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  • MACRO compilation PROBLEM

    - by wildfly
    i was given a primitive task to find out (and to put in cl) how many nums in an array are bigger than the following ones, (meaning if (arr[i] arr[i+1]) count++;) but i've problems as it has to be a macro. i am getting errors from TASM. can someone give me a pointer? SortA macro a, l LOCAL noes irp reg, <si,di,bx> push reg endm xor bx,bx xor si,si rept l-1 ;;also tried rept 3 : wont' compile mov bl,a[si] inc si cmp bl,arr[si] jb noes inc di noes: add di,0 endm mov cx,di irp reg2, <bx,di,si> pop reg2 endm endm dseg segment arr db 10,9,8,7 len = 4 dseg ends sseg segment stack dw 100 dup (?) sseg ends cseg segment assume ds:dseg, ss:sseg, cs:cseg start: mov ax, dseg mov ds,ax sortA arr,len cseg ends end start errors: Assembling file: sorta.asm **Error** sorta.asm(51) REPT(4) Expecting pointer type **Error** sorta.asm(51) REPT(6) Symbol already different kind: NOES **Error** sorta.asm(51) REPT(10) Expecting pointer type **Error** sorta.asm(51) REPT(12) Symbol already different kind: NOES **Error** sorta.asm(51) REPT(16) Expecting pointer type **Error** sorta.asm(51) REPT(18) Symbol already different kind: NOES Error messages: 6

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  • Help in building an 16 bit os

    - by Barshan Das
    I am trying to build an old 16 bit dos like os. My bootloader code: ; This is not my code. May be of Fritzos. I forgot the source. ORG 7c00h jmp Start drive db 0 msg db " Loader Initialization",0 msg2 db "ACos Loaded",0 print: lodsb cmp al, 0 je end mov ah, 0Eh int 10h jmp print end: ret Start: mov [ drive ], dl ; Get the floppy OS booted from ; Update the segment registers xor ax, ax ; XOR ax mov ds, ax ; Mov AX into DS mov si,msg call print ; Load Kernel. ResetFloppy: mov ax, 0x00 ; Select Floppy Reset BIOS Function mov dl, [ drive ] ; Select the floppy ADos booted from int 13h ; Reset the floppy drive jc ResetFloppy ; If there was a error, try again. ReadFloppy: mov bx, 0x9000 ; Load kernel at 9000h. mov ah, 0x02 ; Load disk data to ES:BX mov al, 17 ; Load two floppy head full's worth of data. mov ch, 0 ; First Cylinder mov cl, 2 ; Start at the 2nd Sector to load the Kernel mov dh, 0 ; Use first floppy head mov dl, [ drive ] ; Load from the drive kernel booted from. int 13h ; Read the floppy disk. jc ReadFloppy ; Error, try again. ; Clear text mode screen mov ax, 3 int 10h ;print starting message mov si,msg2 call print mov ax, 0x0 mov ss, ax mov sp, 0xFFFF jmp 9000h ; This part makes sure the bootsector is 512 bytes. times 510-($-$$) db 0 ;bootable sector signature dw 0xAA55 My example kernel code: asm(".code16\n"); void putchar(char); int main() { putchar('A'); return 0; } void putchar(char val) { asm("movb %0, %%al\n" "movb $0x0E, %%ah\n" "int $0x10\n" : :"r"(val) ) ; } This is how I compile it : nasm -f bin -o ./bin/boot.bin ./source/boot.asm gcc -nostdinc -fno-builtin -I./include -c -o ./bin/kernel.o ./source/kernel.c ld -Ttext=0x9000 -o ./bin/kernel.bin ./bin/kernel.o -e 0x0 dd if=/dev/zero of=./bin/empty.bin bs=1440K count=1 cat ./bin/boot.bin ./bin/kernel.bin ./bin/empty.bin|head -c 1440K > ./bin/os rm ./bin/empty.bin and I run it in virtual machine. When I make the putchar function ( in kernel code ) for constant value ....i.e like this: void putchar() { char val = 'A'; asm("movb %0, %%al\n" "movb $0x0E, %%ah\n" "int $0x10\n" : :"r"(val) ) ; } then it works fine. But when I pass argument to it ( That is in the previous code ) , then it prints a space for any character. What should I do?

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  • Working with QWords

    - by Glenn1234
    I'm learning and in the course of that working on an assembler conversion which uses QWORDs a lot (x86-32bit). Now my reference material doesn't have anything on working with such values beyond the obvious of splitting them up into the 32-bit registers. I guess they're on the old side. The newer processors have mmx and sse instructions and the like. Would I be served well to look into those instructions for solving this? What is the best way to handle doing work on QWORD values?

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  • procedure that swaps the bytes (low/high) of a Word variable

    - by Altar
    Hi. I have this procedure that swaps the bytes (low/high) of a Word variable (It does the same stuff as System.Swap function). The procedure works when the compiler optimization is OFF but not when it is ON. Can anybody help me with this? { UNSAFE! IT IS NOW WORKING WHEN COMPILER OPTIMIZATION IS ON ! } procedure SwapWord_NotWorking(VAR TwoBytes: word); asm Mov EBX, TwoBytes Mov AX, [EBX] XCHG AL,AH Mov [EBX], AX end;

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  • How to determine the port numbers for peripheral devices?

