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  • Recursive XSLT, part 2

    - by Eric
    Ok, following on from my question here. Lets say my pages are now like this: A.xml: <page> <header>Page A</header> <content-a>Random content for page A</content-a> <content-b>More of page A's content</content-b> <content-c>More of page A's content</content-c> <!-- This doesn't keep going: there are a predefined number of sections --> </page> B.xml: <page include="A.xml"> <header>Page B</header> <content-a>Random content for page B</content-a> <content-b>More of page B's content</content-b> <content-c>More of page B's content</content-c> </page> C.xml: <page include="B.xml"> <header>Page C</header> <content-a>Random content for page C</content-a> <content-b>More of page C's content</content-b> <content-c>More of page C's content</content-c> </page> After the transform (on C.xml), I'd like to end up with this: <h1>Page C</h1> <div> <p>Random content for page C</p> <p>Random content for page B</p> <p>Random content for page A</p> </div> <div> <p>More of page C's content</p> <p>More of page B's content</p> <p>More of page A's content</p> </div> <div> <p>Yet more of page C's content</p> <p>Yet more of page B's content</p> <p>Yet more of page A's content</p> </div> I know that I can use document(@include) to include another document. However, the recursion is a bit beyond me. How would I go about writing such a transform?

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  • What's the best way to do base36 arithmetic in perl?

    - by DVK
    What's the best way to do base36 arithmetic in Perl? To be more specific, I need to be able to do the following: Operate on positive N-digit numbers in base 36 (e.g. digits are 0-9 A-Z) N is finite, say 9 Provide basic arithmetic, at the very least the following 3: Addition (A+B) Subtraction (A-B) Whole division, e.g. floor(A/B). Strictly speaking, I don't really need a base10 conversion ability - the numbers will 100% of time be in base36. So I'm quite OK if the solution does NOT implement conversion from base36 back to base10 and vice versa. I don't much care whether the solution is brute-force "convert to base 10 and back" or converting to binary, or some more elegant approach "natively" performing baseN operations (as stated above, to/from base10 conversion is not a requirement). My only 3 considerations are: It fits the minimum specifications above It's "standard". Currently we're using and old homegrown module based on base10 conversion done by hand that is buggy and sucks. I'd much rather replace that with some commonly used CPAN solution instead of re-writing my own bicycle from scratch, but I'm perfectly capable of building it if no better standard possibility exists. It must be fast-ish (though not lightning fast). Something that takes 1 second to sum up 2 9-digit base36 numbers is worse than anything I can roll on my own :) P.S. Just to provide some context in case people decide to solve my XY problem for me in addition to answering the technical question above :) We have a fairly large tree (stored in DB as a bunch of edges), and we need to superimpose order on a subset of that tree. The tree dimentions are big both depth- and breadth- wise. The tree is VERY actively updated (inserts and deletes and branch moves). This is currently done by having a second table with 3 columns: parent_vertex, child_vertex, local_order, where local_order is an 9-character string built of A-Z0-9 (e.g. base 36 number). Additional considerations: It is required that the local order is unique per child (and obviously unique per parent), Any complete re-ordering of a parent is somewhat expensive, and thus the implementation is to try and assign - for a parent with X children - the orders which are somewhat evenly distributed between 0 and 36**10-1, so that almost no tree inserts result in a full re-ordering.

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  • Adding a generic image field onto a ModelForm in django

    - by Prairiedogg
    I have two models, Room and Image. Image is a generic model that can tack onto any other model. I want to give users a form to upload an image when they post information about a room. I've written code that works, but I'm afraid I've done it the hard way, and specifically in a way that violates DRY. Was hoping someone who's a little more familiar with django forms could point out where I've gone wrong. Update: I've tried to clarify why I chose this design in comments to the current answers. To summarize: I didn't simply put an ImageField on the Room model because I wanted more than one image associated with the Room model. I chose a generic Image model because I wanted to add images to several different models. The alternatives I considered were were multiple foreign keys on a single Image class, which seemed messy, or multiple Image classes, which I thought would clutter my schema. I didn't make this clear in my first post, so sorry about that. Seeing as none of the answers so far has addressed how to make this a little more DRY I did come up with my own solution which was to add the upload path as a class attribute on the image model and reference that every time it's needed. # Models class Image(models.Model): content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType) object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id') image = models.ImageField(_('Image'), height_field='', width_field='', upload_to='uploads/images', max_length=200) class Room(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) image_set = generic.GenericRelation('Image') # The form class AddRoomForm(forms.ModelForm): image_1 = forms.ImageField() class Meta: model = Room # The view def handle_uploaded_file(f): # DRY violation, I've already specified the upload path in the image model upload_suffix = join('uploads/images', f.name) upload_path = join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, upload_suffix) destination = open(upload_path, 'wb+') for chunk in f.chunks(): destination.write(chunk) destination.close() return upload_suffix def add_room(request, apartment_id, form_class=AddRoomForm, template='apartments/add_room.html'): apartment = Apartment.objects.get(id=apartment_id) if request.method == 'POST': form = form_class(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): room = form.save() image_1 = form.cleaned_data['image_1'] # Instead of writing a special function to handle the image, # shouldn't I just be able to pass it straight into Image.objects.create # ...but it doesn't seem to work for some reason, wrong syntax perhaps? upload_path = handle_uploaded_file(image_1) image = Image.objects.create(content_object=room, image=upload_path) return HttpResponseRedirect(room.get_absolute_url()) else: form = form_class() context = {'form': form, } return direct_to_template(request, template, extra_context=context)

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  • How do I read Unicode characters from an MS Access 2007 database through Java?

