.execute('CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE fts USING FTS3(content TEXT)') conn.commit() Then, for each document, do something like this: #insert the document text into the fts table, so I can run a query c.execute('insert into fts(content) values (?)', content) conn.commit() # execute my FTS query here, look at the results, etc # remove the document text from the fts table before working on the next document c.execute('delete from fts') conn.commit() This seems rather expensive to me. The other problem I have with SQLite FTS is that it doesn't appear to work with Python 2.5.4. The 'CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE' syntax is unrecognized. This means that I'd have to upgrade to Python 2.6, which means re-testing numerous existing scripts and programs to make sure they work under 2.6. Is there a better way? Perhaps a different library? Something faster? Thank you.

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  • Python MD5 Hash Faster Calculation

    - by balgan
    Hi everyone. I will try my best to explain my problem and my line of thought on how I think I can solve it. I use this code for root, dirs, files in os.walk(downloaddir): for infile in files: f = open(os.path.join(root,infile),'rb') filehash = hashlib.md5() while True: data = f.read(10240) if len(data) == 0: break filehash.update(data) print "FILENAME: " , infile print "FILE HASH: " , filehash.hexdigest() and using start = time.time() elapsed = time.time() - start I measure how long it takes to calculate an hash. Pointing my code to a file with 653megs this is the result: root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.624 root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.373 root@Mars:/home/tiago# python algorithm-timer.py FILENAME: freebsd.iso FILE HASH: ace0afedfa7c6e0ad12c77b6652b02ab 12.540 Ok now 12 seconds +- on a 653mb file, my problem is I intend to use this code on a program that will run through multiple files, some of them might be 4/5/6Gb and it will take wayy longer to calculate. What am wondering is if there is a faster way for me to calculate the hash of the file? Maybe by doing some multithreading? I used a another script to check the use of the CPU second by second and I see that my code is only using 1 out of my 2 CPUs and only at 25% max, any way I can change this? Thank you all in advance for the given help.

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  • Problem executing script using Python and subprocces.call yet works in Bash

    - by Antoine Benkemoun
    Hello, For the first time, I am asking a little bit of help over here as I am more of a ServerFault person. I am doing some scripting in Python and I've been loving the language so far yet I have this little problem which is keeping my script from working. Here is the code line in question : subprocess.call('xen-create-image --hostname '+nom+' --memory '+memory+' --partitions=/root/scripts/part.tmp --ip '+ip+' --netmask '+netmask+' --gateway '+gateway+' --passwd',shell=True) I have tried the same thing with os.popen. All the variables are correctly set. When I execute the command in question in my regular Linux shell, it works perfectly fine but when I execute it using my Python scripts, I get bizarre errors. I even replaced subprocess.call() by the print function to make sure I am using the exact output of the command. I went looking into environment variables of my shell but they are pretty much the same... I'll post the error I am getting but I'm not sure it's relevant to my problem. Use of uninitialized value $lines[0] in substitution (s///) at /usr/share/perl5/Config/IniFiles.pm line 614. Use of uninitialized value $_ in pattern match (m//) at /usr/share/perl5/Config/IniFiles.pm line 628. I am not a Python expert so I'm most likely missing something here. Thank you in advance for your help, Antoine

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  • A doubt on DOM parser used with Python

    - by fixxxer
    I'm using the following python code to search for a node in an XML file and changing the value of an attribute of one of it's children.Changes are happening correctly when the node is displayed using toxml().But, when it is written to a file, the attributes rearrange themselves(as seen in the Source and the Final XML below). Could anyone explain how and why this happen? Python code: #!/usr/bin/env python import xml from xml.dom.minidom import parse dom=parse("max.xml") #print "Please enter the store name:" for sku in dom.getElementsByTagName("node"): if sku.getAttribute("name") == "store": sku.childNodes[1].childNodes[5].setAttribute("value","Delhi,India") print sku.toxml() xml.dom.ext.PrettyPrint(dom, open("new.xml", "w")) a part of the Source XML: <node name='store' node_id='515' module='mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue' config_builder='' inherant='false' description='Configurable Value'> <match> <property name='1' value='point'/> <property name='2' value='0'/> <property name='val' value='Store# 09204 Staten Island, NY'/> <property name='3' value='str'/> </match> </node> Final XML : <node config_builder="" description="Configurable Value" inherant="false" module="mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue" name="store" node_id="515"> <match> <property name="1" value="point"/> <property name="2" value="0"/> <property name="val" value="Delhi,India"/> <property name="3" value="str"/> </match> </node>