    - by smwikipedia
    I know that peripheral devices such as a hard driver, a floppy driver, etc are controlled by reading/writing certain control registers on their device controllers. I am wondering about the following questions: Is it true that when these peripheral devices are plugged onto the computer, the addresses(port numbers) of their control registers are thus determined by how they are attached to the address bus (i.e. the hard-wiring rules, not any soft things)? Who makes the scheme of the port number assignment? If I was given a naked computer(with no operating system and with many peripheral devices), how could I figure out the port number assignment so I can use them to control peripheral deveices. At last and as usual, thanks for your patience and reply. 8^)

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  • need to get computer speaking to a cell phone

    - by I__
    i have this super manual: http://www.arib.or.jp/IMT-2000/V710Dec08/5_Appendix/R99/27/27005-320.pdf i dont understand whether it is for every phone or just a certain subset i would like to know what i need to get started to have my computer speak to the phone i am ready to write in c#, c++, or what ever they need has anyone had experience writing AT commands?

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  • How to find the jmp address during a x86 function call?

    - by Bruce
    Suppose we have a call foo statement. So when the assembler encounters a call statement it breaks it down into - push ip + 6 jmp <addr of foo> I have the return address in a register ebx. Now I want to find out the "addr of foo". How do I do it? I want to confirm that the push statement is present before the jmp. Will the memory map look something like this? ------- push (what will be the value stored in this byte?? opcode ??) ------- jmp (what will be the value stored in this byte?? opcode ??) ------- jmp byte 1 ------- jmp byte 2 ------- jmp byte 3 ------- jmp byte 4 ------- return address stored in ebx ------- What are the opcodes for push and jmp?

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  • Instrumenting a string

    - by George Polevoy
    Somewhere in C++ era i have crafted a library, which enabled string representation of the computation history. Having a math expression like: TScalar Compute(TScalar a, TScalar b, TScalar c) { return ( a + b ) * c; } I could render it's string representation: r = Compute(VerbalScalar("a", 1), VerbalScalar("b", 2), VerbalScalar("c", 3)); Assert.AreEqual(9, r.Value); Assert.AreEqual("(a+b)*c==(1+2)*3", r.History ); C++ operator overloading allowed for substitution of a simple type with a complex self-tracking entity with an internal tree representation of everything happening with the objects. Now i would like to have the same possibility for NET strings, only instead of variable names i would like to see a stack traces of all the places in code which affected a string. And i want it to work with existing code, and existing compiled assemblies. Also i want all this to hook into visual studio debugger, so i could set a breakpoint, and see everything that happened with a string. Which technology would allow this kind of things? I know it sound like an utopia, but I think visual studio code coverage tools actually do the same kind of job while instrumenting the assemblies.

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  • How to determine the port numbers for peripherals devices?

    - by smwikipedia
    I know that peripheral devices such as a hard driver, a floppy driver, etc are controlled by reading/writing certain control registers on their device controllers. I am wondering about the following questions: Is it true that when these peripheral devices are plugged onto the computer, the addresses(port numbers) of their control registers are thus determined by how they are attached to the address bus (i.e. the hard-wiring)? Who makes the scheme of the port number assignment? If I was given a naked computer(with no operating system and with many peripheral devices), how could I figure out the port number assignment so I can use them to control peripheral deveices.

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  • Translate to MIPS

    - by user2334400
    HELP Translate A[i] = B[i-1] + B[i] + B[i+1] to MIPS the address of array A is $s1 the address of array B is $s2 the value of i is $s3 lb $s1,0($s3) # $s1=A[i] lb $s2,0($s3) # $s2=B[i] sb $s2,0($s3) # store s2 add $t0, $zero, $s2 #t0=B[i] addi $s3,$s3,-1 #i=i-1 lb $s2 0($s3) #$s2=B[i-1] add $t1,$zero,$s2 #t1=B[i-1] add $s1,$t0,$t1 #A[i]=B[i-1]+B[i] addi $s3,$s3,2 #i+1 lb $s2,0($s3) #s2=B[i+1] add $t2,$zero,$s2 #t2=B[i+1] add $s1,$s1,$t2 #A[i] = t1 + B[i+1] sb $s1 I know this is kind of mess, but it's the best i can write

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  • is there any programming language that can bring together edit and compile / run ???

    - by Aff
    When I code, I always write little pieces of unit, and compile it often. This helps me to make sure that everything run correctly, but it's very time consumed. is there any programming language that can support us to do coding and running at the same time side by side ? i mean as soon as a key press leads to valid code, the effect of the edit is incorporated into the executing program.

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  • What does the Kernel Virtual Memory of each process contain?