    - by Peter
    In Java, I have written a program that reads a UTF8 text file. The text file contains a SQL query of the SELECT kind. The program then executes the query on the Microsoft Access 2007 database and writes all fields of the first row to a UTF8 text file. The problem I have is when a row is returned that contains unicode characters, such as "?". These characters show up as "?" in the text file. I know that the text files are read and written correctly, because a dummy UTF8 character ("?") is read from the text file containing the SQL query and written to the text file containing the resulting row. The UTF8 character looks correct when the written text file is opened in Notepad, so the reading and writing of the text files are not part of the problem. This is how I connect to the database and how I execute the SQL query: ---- START CODE Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb, *.accdb)};DBQ=C:/database.accdb;Pwd=temp"); ResultSet r = c.createStatement().executeQuery(sql); ---- END CODE I have tried making a charSet property to the Connection but it makes no difference: ---- START CODE Properties p = new Properties(); p.put("charSet", "utf-8"); p.put("lc_ctype", "utf-8"); p.put("encoding", "utf-8"); Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection("...", p); ---- END CODE Tried with "utf8"/"UTF8"/"UTF-8", no difference. If I enter "UTF-16" I get the following exception: "java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Illegal replacement". Been searching around for hours with no results and now turn my hope to you. Please help! I also accept workaround suggestions. =) What I want to be able to do is to make a Unicode query (for example one that searches for posts that contain the "?" character) and to have results with Unicode characters receieved and saved correctly. Thank you!

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  • Using JUnit as an acceptance test framework

    - by Chris Knight
    OK, so I work for a company who has openly adopted agile practices for development in recent years. Our unit tests and code quality are improving. One area we still are working on is to find what works best for us in the automated acceptance test arena. We want to take our well formed user stories and use these to drive the code in a test driven manner. This will also give us acceptance level tests for each user story which we can then automate. To date, we've tried Fit, Fitnesse and Selenium. Each have their advantages, but we've also had real issues with them as well. With Fit and Fitnesse, we can't help but feel they overcomplicate things and we've had many technical issues using them. The business haven't fully bought in these tools and aren't particularly keen on maintaining the scripts all the time (and aren't big fans of the table style). Selenium is really good, but slow and relies on real time data and resources. One approach we are now considering is the use of the JUnit framework to provide similiar functionality. Rather than testing just a small unit of work using JUnit, why not use it to write a test (using the JUnit framework) to cover an acceptance level swath of the application? I.e. take a new story ("As a user I would like to see basic details of my policy...") and write a test in JUnit which starts executing application code at the point of entry for the policy details link but covers all code and logic down to the stubbed data access layer and back to the point of forwarding to the next page in the application, asserting on what data the user should see on that page. This seems to me to have the following advantages: Simplicity (no additional frameworks required) Zero effort to integrate with our Continuous Integration build server (since it already handles our JUnit tests) Full skillset already present in the team (its just a JUnit test after all) And the downsides being: Less customer involvement (though they are heavily involved in writing the user stories in the first place from which the acceptance tests will be written) Perhaps more difficult to understand (or make understood) the user story and acceptance criteria in a JUnit class verses a freetext specification ala Fit or Fitnesse So, my question is really, have you ever tried this method? Ever considered it? What are your thoughts? What do you like and dislike about this approach? Finally, please only mention alternative frameworks if you can say why you like or dislike them more than this approach.

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  • More GCC link time issues: undefined reference to main

    - by vikramtheone
    Hi Guys, I'm writing software for a Cortex-A8 processor and I have to write some ARM assembly code to access specific registers. I'm making use of the gnu compilers and related tool chains, these tools are installed on the processor board(Freescale i.MX515) with Ubuntu. I make a connection to it from my host PC(Windows) using WinSCP and the PuTTY terminal. As usual I started with a simple C project having main.c and functions.s. I compile the main.c using GCC, assemble the functions.s using as and link the generated object files using once again GCC, but I get strange errors during this process. An important finding - Meanwhile, I found out that my assembly code may have some issues because when I individually assemble it using the command as -o functions.o functions.s and try running the generated functions.o using ./functions.o command, the bash shell is failing to recognize this file as an executable(on pressing tab functions.o is not getting selected/PuTTY is not highlighting the file). Can anyone suggest whats happening here? Are there any specific options I have to send, to GCC during the linking process? The errors I see are strange and beyond my understanding, I don't understand to what the GCC is referring. I'm pasting here the contents of main.c, functions.s, the Makefile and the list of errors. Help, please!!! Vikram main.c #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(void) { puts("!!!Hello World!!!"); /* prints !!!Hello World!!! */ return EXIT_SUCCESS; } functions.s * Main program */ .equ STACK_TOP, 0x20000800 .text .global _start .syntax unified _start: .word STACK_TOP, start .type start, function start: movs r0, #10 movs r1, #0 .end Makefile all: hello hello: main.o functions.o gcc -o main.o functions.o main.o: main.c gcc -c -mcpu=cortex-a8 main.c functions.o: functions.s as -mcpu=cortex-a8 -o functions.o functions.s Errors ubuntu@ubuntu-desktop:~/Documents/Project/Others/helloworld$ make gcc -c -mcpu=cortex-a8 main.c as -mcpu=cortex-a8 -o functions.o functions.s gcc -o main.o functions.o functions.o: In function `_start': (.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_start' /usr/lib/gcc/arm-linux-gnueabi/4.3.3/../../../crt1.o:init.c:(.text+0x0): first defined here /usr/lib/gcc/arm-linux-gnueabi/4.3.3/../../../crt1.o: In function `_start': init.c:(.text+0x30): undefined reference to `main' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [hello] Error 1

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  • jQuery: Trying to write my first plugin, how can I pass a selector to my func?

    - by Jannis
    Hi, I am trying to start writing some simple jQuery plugins and for my first try if figured I would write something that does nothing else but apply .first & .last classes to passed elements. so for instance i want to ultimately be able to: $('li').firstnlast(); So that in this html structure: <ul> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> <ul> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> it would create the following: <ul> <li class="first"></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li class="last"></li> </ul> <ul> <li class="first"></li> <li class="last"></li> </ul> What i have written so far in my plugin is this: (function($) { $.fn.extend({ firstnlast: function() { $(this) .first() .addClass('first') .end() .last() .addClass('last'); } }); })(jQuery); However the above only returns this: <ul> <li class="first"></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> <ul> <li></li> <li class="last"></li> </ul> It seems that passing only the li into the function it will look at all li elements on the entire page and then apply the classes to it. What I need to figure out is how i can basically make the function 'context aware' so that passing the above li into the function would apply the classes to those lis inside of the parent ul, not to the first and last li on the entire page. Any hints, ideas and help would be much appreciated. Thanks for reading, Jannis

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  • Wordpress: how to call a plugin function with an ajax call?