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  • How do I get an overview and a methodology for programming in Python

    - by Peter Nielsen
    I've started to learn Python and programming from scratch. I have not programmed before so it's a new experience. I do seem to grasp most of the concepts, from variables to definitions and modules. I still need to learn a lot more about what the different libraries and modules do and also I lack knowledge on OOP and classes in Python. I see people who just program in Python like that's all they have ever done and I am still just coming to grips with it. Is there a way, some tools, a logical methodology that would give me an overview or a good hold of how to handle programming problems ? For instance, I'm trying to create a parser which we need at the office . I also need to create a spider that would collect links from various websites. Is there a formidable way of studying the various modules to see what is needed ? Or is it just nose to the grind stone and understand what the documentation says ? Sorry for the lengthy question..

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  • Outgoing UDP sniffer in python?

    - by twneale
    I want to figure out whether my computer is somehow causing a UDP flood that is originating from my network. So that's my underlying problem, and what follows is simply my non-network-person attempt to hypothesize a solution using python. I'm extrapolating from recipe 13.1 ("Passing Messages with Socket Datagrams") from the python cookbook (also here). Would it possible/sensible/not insane to try somehow writing an outgoing UDP proxy in python, so that outgoing packets could be logged before being sent on their merry way? If so, how would one go about it? Based on my quick research, perhaps I could start a server process listening on suspect UDP ports and log anything that gets sent, then forward it on, such as: import socket s =socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) s.bind(("", MYPORT)) while True: packet = dict(zip('data', 'addr'), s.recvfrom(1,024)) log.info("Recieved {data} from {addr}.".format(**packet)) But what about doing this for a large number of ports simultaneously? Impractical? Are there drawbacks or other reasons not to bother with this? Is there a better way to solve this problem (please be gentle).

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  • python thread prob after build

    - by Apache
    hi expert, i'm having task to scan wifi at specific interval and send it to the server, i've it in python and its works fine when i run manually, then build it to package and when run there is no progress at all, i already ask this question before at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2735410/python-scritp-problem-once-build-and-package-it, then, i re-modify my code as below, then i found that thread is not functioning once i build, #!/usr/bin/env python import subprocess,threading,... configFile = open('/opt/Jemapoh_Wifi/config.txt', 'r') url = configFile.readline().strip() intervalTime = configFile.readline().strip() status = configFile.readline().strip() print "url "+url print "intervalTime "+intervalTime print "Status "+status.strip() def getMacAddress(): proc = subprocess.Popen('ifconfig -a wlan0 | grep HWaddr | sed \'/^.*HWaddr */!d; s///;q\'', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ) macAddress = proc.communicate()[0].strip() return macAddress def getTimestamp(): from time import strftime timeStamp = strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") return timeStamp def scanWifi(): try: print "Scanning..." proc = subprocess.Popen('iwlist scan 2>/dev/null', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ) stdout_str = proc.communicate()[0] stdout_list=stdout_str.split('\n') essid=[] rssi=[] preQuality=[] for line in stdout_list: line=line.strip() match=re.search('ESSID:"(\S+)"',line) if match: essid.append(match.group(1)) match=re.search('Quality=(\S+)',line) if match: preQuality.append(match.group(1)) for qualityConversion in preQuality: qualityConversion = qualityConversion.split()[0].split('/') temp = str(int(round(float(qualityConversion[0]) / float(qualityConversion[1]) * 100))).rjust(2) rssi.append(temp) dataToPost = '{"userId":"' + getMacAddress() + '","timestamp":"' + getTimestamp() + '","wifi":[' for no in range(len(essid)): dataToPost += '{"ssid":"' + essid[no] + '","rssi":"' + rssi[no] + '"}' if no+1 == len(essid): pass else: dataToPost += ',' dataToPost += ']}' query_args = {"data":dataToPost} request = urllib2.Request(url) request.add_data(urllib.urlencode(query_args)) request.add_header('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded') print "Waiting for server response..." print urllib2.urlopen(request).read() print "Data Sent @ " + getTimestamp() print "------------------------------------------------------" t = threading.Timer(int(intervalTime), scanWifi).start() except Exception, e: print e t = threading.Timer(int(intervalTime), scanWifi) t.start() once build, its not reaching the thread, do can anyone help, why the thread is not working after build thanks

