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• Which programming languages aren't considered high-level?

  - by hilo

  In informatics theory I hear and read about high-level and low-level languages all time. Yet I don't understand why this is still relevant as there aren't any (relevant) low-level languages except assembler in use today. So you get: Low-level Assembler Definitely not low-level C BASIC FORTRAN COBOL ... High-level C++ Ruby Python PHP ... And if assembler is low-level, how could you put for example C into the same list. I mean: C is extremely high-level compared to assembler. Same even for COBOL, Fortran, etc. So why does everybody keep mentioning high and low-level languages if assembler is really the only low-level language.

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• Which programming languages have helped you to understand programming better?

  - by Xaisoft

  Which programming languages not only make you more proficient in the particular language your are learning, but also have a direct impact on the way you think and understand programming in general; therefore, making you a better programmer in other languages. Basically, which languages have the biggest impact on understanding the how and why of different programming concepts? What about Scheme? I have heard good things about that. I thought about taking the simplest of problems and implementing them in various languages. Has anyone done this?

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• Method signature Vs function prototype

  - by Maroloccio

  A formal definition of the two? Current Wiki articles denote their different contexts and applications, such as internal type signature "strings" in Java VMs (1) and C/C++ function prototypes informing compilers of upcoming method definitions (2) but... 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_signature 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_prototype ... where to look for a definition which clearly and formally distinguished one from the other? There is literature using the words prototype and signature almost interchangeably yet other uses appear strict and consistent, if language-specific. Background: I am writing documentation for a sample compiler written for a University project.

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• Decision Tree code golf

  - by Chris Jester-Young

  In Google Code Jam 2009, Round 1B, there is a problem called Decision Tree that lent itself to rather creative solutions. Post your shortest solution; I'll update the Accepted Answer to the current shortest entry on a semi-frequent basis, assuming you didn't just create a new language just to solve this problem. :-P Current rankings: 107 Perl 121 PostScript (binary) 136 Ruby 154 Arc 160 PostScript (ASCII85) 170 PostScript 192 Python 199 Common Lisp 214 LilyPond 222 JavaScript 273 Scheme 280 R 312 Haskell 314 PHP 339 m4 346 C 406 Fortran 462 Java 476 Java (well, kind of) 718 OCaml 759 F# 1741 sed C++ not qualified for now

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• Helper Casting Functions -- Is it a code smell?

  - by Earlz

  I recently began to start using functions to make casting easier on my fingers for one instance I had something like this ((Dictionary<string,string>)value).Add(foo); and converted it to a tiny little helper function so I can do this ToDictionary(value).Add(foo); Is this a code smell? Also, what about simpler examples? For example in my scripting engine I've considered making things like this ((StringVariable)arg).Value="foo"; be ToStringVar(arg).Value="foo"; I really just dislike how inorder to cast a value and instantly get a property from it you must enclose it in double parentheses. I have a feeling the last one is much worse than the first one though (also I've marked this language agnostic even though my example is C#)

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• Embedded Prolog Interpreter/Compiler for Java

  - by Sami

  I'm working on an application in Java, that needs to do some complex logic rule deductions as part of its functionality. I'd like to code my logic deductions in Prolog or some other logic/constraint programming language, instead of Java, as I believe the resulting code will be significantly simpler and more maintainable. I Googled for embedded Java implementations on Prolog, and found number of them, each with very little documentation. My (modest) selection criteria are: should be embeddable in Java (e.g. can be bundled up with my java package instead of requiring any native installations on external programs) simple interface to use from Java (for initiating deductions, inspecting results, and adding rules) come with at least a few examples on how to use it doesn't necessarely have to be Prolog, but other logic/constraint programming languages with the above criteria would suit my needs, too. What choices do I have and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

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• Code Golf: Zigzag pattern scanning

  - by fbrereto

  The Challenge The shortest code by character count that takes a single input integer N (N = 3) and returns an array of indices that when iterated would traverse an NxN matrix according to the JPEG "zigzag" scan pattern. The following is an example traversal over an 8x8 matrix (referenced from here:) Examples (The middle matrix is not part of the input or output, just a representation of the NxN matrix the input represents.) 1 2 3 (Input) 3 --> 4 5 6 --> 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9 (Output) 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 (Input) 4 --> 5 6 7 8 --> 1 2 5 9 6 3 4 7 10 13 14 11 8 12 15 16 (Output) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Notes: The resulting array's base should be appropriate for your language (e.g., Matlab arrays are 1-based, C++ arrays are 0-based). This is related to this question.