    - by Bee
    I'm writing a Wordpress MU plugin, it includes a link with each post and I want to use ajax to call one of the plugin functions when the user clicks on this link, and then dynamically update the link-text with output from that function. I'm stuck with the ajax query. I've got this complicated, clearly hack-ish, way to do it, but it is not quite working. What is the 'correct' or 'wordpress' way to include ajax functionality in a plugin? (My current hack code is below. When I click the generate link I don't get the same output I get in the wp page as when I go directly to sample-ajax.php in my browser.) I've got my code[1] set up as follows: mu-plugins/sample.php: <?php /* Plugin Name: Sample Plugin */ if (!class_exists("SamplePlugin")) { class SamplePlugin { function SamplePlugin() {} function addHeaderCode() { echo '<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="'.get_bloginfo('wpurl'). '/wp-content/mu-plugins/sample/sample.css" />\n'; wp_enqueue_script('sample-ajax', get_bloginfo('wpurl') . '/wp-content/mu-plugins/sample/sample-ajax.js.php', array('jquery'), '1.0'); } // adds the link to post content. function addLink($content = '') { $content .= "<span class='foobar clicked'><a href='#'>click</a></span>"; return $content; } function doAjax() { // echo "<a href='#'>AJAX!</a>"; } } } if (class_exists("SamplePlugin")) { $sample_plugin = new SamplePlugin(); } if (isset($sample_plugin)) { add_action('wp_head',array(&$sample_plugin,'addHeaderCode'),1); add_filter('the_content', array(&$sample_plugin, 'addLink')); } mu-plugins/sample/sample-ajax.js.php: <?php if (!function_exists('add_action')) { require_once("../../../wp-config.php"); } ?> jQuery(document).ready(function(){ jQuery(".foobar").bind("click", function() { var aref = this; jQuery(this).toggleClass('clicked'); jQuery.ajax({ url: "http://mysite/wp-content/mu-plugins/sample/sample-ajax.php", success: function(value) { jQuery(aref).html(value); } }); }); }); mu-plugins/sample/sample-ajax.php: <?php if (!function_exists('add_action')) { require_once("../../../wp-config.php"); } if (isset($sample_plugin)) { $sample_plugin->doAjax(); } else { echo "unset"; } ?> [1] Note: The following tutorial got me this far, but I'm stumped at this point. http://www.devlounge.net/articles/using-ajax-with-your-wordpress-plugin

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  • iPhone dev: load a file from resource folder

    - by thomax
    I'm writing an iPhone app with a UIWebView which should display various html files I have in the app resource folder. In xcode my project overview, these html files are displayed like this: dirA |---> index.html |---> a1.html |---> a2.html |---> my.css |---> dirB |---> b1.html |---> b2.html |---> dirC |---> c1.html |---> c2.html These resources where added to the project as such: - Checked "Copy items into destination groups folder (if needed)". - Reference type: Default. - Text encoding: Unicode (utf-8). - Recursively create groups for any added folders. The links in my html are relative, meaning they look like this: <a href="a1.html">a2</a> <a href="a2.html">a2</a> <a href="dirB/b2.html">b2</a> <a href="dirC/c1.html">b2</a> In order to display the index.html when the app starts up, I use the following code: NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"index" ofType:@"html"]; NSURL *url = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:path]; NSURLRequest *request = [NSURLRequest requestWithURL:url]; [webView loadRequest:request]; This works fine. Following links from the index file also works fine, as long as the html files requested are directly under dirA. If the link followed points to a file in a sub-directory, then didFailLoadWithError will catch the situation and report that the requested file does not exist. Note that [webView loadHtmlString:myHtml]; cannot be part of the solution, as I need back and forward buttons to work in my web view. So the question is: How can I follow a relative link to an html file in a sub directory within my resources? I've been all over stackoverflow and the rest of the tubes for the past few days trying to figure this one out, but nowhere have I come across the solution to this exact problem. Any insight at all would be very, very much appreciated!

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  • SimpleXML SOAP response Namespace issues

    - by Stu
    Hi. After spending SEVERAL frustrated hours on this I am asking for your help. I am trying to get the content of particular nodes from a SOAP response. The response is $XmlStr = <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"<xmlns:ns1="http://soap.xxxxxx.co.uk/"><env:Body><ns1:PlaceOrderResponse><xxxxxOrderNumber></xxxxxOrderNumber><ErrorArray><Error><ErrorCode>24</ErrorCode><ErrorText>The+client+order+number+3002254+is+already+in+use</ErrorText></Error><Error><ErrorCode>1</ErrorCode><ErrorText>Aborting</ErrorText></Error></ErrorArray></ns1:PlaceOrderResponse></env:Body></env:Envelope> I am trying to get at the nodes and children of <ErrorArray. Because of the XML containing namespaces $XmlArray = new SimpleXMLElement($XmlStr); foreach ($XmlArray->env:Envelope->env:Body->ns1:PlaceOrderResponse->ErrorArray->Error as $Error) { echo $Error->ErrorCode."<br />";<br /> } doesn't work. I have read a number of articles such as http://www.sitepoint.com/blogs/2005/10/20/simplexml-and-namespaces/ htp://blog.stuartherbert.com/php/2007/01/07/using-simplexml-to-parse-rss-feeds/ and about 20 questions on this site which unfortunately are not helping. (the second link has htp:// as a newbie here I cannot post more than one link) Even writing, $XmlArray = new SimpleXMLElement($XmlStr); echo "<br /><br /><pre>\n"; print_r($XmlArray); echo "<pre><br /><br />\n"; gives SimpleXMLElement Object ( ) which makes me wonder if the soap response ($XmlStr) is actually a valid input for SimpleXMLElement. It seems that the line $XmlArray = new SimpleXMLElement($XmlStr); is not doing what I expect it to. Any help on how to get the nodes from the XML above would be very welcome. Obviously getting it to work (having a working example) is what I need in the short term, but if someone could help me understand what I am doing wrong would be better in the long term. Cheers. Stu

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  • Stack and queue operations on the same array.