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  • Python - Open default mail client using mailto, with multiple recipients

    - by victorhooi
    Hi, I'm attempting to write a Python function to send an email to a list of users, using the default installed mail client. I want to open the email client, and give the user the opportunity to edit the list of users or the email body. I did some searching, and according to here: http://www.sightspecific.com/~mosh/WWW_FAQ/multrec.html It's apparently against the RFC spec to put multiple comma-delimited recipients in a mailto link. However, that's the way everybody else seems to be doing it. What exactly is the modern stance on this? Anyhow, I found the following two sites: http://2ality.blogspot.com/2009/02/generate-emails-with-mailto-urls-and.html http://www.megasolutions.net/python/invoke-users-standard-mail-client-64348.aspx which seem to suggest solutions using urllib.parse (url.parse.quote for me), and webbrowser.open. I tried the sample code from the first link (2ality.blogspot.com), and that worked fine, and opened my default mail client. However, when I try to use the code in my own module, it seems to open up my default browser, for some weird reason. No funny text in the address bar, it just opens up the browser. The email_incorrect_phone_numbers() function is in the Employees class, which contains a dictionary (employee_dict) of Employee objects, which themselves have a number of employee attributes (sn, givenName, mail etc.). Full code is actually here (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2963975/python-converting-csv-to-objects-code-design) from urllib.parse import quote import webbrowser .... def email_incorrect_phone_numbers(self): email_list = [] for employee in self.employee_dict.values(): if not PhoneNumberFormats.standard_format.search(employee.telephoneNumber): print(employee.telephoneNumber, employee.sn, employee.givenName, employee.mail) email_list.append(employee.mail) recipients = ', '.join(email_list) webbrowser.open("mailto:%s?subject=%s&body=%s" % (recipients, quote("testing"), quote('testing')) ) Any suggestions? Cheers, Victor

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  • Efficient method to calculate the rank vector of a list in Python

    - by Tamás
    I'm looking for an efficient way to calculate the rank vector of a list in Python, similar to R's rank function. In a simple list with no ties between the elements, element i of the rank vector of a list l should be x if and only if l[i] is the x-th element in the sorted list. This is simple so far, the following code snippet does the trick: def rank_simple(vector): return [rank for rank in sorted(range(n), key=vector.__getitem__)] Things get complicated, however, if the original list has ties (i.e. multiple elements with the same value). In that case, all the elements having the same value should have the same rank, which is the average of their ranks obtained using the naive method above. So, for instance, if I have [1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5], the naive ranking gives me [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], but what I would like to have is [0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6]. Which one would be the most efficient way to do this in Python? Footnote: I don't know if NumPy already has a method to achieve this or not; if it does, please let me know, but I would be interested in a pure Python solution anyway as I'm developing a tool which should work without NumPy as well.

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  • python-iptables: Cryptic error when allowing incoming TCP traffic on port 1234

    - by Lucas Kauffman
    I wanted to write an iptables script in Python. Rather than calling iptables itself I wanted to use the python-iptables package. However I'm having a hard time getting some basic rules setup. I wanted to use the filter chain to accept incoming TCP traffic on port 1234. So I wrote this: import iptc chain = iptc.Chain(iptc.TABLE_FILTER,"INPUT") rule = iptc.Rule() target = iptc.Target(rule,"ACCEPT") match = iptc.Match(rule,'tcp') match.dport='1234' rule.add_match(match) rule.target = target chain.insert_rule(rule) However when I run this I get this thrown back at me: Traceback (most recent call last): File "testing.py", line 9, in <module> chain.insert_rule(rule) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1133, in insert_rule self.table.insert_entry(self.name, rbuf, position) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1166, in new obj.refresh() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1230, in refresh self._free() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1224, in _free self.commit() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/iptc/__init__.py", line 1219, in commit raise IPTCError("can't commit: %s" % (self.strerror())) iptc.IPTCError: can't commit: Invalid argument Exception AttributeError: "'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_errno'" in <bound method Table.__del__ of <iptc.Table object at 0x7fcad56cc550>> ignored Does anyone have experience with python-iptables that could enlighten on what I did wrong?