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• What every web developer should know?

  - by arikfr

  Let's say you got a new intern, who's a third-year CS student. He has firm knowledge of the basics, has some experience with C/Java from the courses he took and a lot of desire to learn more. What would you teach him in order to become a good web developer? What I had in mind is: HTML/CSS and the importance of writing semantic markup Javascript, some JS framework (jQuery), JSON Basics of Git/Subversion (whatever you use) The language we use (Ruby, Python, PHP, C#, whatever) Introduction the web framework we use (Rails, Django, ASP.NET MVC...) MVC - what/why/who RESTful web services - how to consume them and how to create one What's on your list?

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• Code Golf Christmas Edition: How to print out a Christmas tree of height N

  - by TheSoftwareJedi

  Given a number N, how can I print out a Christmas tree of height N using the least number of code characters? N is assumed constrained to a min val of 3, and a max val of 30 (bounds and error checking are not necessary). N is given as the one and only command line argument to your program or script. All languages appreciated, if you see a language already implemented and you can make it shorter, edit if possible - comment otherwise and hope someone cleans up the mess. Include newlines and whitespace for clarity, but don't include them in the character count. A Christmas tree is generated as such, with its "trunk" consisting of only a centered "*" N = 3: * *** ***** * N = 4: * *** ***** ******* * N = 5: * *** ***** ******* ********* * N defines the height of the branches not including the one line trunk. Merry Christmas SO!

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• Naive Bayesian for Topic detection using "Bag of Words" approach

  - by AlgoMan

  I am trying to implement a naive bayseian approach to find the topic of a given document or stream of words. Is there are Naive Bayesian approach that i might be able to look up for this ? Also, i am trying to improve my dictionary as i go along. Initially, i have a bunch of words that map to a topics (hard-coded). Depending on the occurrence of the words other than the ones that are already mapped. And depending on the occurrences of these words i want to add them to the mappings, hence improving and learning about new words that map to topic. And also changing the probabilities of words. How should i go about doing this ? Is my approach the right one ? Which programming language would be best suited for the implementation ?

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• Need an algorithm to group several parameters of a person under the persons name

  - by QuickMist

  Hi. I have a bunch of names in alphabetical order with multiple instances of the same name all in alphabetical order so that the names are all grouped together. Beside each name, after a coma, I have a role that has been assigned to them, one name-role pair per line, something like whats shown below name1,role1 name1,role2 name1,role3 name1,role8 name2,role8 name2,role2 name2,role4 name3,role1 name4,role5 name4,role1 ... .. . I am looking for an algorithm to take the above .csv file as input create an output .csv file in the following format name1,role1,role2,role3,role8 name2,role8,role2,role4 name3,role1 name4,role5,role1 ... .. . So basically I want each name to appear only once and then the roles to be printed in csv format next to the names for all names and roles in the input file. The algorithm should be language independent. I would appreciate it if it does NOT use OOP principles :-) I am a newbie.

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• Shorthand for nested null checking C#

  - by Myster

  As far as I know there is not a significantly more elegant way to write the following.... string src; if((ParentContent!= null) &&(ParentContent.Image("thumbnail") != null) &&(ParentContent.Image("thumbnail").Property("src") != null)) src = ParentContent.Image("thumbnail").Property("src").Value Do you think there should be a C# language feature to make this shorter? And if so, what should it look like? for example, something like extending the ?? operator string src = ParentContent??.Image("thumbnail")??.Property("width")??.Value; Apologies for the rather contrived example, and my over-simplified solution.

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• How to start recognizing design patterns as you are programming?