    - by Passonate Learner
    Hi. I've been thinking about a program logic, but I cannot draw a conclusion to my problem. Here, I've implemented stack and queue operations to a fixed array. int A[1000]; int size=1000; int top; int front; int rear; bool StackIsEmpty() { return (top==0); } bool StackPush( int x ) { if ( top >= size ) return false; A[top++] = x; return true; } int StackTop( ) { return A[top-1]; } bool StackPop() { if ( top <= 0 ) return false; A[--top] = 0; return true; } bool QueueIsEmpty() { return (front==rear); } bool QueuePush( int x ) { if ( rear >= size ) return false; A[rear++] = x; return true; } int QueueFront( ) { return A[front]; } bool QueuePop() { if ( front >= rear ) return false; A[front++] = 0; return true; } It is presumed(or obvious) that the bottom of the stack and the front of the queue is pointing at the same location, and vice versa(top of the stack points the same location as rear of the queue). For example, integer 1 and 2 is inside an array in order of writing. And if I call StackPop(), the integer 2 will be popped out, and if I call QueuePop(), the integer 1 will be popped out. My problem is that I don't know what happens if I do both stack and queue operations on the same array. The example above is easy to work out, because there are only two values involved. But what if there are more than 2 values involved? For example, if I call StackPush(1); QueuePush(2); QueuePush(4); StackPop(); StackPush(5); QueuePop(); what values will be returned in the order of bottom(front) from the final array? I know that if I code a program, I would receive a quick answer. But the reason I'm asking this is because I want to hear a logical explanations from a human being, not a computer.

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  • Exposing C# COM server events to Delphi client applications

    - by hectorsosajr
    My question is very similar to these two: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1140984/c-component-events http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1638372/c-writing-a-com-server-events-not-firing-on-client However, what worked for them is not working for me. The type library file, does not have any hints of events definitions, so Delphi doesn't see it. The class works fine for other C# applications, as you would expect. COM Server tools: Visual Studio 2010 .NET 4.0 Delphi applications: Delphi 2010 Delphi 7 Here's a simplified version of the code: /// <summary> /// Call has arrived delegate. /// </summary> [ComVisible(false)] public delegate void CallArrived(object sender, string callData); /// <summary> /// Interface to expose SimpleAgent events to COM /// </summary> [ComVisible(true)] [GuidAttribute("1FFBFF09-3AF0-4F06-998D-7F4B6CB978DD")] [InterfaceType(ComInterfaceType.InterfaceIsIDispatch)] public interface IAgentEvents { ///<summary> /// Handles incoming calls from the predictive manager. ///</summary> ///<param name="sender">The class that initiated this event</param> ///<param name="callData">The data associated with the incoming call.</param> [DispId(1)] void OnCallArrived(object sender, string callData); } /// <summary> /// Represents the agent side of the system. This is usually related to UI interactions. /// </summary> [ComVisible(true)] [GuidAttribute("EF00685F-1C14-4D05-9EFA-538B3137D86C")] [ClassInterface(ClassInterfaceType.None)] [ComSourceInterfaces(typeof(IAgentEvents))] public class SimpleAgent { /// <summary> /// Occurs when a call arrives. /// </summary> public event CallArrived OnCallArrived; public SimpleAgent() {} public string AgentName { get; set; } public string CurrentPhoneNumber { get; set; } public void FireOffCall() { if (OnCallArrived != null) { OnCallArrived(this, "555-123-4567"); } } } The type library file has the definitions for the properties and methods, but no events are visible. I even opened the type library in Delphi's viewer to make sure. The Delphi app can see and use any property, methods, and functions just fine. It just doesn't see the events. I would appreciate any pointers or articles to read. Thanks!

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  • Boggling Direct3D9 dynamic vertex buffer Lock crash/post-lock failure on Intel GMA X3100.

    - by nj
    Hi, For starters I'm a fairly seasoned graphics programmer but as wel all know, everyone makes mistakes. Unfortunately the codebase is a bit too large to start throwing sensible snippets here and re-creating the whole situation in an isolated CPP/codebase is too tall an order -- for which I am sorry, do not have the time. I'll do my best to explain. B.t.w, I will of course supply specific pieces of code if someone wonders how I'm handling this-or-that! As with all resources in the D3DPOOL_DEFAULT pool, when the device context is taken away from you you'll sooner or later will have to reset your resources. I've built a mechanism to handle this for all relevant resources that's been working for years; but that fact nothingwithstanding I've of course checked, asserted and doubted any assumption since this bug came to light. What happens is as follows: I have a rather large dynamic vertex buffer, exact size 18874368 bytes. This buffer is locked (and discarded fully using the D3DLOCK_DISCARD flag) each frame prior to generating dynamic geometry (isosurface-related, f.y.i) to it. This works fine, until, of course, I start to reset. It might take 1 time, it might take 2 or it might take 5 resets to set off a bug that causes an access violation either on the pointer returned by the Lock() operation on the renewed resource or a plain crash -- regarding a somewhat similar address, but without the offset that it has tacked on to it in the first case because in that case we're somewhere halfway writing -- iside the D3D9 dll Lock() call. I've tested this on other hardware, upgraded my GMA X3100 drivers (using a MacBook with BootCamp) to the latest ones, but I can't reproduce it on any other machine and I'm at a loss about what's wrong here. I have tried to reproduce a similar situation with a similar buffer (I've got a large scratch pad of the same type I filled with quads) and beyond a certain amount of bytes it started to behave likewise. I'm not asking for a solution here but I'm very interested if there are other developers here who have battled with the same foe or maybe some who can point me in some insightful direction, maybe ask some questions that might shed a light on what I may or may not be overlooking. Another interesting artifact is that the vertex buffer starts to bug if I supply both D3DLOCK_DISCARD and D3DLOCK_NOOVERWRITE together which, even though not very logical (you're not going to overwrite if you've just discarded all), gives graphics glitches. Thanks and any corrections are more than welcome. Niels p.s - A friend of mine raised the valid point that it is a huge buffer for onboard video RAM and it's being at least double or triple buffered internally due to it's dynamic nature. On the other hand, the debug output (D3D9 debug DLL + max. warning output) remains silent. p.s 2 - Had it tested on more machines and still works -- it's probably a matter of circumstance: the huge dynamic, internally double/trippled buffered buffer, not a lot of memory and drivers that don't complain when they should.. Unless someone has a better suggestion; I'd still love to hear it :)

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  • Unique element ID, even if element doesn't have one