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  • A question about DOM parser used with Python

    - by fixxxer
    I'm using the following python code to search for a node in an XML file and changing the value of an attribute of one of it's children.Changes are happening correctly when the node is displayed using toxml().But, when it is written to a file, the attributes rearrange themselves(as seen in the Source and the Final XML below). Could anyone explain how and why this happen? Python code: #!/usr/bin/env python import xml from xml.dom.minidom import parse dom=parse("max.xml") #print "Please enter the store name:" for sku in dom.getElementsByTagName("node"): if sku.getAttribute("name") == "store": sku.childNodes[1].childNodes[5].setAttribute("value","Delhi,India") print sku.toxml() xml.dom.ext.PrettyPrint(dom, open("new.xml", "w")) a part of the Source XML: <node name='store' node_id='515' module='mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue' config_builder='' inherant='false' description='Configurable Value'> <match> <property name='1' value='point'/> <property name='2' value='0'/> <property name='val' value='Store# 09204 Staten Island, NY'/> <property name='3' value='str'/> </match> </node> Final XML : <node config_builder="" description="Configurable Value" inherant="false" module="mpx.lib.node.simple_value.SimpleValue" name="store" node_id="515"> <match> <property name="1" value="point"/> <property name="2" value="0"/> <property name="val" value="Delhi,India"/> <property name="3" value="str"/> </match> </node>

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  • Slow Python HTTP server on localhost

    - by Abiel
    I am experiencing some performance problems when creating a very simple Python HTTP server. The key issue is that performance is varying depending on which client I use to access it, where the server and all clients are being run on the local machine. For instance, a GET request issued from a Python script (urllib2.urlopen('http://localhost/').read()) takes just over a second to complete, which seems slow considering that the server is under no load. Running the GET request from Excel using MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP also feels slow. However, requesting the data Google Chrome or from RCurl, the curl add-in for R, yields an essentially instantaneous response, which is what I would expect. Adding further to my confusion is that I do not experience any performance problems for any client when I am on my computer at work (the performance problems are on my home computer). Both systems run Python 2.6, although the work computer runs Windows XP instead of 7. Below is my very simple server example, which simply returns 'Hello world' for any get request. from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer class MyHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): print("Just received a GET request") self.send_response(200) self.send_header("Content-type", "text/html") self.end_headers() self.wfile.write('Hello world') return def log_request(self, code=None, size=None): print('Request') def log_message(self, format, *args): print('Message') if __name__ == "__main__": try: server = HTTPServer(('localhost', 80), MyHandler) print('Started http server') server.serve_forever() except KeyboardInterrupt: print('^C received, shutting down server') server.socket.close() Note that in MyHandler I override the log_request() and log_message() functions. The reason is that I read that a fully-qualified domain name lookup performed by one of these functions might be a reason for a slow server. Unfortunately setting them to just print a static message did not solve my problem. Also, notice that I have put in a print() statement as the first line of the do_GET() routine in MyHandler. The slowness occurs prior to this message being printed, meaning that none of the stuff that comes after it is causing a delay.