  - by Jon Erickson

  I have general academic knowledge of the various design patterns that are discussed in GoF and Head First Design Patterns, but I have a difficult time applying them to the code that I am writing. A goal for me this year is to be able to recognize design patterns that are emerging from the code that I write. Obviously this comes with experience (I have about 2 years in the field), but my question is how can I jumpstart my ability to recognize design patterns as I am coding, maybe a suggestion as to what patterns are easiest to start applying in client-server applications (in my case mainly c# webforms with ms sql db's, but this could definitely be language agnostic).

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• How much of the "Objective-C" I'm learning is universal Objective-C, and not Apple's frameworks?

  - by Chris Cooper

  This question is related to one of my others about C: What can you do in C without “std” includes? Are they part of “C,” or just libraries? I've become curious lately as to what is really contained the the core Objective-C language, and what parts of the Objective-C I've done for iPhone/OS X development is specific to Apple platforms. I know that things like syntax are the same, but for instance, is NSObject and its torrent of NS-subclasses actually part of "standard" Objective-C? Could I use them in, say, Windows? What parts are universal for the most part, and what parts would I only find on an Apple platform? If you want, giving an example of Objective-C used elsewhere as an example of what is more "universal" would help me as well. Thanks! =)

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• Shortest way of determining a name ends with an `s`, `x` or `z`, and then use the `I18n.t` method wi

  - by Koning Baard XIV

  I'm creating a Rails application where users can have a first and last name. Since I'm a perfectionist, the application may not show something like Dennis's profile or Xianx's profile, but rather Dennis' profile and Xianx' profile. I use L18n, so I wanted to ask what is the shortest way of implementing this? This grammar is the same for both English and Dutch, where the application will be translated to. Oh, some important things: I am not afraid of using helpers and the application controller My language files are in Ruby, not YAML Thanks!

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• Semantic Diff Utilities

  - by rubancache

  I'm trying to find some good examples of semantic diff/merge utilities. The traditional paradigm of comparing source code files works by comparing lines and characters.. but are there any utilities out there (for any language) that actually consider the structure of code when comparing files? For example, existing diff programs will report "difference found at character 2 of line 125. File x contains v-o-i-d, where file y contains b-o-o-l". A specialized tool should be able to report "Return type of method doSomething() changed from void to bool". I would argue that this type of semantic information is actually what the user is looking for when comparing code, and should be the goal of next-generation progamming tools. Are there any examples of this in available tools?

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• Detecting syllables in a word

  - by user50705

  I need to find a fairly efficient way to detect syllables in a word. E.g., invisible - in-vi-sib-le There are some syllabification rules that could be used: V CV VC CVC CCV CCCV CVCC *where V is a vowel and C is a consonant. e.g., pronunciation (5 Pro-nun-ci-a-tion; CV-CVC-CV-V-CVC) I've tried few methods, among which were using regex (which helps only if you want to count syllables) or hard coded rule definition (a brute force approach which proves to be very inefficient) and finally using a finite state automata (which did not result with anything useful). The purpose of my application is to create a dictionary of all syllables in a given language. This dictionary will later be used for spell checking applications (using Bayesian classifiers) and text to speech synthesis. I would appreciate if one could give me tips on an alternate way to solve this problem besides my previous approaches. I work in Java, but any tip in C/C++, C#, Python, Perl... would work for me.

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• What's the reason for leaving an extra blank line at the end of a code file?

  - by Lord Torgamus

  Eclipse and MyEclipse create new Java files with an extra blank line after the last closing brace by default. I think CodeWarrior did the same thing a few years back, and that some people leave such blank lines in their code either by intention or laziness. So, this seems to be at least a moderately widespread behavior. As a former human language editor -- copy editing newspapers, mostly -- I find that those lines look like sloppiness or accidents, and I can't think of a reason to leave them in source files. I know they don't affect compilation in C-style languages, including Java. Are there benefits to having those lines, and if so, what are they?

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• how to read an address in multiple formats like google maps

  - by ratan

  notice that on google maps you can input the address any way you like. as long as it is a valid address...google maps will read it. In some ruby book I had seen code snippet for something like this, but with phone numbers. Any ideas how this could be done for addresses? in language of your choice. EDIT: i dont care about a "valid" address. I just want to parse an address. so that 123 fake street, WA, 34223 would be an address and so will 123 fake street WA 34223

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• What languages have a while-else type control structure, and how does it work?