    - by Robert J. Walker
    I'm writing a GreaseMonkey script where I'm iterating through a bunch of elements. For each element, I need a string ID that I can use to reference that element later. The element itself doesn't have an id attribute, and I can't modify the original document to give it one (although I can make DOM changes in my script). I can't store the references in my script because when I need them, the GreaseMonkey script itself will have gone out of scope. Is there some way to get at an "internal" ID that the browser uses, for example? A Firefox-only solution is fine; a cross-browser solution that could be applied in other scenarios would be awesome. Edit: If the GreaseMonkey script is out of scope, how are you referencing the elements later? They GreaseMonkey script is adding events to DOM objects. I can't store the references in an array or some other similar mechanism because when the event fires, the array will be gone because the GreaseMonkey script will have gone out of scope. So the event needs some way to know about the element reference that the script had when the event was attached. And the element in question is not the one to which it is attached. Can't you just use a custom property on the element? Yes, but the problem is on the lookup. I'd have to resort to iterating through all the elements looking for the one that has that custom property set to the desired id. That would work, sure, but in large documents it could be very time consuming. I'm looking for something where the browser can do the lookup grunt work. Wait, can you or can you not modify the document? I can't modify the source document, but I can make DOM changes in the script. I'll clarify in the question. Can you not use closures? Closuses did turn out to work, although I initially thought they wouldn't. See my later post. It sounds like the answer to the question: "Is there some internal browser ID I could use?" is "No."

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  • Printf in assembler doesn't print

    - by Gaim
    Hi there, I have got a homework to hack program using buffer overflow ( with disassambling, program was written in C++, I haven't got the source code ). I have already managed it but I have a problem. I have to print some message on the screen, so I found out address of printf function, pushed address of "HACKED" and address of "%s" on the stack ( in this order ) and called that function. Called code passed well but nothing had been printed. I have tried to simulate the environment like in other place in the program but there has to be something wrong. Do you have any idea what I am doing wrong that I have no output, please? Thanks a lot EDIT: This program is running on Windows XP SP3 32b, written in C++, Intel asm there is the "hack" code CPU Disasm Address Hex dump Command Comments 0012F9A3 90 NOP ;hack begins 0012F9A4 90 NOP 0012F9A5 90 NOP 0012F9A6 89E5 MOV EBP,ESP 0012F9A8 83EC 7F SUB ESP,7F ;creating a place for working data 0012F9AB 83EC 7F SUB ESP,7F 0012F9AE 31C0 XOR EAX,EAX 0012F9B0 50 PUSH EAX 0012F9B1 50 PUSH EAX 0012F9B2 50 PUSH EAX 0012F9B3 89E8 MOV EAX,EBP 0012F9B5 83E8 09 SUB EAX,9 0012F9B8 BA 1406EDFF MOV EDX,FFED0614 ;address to jump, it is negative because there mustn't be 00 bytes 0012F9BD F7DA NOT EDX 0012F9BF FFE2 JMP EDX ;I have to jump because there are some values overwritten by the program 0012F9C1 90 NOP 0012F9C2 0090 00000000 ADD BYTE PTR DS:[EAX],DL 0012F9C8 90 NOP 0012F9C9 90 NOP 0012F9CA 90 NOP 0012F9CB 90 NOP 0012F9CC 6C INS BYTE PTR ES:[EDI],DX ; I/O command 0012F9CD 65:6E OUTS DX,BYTE PTR GS:[ESI] ; I/O command 0012F9CF 67:74 68 JE SHORT 0012FA3A ; Superfluous address size prefix 0012F9D2 2069 73 AND BYTE PTR DS:[ECX+73],CH 0012F9D5 203439 AND BYTE PTR DS:[EDI+ECX],DH 0012F9D8 34 2C XOR AL,2C 0012F9DA 2066 69 AND BYTE PTR DS:[ESI+69],AH 0012F9DD 72 73 JB SHORT 0012FA52 0012F9DF 74 20 JE SHORT 0012FA01 0012F9E1 3120 XOR DWORD PTR DS:[EAX],ESP 0012F9E3 6C INS BYTE PTR ES:[EDI],DX ; I/O command 0012F9E4 696E 65 7300909 IMUL EBP,DWORD PTR DS:[ESI+65],-6F6FFF8D 0012F9EB 90 NOP 0012F9EC 90 NOP 0012F9ED 90 NOP 0012F9EE 31DB XOR EBX,EBX ; hack continues 0012F9F0 8818 MOV BYTE PTR DS:[EAX],BL ; writing 00 behind word "HACKED" 0012F9F2 83E8 06 SUB EAX,6 0012F9F5 50 PUSH EAX ; address of "HACKED" 0012F9F6 B8 3B8CBEFF MOV EAX,FFBE8C3B 0012F9FB F7D0 NOT EAX 0012F9FD 50 PUSH EAX ; address of "%s" 0012F9FE B8 FFE4BFFF MOV EAX,FFBFE4FF 0012FA03 F7D0 NOT EAX 0012FA05 FFD0 CALL EAX ;address of printf This code is really ugly because I am new in assembler and there mustn't be null bytes because of buffer-overflow bug

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  • Would someone mind giving suggestions for this new assembly language?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Greetings! Last semester in college, my teacher in the Computer Languages class taught us the esoteric language named Whitespace. In the interest of learning the language better with a very busy schedule (midterms), I wrote an interpreter and assembler in Python. An assembly language was designed to facilitate writing programs easily, and a sample program was written with the given assembly mnemonics. Now that it is summer, a new project has begun with the objective being to rewrite the interpreter and assembler for Whitespace 0.3, with further developments coming afterwards. Since there is so much extra time than before to work on its design, you are presented here with an outline that provides a revised set of mnemonics for the assembly language. This post is marked as a wiki for their discussion. Have you ever had any experience with assembly languages in the past? Were there some instructions that you thought should have been renamed to something different? Did you find yourself thinking outside the box and with a different paradigm than in which the mnemonics were named? If you can answer yes to any of those questions, you are most welcome here. Subjective answers are appreciated! hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo save Store load Retrieve L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller exit End the program print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Question: How would you redesign, rewrite, or rename the previous mnemonics and for what reasons?