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  • Emailing an excel sheet with SSL in Python

    - by jakecar
    Hi...this is my first post so let me know if there are any common courtesies I should know about. I just started programming 8 months ago, so I am fairly new. I have been doing some projects to get better. A project I'm working on now creates an Excel sheet from inputted data. It's in Python, which I just started learning a couple of weeks ago. I'm attempting to embed part of this Excel sheet into an email, sent from my school address. I have spent hours looking this up, and to no avail. There are two problems I am asking for help with: 1) I have figured out how to send an email from my GMail account, but not from my school address. My school email uses SSL port 465, which I have tried to use, but to no avail. Unfortunately, I have been having a problem setting up outgoing email for this account on my iPhone as well. It may be related? Does anyone know of common issues relating to outgoing email with SSL and Python? 2) Excel has an option of saving a sheet as a HTML. When doing so, I copy and pasted the HTML source and emailed it as an attachment. Unfortunately, the colored text did not transfer over. Does anyone know of a better way of using Python to send an excel sheet embedded in an email? Thanks for your help!

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  • UTF-8 HTML and CSS files with BOM (and how to remove the BOM with Python)

    - by Cameron
    First, some background: I'm developing a web application using Python. All of my (text) files are currently stored in UTF-8 with the BOM. This includes all my HTML templates and CSS files. These resources are stored as binary data (BOM and all) in my DB. When I retrieve the templates from the DB, I decode them using template.decode('utf-8'). When the HTML arrives in the browser, the BOM is present at the beginning of the HTTP response body. This generates a very interesting error in Chrome: Extra <html> encountered. Migrating attributes back to the original <html> element and ignoring the tag. Chrome seems to generate an <html> tag automatically when it sees the BOM and mistakes it for content, making the real <html> tag an error. So, using Python, what is the best way to remove the BOM from my UTF-8 encoded templates (if it exists -- I can't guarantee this in the future)? For other text-based files like CSS, will major browsers correctly interpret (or ignore) the BOM? They are being sent as plain binary data without .decode('utf-8'). Note: I am using Python 2.5. Thanks!

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  • Multiple Inheritence with same Base Classes in Python

    - by Jordan Reiter
    I'm trying to wrap my head around multiple inheritance in python. Suppose I have the following base class: class Structure(object): def build(self, *args): print "I am building a structure!" self.components = args And let's say I have two classes that inherit from it: class House(Structure): def build(self, *args): print "I am building a house!" super(House, self).build(*args) class School(Structure): def build(self, type="Elementary", *args): print "I am building a school!" super(School, self).build(*args) Finally, a create a class that uses multiple inheritance: class SchoolHouse(School, House): def build(self, *args): print "I am building a schoolhouse!" super(School, self).build(*args) Then, I create a SchoolHouse object and run build on it: >>> sh = SchoolHouse() >>> sh.build("roof", "walls") I am building a schoolhouse! I am building a house! I am building a structure! So I'm wondering -- what happened to the School class? Is there any way to get Python to run both somehow? I'm wondering specifically because there are a fair number of Django packages out there that provide custom Managers for models. But there doesn't appear to be a way to combine them without writing one or the other of the Managers as inheriting from the other one. It'd be nice to just import both and use both somehow, but looks like it can't be done? Also I guess it'd just help to be pointed to a good primer on multiple inheritance in Python. I have done some work with Mixins before and really enjoy using them. I guess I just wonder if there is any elegant way to combine functionality from two different classes when they inherit from the same base class.

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  • Create static instances of a class inside said class in Python

    - by Samir Talwar
    Apologies if I've got the terminology wrong here—I can't think what this particular idiom would be called. I've been trying to create a Python 3 class that statically declares instances of itself inside itself—sort of like an enum would work. Here's a simplified version of the code I wrote: class Test: A = Test("A") B = Test("B") def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __str__(self): return "Test: " + self.value print(str(Test.A)) print(str(Test.B)) Writing this, I got an exception on line 2 (A = Test("A")). I assume line 3 would also error if it had made it that far. Using __class__ instead of Test gives the same error. File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 2, in Test NameError: name 'Test' is not defined Is there any way to refer to the current class in a static context in Python? I could declare these particular variables outside the class or in a separate class, but for clarity's sake, I'd rather not if I can help it. To better demonstrate what I'm trying to do, here's the same example in Java: public class Test { private static final Test A = new Test("A"); private static final Test B = new Test("B"); private final String value; public Test(String value) { this.value = value; } public String toString() { return "Test: " + value; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(A); System.out.println(B); } } This works as you would expect: it prints: Test: A Test: B How can I do the same thing in Python?

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