    - by claws
    When say 3 programs (executables) are loaded into memory the layout might look something like this: I've following questions: Is the concept of Virtual Memory limited to user processes? Because, I am wondering where does the Operating System Kernel, Drivers live? How is its memory layout? I know its operating system specific make your choice (windows/linux). They say, on a 32 bit machine in a 4GB address space. Half of it (or more recently 1GB) is occupied by kernel. I can see in this diagram that "Kernel Virtual memory" is occupying 0xc0000000 - 0xffffffff (= 1 GB). Are they talking about this? or is it something else? Just want to confirm. What exactly does the Kernel Virtual Memory of each of these processes contain? What is its layout? When we do IPC we talk about shared memory. I don't see any memory shared between these processes. Where does it live? Resources (files, registries in windows) are global to all processes. So, the resource/file handle table must be in some global space. Which area would that be in? Where can I know more about this kernel side stuff.

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  • Where are the function literals c++?

    - by academicRobot
    First of all, maybe literals is not the right term for this concept, but its the closest I could think of (not literals in the sense of functions as first class citizens). The idea is that when you make a conventional function call, it compiles to something like this: callq <immediate address> But if you make a function call using a function pointer, it compiles to something like this: mov <memory location>,%rax callq *%rax Which is all well and good. However, what if I'm writing a template library that requires a callback of some sort with a specified argument list and the user of the library is expected to know what function they want to call at compile time? Then I would like to write my template to accept a function literal as a template parameter. So, similar to template <int int_literal> struct my_template {...};` I'd like to write template <func_literal_t func_literal> struct my_template {...}; and have calls to func_literal within my_template compile to callq <immediate address>. Is there a facility in C++ for this, or a work around to achieve the same effect? If not, why not (e.g. some cataclysmic side effects)? How about C++0x or another language? Solutions that are not portable are fine. Solutions that include the use of member function pointers would be ideal. I'm not particularly interested in being told "You are a <socially unacceptable term for a person of low IQ>, just use function pointers/functors." This is a curiosity based question, and it seems that it might be useful in some (albeit limited) applications. It seems like this should be possible since function names are just placeholders for a (relative) memory address, so why not allow more liberal use (e.g. aliasing) of this placeholder. p.s. I use function pointers and functions objects all the the time and they are great. But this post got me thinking about the don't pay for what you don't use principle in relation to function calls, and it seems like forcing the use of function pointers or similar facility when the function is known at compile time is a violation of this principle, though a small one.

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  • functions in assembler

    - by stupid_idiot
    hi, i have philosophised about the purpose of stack a little bit and after some coding i figured out what is it's strength. The only thing that lies in my stomache is how does it work with functions? I tried to make some easy function for adding two numbers using universal registers but I suppose that's not how does it work in C for example.. where are all the parameters, local variables and where is the result stored? how would you rewrite this to assembler?(how would compiler for C rewrite it?) int function(int a, int &b, int *c){ return a*(b++)+(*c); } i know this example kinda sucks.. but this way i can understand all the possibilities

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  • How to move value from the stack to ST(0)?

    - by George Edison
    I am having trouble believing the following code is the most efficient way to move a value from the stack to ST(0): .data var dd 4.2 tmp dd ? .code mov EAX, var push EAX ; top of stack now contains a value ; move it to ST(0) pop EAX mov tmp, EAX fld tmp Is the temporary variable really necessary? Further, is there an easier way to get a value from the stack to ST(0)?

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  • Interrupt ?13 (ah=48) - don't working

    - by GLeBaTi
    mov dl,00h mov ah,08h int 13h this is code showing normal parameters of floppy disk. mov dl,80h mov ah,08h int 13h this is code, showing not valid parameters of hard disk(may be, my hard disk space is big (LBA)), And I've written this code: mov dl,80h mov ah,48h int 13h it is code doing cf = 1(error). How fix it? I want learn parameters of my hard disk. (http://lrs.uni-passau.de/support/doc/interrupt-57/RB-0677.HTM)

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  • Calling a non-exported function in a DLL

    - by Nilbert
    I have a program which loads DLLs and I need to call one of the non-exported functions it contains. Is there any way I can do this, via searching in a debugger or otherwise? Before anyone asks, yes I have the prototypes and stuff for the functions.

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  • What is on the 68000 stack when classic MacOS enters a program?

    - by John Källén
    I'm trying to understand an old classic Mac application's entry point. I've disassembled the first CODE resource (not CODE#0, which is the jump table). The code refers to some variables off the stack: a word at 0004(A7), an array of long words of starting at 000C(A7) whose length is the value at 0004(A7), and a final long word beyond that array that seems to be a pointer to a character string. The array of long words looks like strings at first glance, so it looks superficially like we're dealing with an (int argc, char ** argv) situation, except the "argv" array is inline in the stack frame. What should a program be expecting on its stack / registers when it first gets called by the Mac OS?

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  • Xcode debugger showing assembler for nested classes in a static library

    - by Massif
    I have a project A which creates a static library. I have a project B which uses this library. When I am debugging project B, certain functions within project A will display assembler when stepped into or when a breakpoint set inside them is hit. In the debug navigator, the line containing the function is grey instead of black. The strange part is that other functions in the same source file have no problems displaying. The thing that all these functions seem to have in common is that they belong to nested classes. However, I'm not totally convinced that this is the issue since functions from other nested classes display correctly. Does anyone know the cause of this?

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