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  • Undefined Behavior and Sequence Points Reloaded

    - by Nawaz
    Consider this topic a sequel of the following topic: Previous Installment Undefined Behavior and Sequence Points Let's revisit this funny and convoluted expression (the italicized phrases are taken from the above topic *smile* ): i += ++i; We say this invokes undefined-behavior. I presume that when say this, we implicitly assume that type of i is one of built-in types. So my question is: what if the type of i is a user-defined type? Say it's type is Index which is defined later in this post (see below). Would it still invoke undefined-behavior? If yes, why? Is it not equivalent to writing i.operator+=(i.operator ++()); or even syntactically simpler i.add(i.inc());? Or, do they too invoke undefined-behavior? If no, why not? After all, the object i gets modified twice between consecutive sequence points. Please recall the rule of thumb : an expression can modify an object's value only once between consecutive "sequence points. And if i += ++i is an expression, then it must invoke undefined-behavior. If so, then it's equivalents i.operator+=(i.operator ++()); and i.add(i.inc()); must also invoke undefined-behavior which seems to be untrue! (as far as I understand) Or, i += ++i is not an expression to begin with? If so, then what is it and what is the definition of expression? If it's an expression, and at the same time, it's behavior is also well-defined, then it implies that number of sequence points associated with an expression somehow depends on the type of operands involved in the expression. Am I correct (even partly)? By the way, how about this expression? a[++i] = i; //taken from the previous topic. but here type of `i` is Index. class Index { int state; public: Index(int s) : state(s) {} Index& operator++() { state++; return *this; } Index& operator+=(const Index & index) { state+= index.state; return *this; } operator int() { return state; } Index & add(const Index & index) { state += index.state; return *this; } Index & inc() { state++; return *this; } };

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  • Written a resharper plugin that modifies the TextControl?

    - by Ajaxx
    Resharper claims to eat it's own dogfood, specifically, they claim that many of the features of Resharper are written ontop of R# (OpenAPI). I'm writing a simple plugin to fix up comments of the current document of a selection. When this plugin is run, it throws an exception as follows: Document can be modified inside a command scope only I've researched the error and can't find anything to help with this, so I'm hoping that possibly, you've written a plugin to accomplish this. If not, I hope the snippet is enough to help others get their own plugins underway. using System; using System.IO; using System.Windows.Forms; using JetBrains.ActionManagement; using JetBrains.DocumentModel; using JetBrains.IDE; using JetBrains.TextControl; using JetBrains.Util; namespace TinkerToys.Actions { [ActionHandler("TinkerToys.RewriteComment")] public class RewriteCommentAction : IActionHandler { #region Implementation of IActionHandler /// <summary> /// Updates action visual presentation. If presentation.Enabled is set to false, Execute /// will not be called. /// </summary> /// <param name="context">DataContext</param> /// <param name="presentation">presentation to update</param> /// <param name="nextUpdate">delegate to call</param> public bool Update(IDataContext context, ActionPresentation presentation, DelegateUpdate nextUpdate) { ITextControl textControl = context.GetData(DataConstants.TEXT_CONTROL); return textControl != null; } /// <summary> /// Executes action. Called after Update, that set ActionPresentation.Enabled to true. /// </summary> /// <param name="context">DataContext</param> /// <param name="nextExecute">delegate to call</param> public void Execute(IDataContext context, DelegateExecute nextExecute) { ITextControl textControl = context.GetData(DataConstants.TEXT_CONTROL); if (textControl != null) { TextRange textSelectRange; ISelectionModel textSelectionModel = textControl.SelectionModel; if ((textSelectionModel != null) && textSelectionModel.HasSelection()) { textSelectRange = textSelectionModel.Range; } else { textSelectRange = new TextRange(0, textControl.Document.GetTextLength()); } IDocument textDocument = textControl.Document; String textSelection = textDocument.GetText(textSelectRange); if (textSelection != null) { StringReader sReader = new StringReader(textSelection); StringWriter sWriter = new StringWriter(); Converter.Convert(sReader, sWriter); textSelection = sWriter.ToString(); textDocument.ReplaceText(textSelectRange, textSelection); } } } #endregion } } So what is this command scope it wants so badly? I had some additional logging in this prior to posting it so I'm absolutely certain that both the range and text are valid. In addition, the error seems to indicate that I'm missing some scope that I've been, as yet, unable to find.

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  • Scala actors: receive vs react

    - by jqno
    Let me first say that I have quite a lot of Java experience, but have only recently become interested in functional languages. Recently I've started looking at Scala, which seems like a very nice language. However, I've been reading about Scala's Actor framework in Programming in Scala, and there's one thing I don't understand. In chapter 30.4 it says that using react instead of receive makes it possible to re-use threads, which is good for performance, since threads are expensive in the JVM. Does this mean that, as long as I remember to call react instead of receive, I can start as many Actors as I like? Before discovering Scala, I've been playing with Erlang, and the author of Programming Erlang boasts about spawning over 200,000 processes without breaking a sweat. I'd hate to do that with Java threads. What kind of limits am I looking at in Scala as compared to Erlang (and Java)? Also, how does this thread re-use work in Scala? Let's assume, for simplicity, that I have only one thread. Will all the actors that I start run sequentially in this thread, or will some sort of task-switching take place? For example, if I start two actors that ping-pong messages to each other, will I risk deadlock if they're started in the same thread? According to Programming in Scala, writing actors to use react is more difficult than with receive. This sounds plausible, since react doesn't return. However, the book goes on to show how you can put a react inside a loop using Actor.loop. As a result, you get loop { react { ... } } which, to me, seems pretty similar to while (true) { receive { ... } } which is used earlier in the book. Still, the book says that "in practice, programs will need at least a few receive's". So what am I missing here? What can receive do that react cannot, besides return? And why do I care? Finally, coming to the core of what I don't understand: the book keeps mentioning how using react makes it possible to discard the call stack to re-use the thread. How does that work? Why is it necessary to discard the call stack? And why can the call stack be discarded when a function terminates by throwing an exception (react), but not when it terminates by returning (receive)? I have the impression that Programming in Scala has been glossing over some of the key issues here, which is a shame, because otherwise it's a truly excellent book.