  - by Dan

  A long time ago, I thought I saw a proposal to add an else clause to for or while loops in C or C++... or something like that. I don't remember how it was supposed to work -- did the else clause run if the loop exited normally but not via a break statement? Anyway, this is tough to search for, so I thought maybe I could get some CW answers here for various languages. What languages support adding an else clause to something other than an if statement? What is the meaning of that clause? One language per answer please.

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• Why do C compilers prepend underscores to external names?

  - by Michael Burr

  I've been working in C for so long that the fact that compilers typically add an underscore to the start of an extern is just understood... However, another SO question today got me wondering about the real reason why the underscore is added. A wikipedia article claims that a reason is: It was common practice for C compilers to prepend a leading underscore to all external scope program identifiers to avert clashes with contributions from runtime language support I think there's at least a kernel of truth to this, but also it seems to no really answer the question, since if the underscore is added to all externs it won't help much with preventing clashes. Does anyone have good information on the rationale for the leading underscore? Is the added underscore part of the reason that the Unix creat() system call doesn't end with an 'e'? I've heard that early linkers on some platforms had a limit of 6 characters for names. If that's the case, then prepending an underscore to external names would seem to be a downright crazy idea (now I only have 5 characters to play with...).

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• Voice Communication over TCP/IP

  - by Micha

  Hello, I'm currently developing application using DirectSound for communication on an intranet. I've had working solution using UDP but then my boss told me he wants to use TCP/IP for some reason. I've tried to implement it in pretty much the same way as UDP, but with very little success. What I get is basically just noise. 20% of it is the recorded sound and the rest is just weird noise. My guess for the reason is that TCP needs to read all the accepted data several times until it gets the final sound I can play. Now two questions: Am I on the right tracks? Is it even good idea to use TCP/IP for this kind of application (voice conferencing of sorts)? I'm doing it in C# but I don't think this is language specific.

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• Beginner question: What is binding?

  - by JDelage

  Hi, I was trying to understand the difference between early and late binding, and in the process realized that the concept of binding is nebulous to me. I think I understand that it relates to the way data-as-a-word-of-memory is linked to type-as-a-set-of-language-features but I am not sure those are the right concepts. Also, how does understanding this deeply help people become better programmers? Please note: This question is not "what is late v. early binding" or "what are the trade-offs between the 2". Those already exist here. Thanks, JDelage

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• Performance optimization strategies of last resort?

  - by jerryjvl

  There are plenty of performance questions on this site already, but it occurs to me that almost all are very problem-specific and fairly narrow. And almost all repeat the advice to avoid premature optimization. Let's assume: the code already is working correctly the algorithms chosen are already optimal for the circumstances of the problem the code has been measured, and the offending routines have been isolated all attempts to optimize will also be measured to ensure they do not make matters worse What I am looking for here is strategies and tricks to squeeze out up to the last few percent in a critical algorithm when there is nothing else left to do but whatever it takes. Ideally, try to make answers language agnostic, and indicate any down-sides to the suggested strategies where applicable. I'll add a reply with my own initial suggestions, and look forward to whatever else the SO community can think of.

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• Code Golf: Phone Number to Words

  - by Nick Hodges

  Guidelines for code-golf on SO We've all seen phone numbers that are put into words: 1-800-BUY-MORE, etc. What is the shortest amount of code you can write that will produce all the possible combinations of words for a 7 digit US phone number. Input will be a seven digit integer (or string, if that is simpler), and assume that the input is properly formed. Output will be a list of seven character strings that For instance, the number 428-5246 would produce GATJAGM GATJAGN GATJAGO GATJAHM GATJAHN GATJAHO and so on..... Winning criteria will be code from any language with the fewest characters that produce every possible letter combination. Additional Notes: To make it more interesting, words can be formed only by using the letters on a North American Classic Key Pad phone with three letters per number as defined here.That means that Z and Q are excluded. For the number '1', put a space. For the number '0', put a hyphen '-' Bonus points awarded for recognizing output as real English words. Okay, not really. ;-)

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