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  • Advice for Architecture Design Logic for software application

    - by Prasad
    Hi, I have a framework of basic to complex set of objects/classes (C++) running into around 500. With some rules and regulations - all these objects can communicate with each other and hence can cover most of the common queries in the domain. My Dream: I want to provide these objects as icons/glyphs (as I learnt recently) on a workspace. All these objects can be dragged/dropped into the workspace. They have to communicate only through their methods(interface) and in addition to few iterative and conditional statements. All these objects are arranged finally to execute a protocol/workflow/dataflow/process. After drawing the flow, the user clicks the Execute/run button. All the user interaction should be multi-touch enabled. The best way to show my dream is : Jeff Han's Multitouch Video. consider Jeff is playing with my objects instead of the google maps. :-) it should be like playing a jigsaw puzzle. Objective: how can I achieve the following while working on this final product: a) the development should be flexible to enable provision for web services b) the development should enable easy web application development c) The development should enable client-server architecture - d) further it should also enable mouse based drag/drop desktop application like Adobe programs etc. I mean to say: I want to economize on investments. Now I list my efforts till now in design : a) Created an Editor (VB) where the user writes (manually) the object / class code b) On Run/Execute, the code is copied into a main() function and passed to interpreter. c) Catch the output and show it in the console. The interpreter can be separated to become a server and the Editor can become the client. This needs lot of standard client-server architecture work. But some how I am not comfortable in the tightness of this system. Without interpreter is there much faster and better embeddable solution to this? - other than writing a special compiler for these objects. Recently learned about AXIS-C++ can help me - looks like - a friend suggested. Is that the way to go ? Here are my questions: (pl. consider me a self taught programmer and NOT my domain) a) From the stage of C++ objects to multi-touch product, how can I make sure I will develop the parallel product/service models as well.? What should be architecture aspects I should consider ? b) What technologies are best suited for this? c) If I am thinking of moving to Cloud Computing, how difficult/ how redundant / how unnecessary my efforts will be ? d) How much time in months would it take to get the first beta ? I take the liberty to ask if any of the experts here are interested in this project, please email me: [email protected] Thank you for any help. Looking forward.

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  • why my code print this when i read and write..

    - by zjm1126
    def sss(request): handle=open('b.txt','r+') handle.write("I AM NEW FILE") var=handle.read(); return HttpResponse(var) urlpatterns = patterns('', ('^$',sss), ) 1.my b.txt has nothing 2.when i run my code ,it print this : I AM NEW FILE7 ??; ??x ??v1?pZ€0 ?????8N??p? ? ?) ? ?`16?? S6??? ?? ?@ ??p? {?€1?? V ?? @+ ? ? ? ? ???`? >?) ???@? Z!x`%?p??? ?????@?`7???`? ? ???1X ??????#????€0?(Q??H??P?#? ' ?(5 ?, 7??6H? 0??+?? k%8? `? ??"?` ?? ?0?? ?????/? ????8S1`?`????0? ?`????? ?? ?? ?????@]?HE,????+?+???p? @O??? ?? 37€P6?7?@= ?? ? ?+xP?x???70? ?????? €???€ h *??x ?1???€K ? ??8? ?? ?? ?`?? @?? ????? ?€????????8(?P? ??? p(0B????????? ???? P???? ?/?+?? 9 ? ? ????1???????? ; ?€??€? `?(??? ??+ ??0?? ????6 ?1?,??? {0??? X??€D ??&?€?`? ?H{ ???Xw???? ?? ??0?0?)€Q ?? ?? ? @?????? ?XA6??? O ?0 h ?? ??? ? ? j????0? 57?7@?H+ ?? ? `?? 18? ?P ??6?0????6?? ?a ?` ????????? pG8s???@ ? ? (, ? ( ?? ?+&?????7??!0[ 0m ????@??0?????? ??? p?pZ?+?@?€\1?? 0? ?? ??? ?€;?? ??`? ? ? ????*`7?@? 6 R ?????p?????00^#? ??8? h €,h? ? ??x+ ??€37????`+?P?? 1 ? ?????*??6?? ??h: ??83 ? ????0s ????? ?p? ??????" s?( ??x Q s l??x ndies". * If value is 1, cand{{ value|pluralize:"y,ies" }} displays "1 candy". * If value is 2, cand{{ value|pluralize:"y,ies" }} displays "2 candies". u ,i u i ( RE RG R5 R3 R4 ( R R< R t singular_suffixt plural_suffix( ( s? D:\Python25\lib\site-packages\django\template\defaultfilters.pyt pluralize4 s$ c C s d d k l } | | ? S( sD Takes a phone number and converts it in to its numerical equivalent.i????( t phone2numeric( Rc R ( R R why? thanks

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  • WordPress Write Cache Problem with Multiple Sessions

    - by Volomike
    I'm working on a content dripper custom plugin in WordPress that my client asked me to build. He says he wants it to catch a page view event, and if it's the right time of day (24 hours since last post), to pull from a resource file and output another post. He needed it to also raise a flag and prevent other sessions from firing that same snippet of code. So, raise some kind of flag saying, "I'm posting that post, go away other process," and then it makes that post and releases the flag again. However, the strangest thing is occurring when placed under load with multiple sessions hitting the site with page views. It's firing instead of one post -- it's randomly doing like 1, 2, or 3 extra posts, with each one thinking that it was the right time to post because it was 24 hours past the time of the last post. Because it's somewhat random, I'm guessing that the problem is some kind of write caching where the other sessions don't see the raised flag just yet until a couple microseconds pass. The plugin was raising the "flag" by simply writing to the wp_options table with the update_option() API in WordPress. The other user sessions were supposed to read that value with get_option() and see the flag, and then not run that piece of code that creates the post because a given session was already doing it. Then, when done, I lower the flag and the other sessions continue as normal. But what it's doing is letting those other sessions in. To make this work, I was using add_action('loop_start','checkToAddContent'). The odd thing about that function though is that it's called more than once on a page, and in fact some plugins may call it. I don't know if there's a better event to hook. Even still, even if I find an event to hook that only runs once on a page view, I still have multiple sessions to contend with (different users who may view the page at the same time) and I want only one given session to trigger the content post when the post is due on the schedule. I'm wondering if there are any WordPress plugin devs out there who could suggest another event hook to latch on to, and to figure out another way to raise a flag that all sessions would see. I mean, I could use the shared memory API in PHP, but many hosting plans have that disabled. Can't use a cookie or session var because that's only one single session. About the only thing that might work across hosting plans would be to drop a file as a flag, instead. If the file is present, then one session has the flag. If the file is not present, then other sessions can attempt to get the flag. Sure, I could use the file route, but it's kind of immature in my opinion and I was wondering if there's something in WordPress I could do.

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  • Understanding CLR 2.0 Memory Model

    - by Eloff
    Joe Duffy, gives 6 rules that describe the CLR 2.0+ memory model (it's actual implementation, not any ECMA standard) I'm writing down my attempt at figuring this out, mostly as a way of rubber ducking, but if I make a mistake in my logic, at least someone here will be able to catch it before it causes me grief. Rule 1: Data dependence among loads and stores is never violated. Rule 2: All stores have release semantics, i.e. no load or store may move after one. Rule 3: All volatile loads are acquire, i.e. no load or store may move before one. Rule 4: No loads and stores may ever cross a full-barrier (e.g. Thread.MemoryBarrier, lock acquire, Interlocked.Exchange, Interlocked.CompareExchange, etc.). Rule 5: Loads and stores to the heap may never be introduced. Rule 6: Loads and stores may only be deleted when coalescing adjacent loads and stores from/to the same location. I'm attempting to understand these rules. x = y y = 0 // Cannot move before the previous line according to Rule 1. x = y z = 0 // equates to this sequence of loads and stores before possible re-ordering load y store x load 0 store z Looking at this, it appears that the load 0 can be moved up to before load y, but the stores may not be re-ordered at all. Therefore, if a thread sees z == 0, then it also will see x == y. If y was volatile, then load 0 could not move before load y, otherwise it may. Volatile stores don't seem to have any special properties, no stores can be re-ordered with respect to each other (which is a very strong guarantee!) Full barriers are like a line in the sand which loads and stores can not be moved over. No idea what rule 5 means. I guess rule 6 means if you do: x = y x = z Then it is possible for the CLR to delete both the load to y and the first store to x. x = y z = y // equates to this sequence of loads and stores before possible re-ordering load y store x load y store z // could be re-ordered like this load y load y store x store z // rule 6 applied means this is possible? load y store x // but don't pop y from stack (or first duplicate item on top of stack) store z What if y was volatile? I don't see anything in the rules that prohibits the above optimization from being carried out. This does not violate double-checked locking, because the lock() between the two identical conditions prevents the loads from being moved into adjacent positions, and according to rule 6, that's the only time they can be eliminated. So I think I understand all but rule 5, here. Anyone want to enlighten me (or correct me or add something to any of the above?)

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  • Complex relationship between tables in NHibernate

    - by Ilya Kogan
    Hi all, I'm writing a Fluent NHibernate mapping for a legacy Oracle database. The challenge is that the tables have composite primary keys. If I were at total freedom, I would redesign the relationships and auto-generate primary keys, but other applications must write to the same database and read from it, so I cannot do it. These are the two tables I'll focus on: Example data Trips table: 1, 10:00, 11:00 ... 1, 12:00, 15:00 ... 1, 16:00, 19:00 ... 2, 12:00, 13:00 ... 3, 9:00, 18:00 ... Faults table: 1, 13:00 ... 1, 23:00 ... 2, 12:30 ... In this case, vehicle 1 made three trips and has two faults. The first fault happened during the second trip, and the second fault happened while the vehicle was resting. Vehicle 2 had one trip, during which a fault happened. Constraints Trips of the same vehicle never overlap. So the tables have an optional one-to-many relationship, because every fault either happens during a trip or it doesn't. If I wanted to join them in SQL, I would write: select ... from Faults left outer join Trips on Faults.VehicleId = Trips.VehicleId and Faults.FaultTime between Trips.TripStartTime and Trips.TripEndTime and then I'd get a dataset where every fault appears exactly once (one-to-many as I said). Note that there is no Vehicles table, and I don't need one. But I did create a view that contains all VehicleIds from both tables, so I can use it as a junction table. What am I actually looking for? The tables are huge because they cover years of data, and every time I only need to fetch a range of a few hours. So I need a mapping and a criteria that will run something like the following SQL underneath: select ... from Faults left outer join Trips on Faults.VehicleId = Trips.VehicleId and Faults.FaultTime between Trips.TripStartTime and Trips.TripEndTime where Faults.FaultTime between :p0 and :p1 Do you have any ideas how to achieve it? Note 1: Currently the application shouldn't write to the database, so persistence is not a must, although if the mapping supports persistence, it may help at some point in the future. Note 2: I know it's a tough one, so if you give me a great answer, you will be properly rewarded :) Thank you for reading this long question, and now I only hope for the best :)

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  • [NEWVERSION]algorithm || method to write prog[UNSOLVED] [closed]

    - by fatai
    I am one of the computer science student. Everyone solve problem with a different or same method, ( but actually I dont know whether they use method or I dont know whether there are such common method to approach problem.) if there are common method, What is it ? If there are different method, which method are you using ? All teacher give us problem which in simple form sometimes, but they donot introduce any approach or method(s) so that we cannot make a decision to choose the method then apply that one to problem , afterward find solution then write code.No help from teacher , push us to find method to solve homework. Ex: my friend is using no method , he says "I start to construct algorithm while I try to write prog." I have found one method when I failed the course, More accurately, my method: When I counter problem in language , I will get more paper and then ; first, input/ output step ; my prog will take this / these there argument(s) and return namely X , ex : in c, input length is not known and at same type , so I must use pointer desired output is in form of package , so use structure second, execution part ; in that step , I am writing all step which are goes to final output ex : in python ; 1.) [ + , [- , 4 , [ * , 1 , 2 ]], 5] 2.) [ + , [- , 4 , 2 ],5 ] 3.) [ + , 2 , 5] 4.) 7 ==> return 7 third, I will write test code ex : in c++ input : append 3 4 5 6 vector_x remove 0 1 desired output vector_x holds : 5 6 now, my other question is ; What is/are other method(s) which have/has been; used to construct class :::: for c++ , python, java used to communicate classes / computers used for solving embedded system problem ::::: for c by other user? Some programmer uses generalized method without considering prog-language(java , perl .. ), what is this method ? Why I wonder , because I learn if you dont costruct algorithm on paper, you may achieve your goal. Like no money no lunch , I can say no algorithm no prog therefore , feel free when you write your own method , a way which is introduced by someone else but you are using and you find it is so efficient

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