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  • Yield only as many are required from a generator

    - by Matt Joiner
    I wish to yield from a generator only as many items are required. In the following code a, b, c = itertools.count() I receive this exception: ValueError: too many values to unpack I've seen several related questions, however I have zero interest in the remaining items from the generator, I only wish to receive as many as I ask for, without providing that quantity in advance. It seems to me that Python determines the number of items you want, but then proceeds to try to read and store more than that number. How can I yield only as many items as I require, without passing in how many items I want?

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  • Can I make pdb start debugging right away?

    - by hasen j
    I want to debug a python project The problem is, I don't know where to set a break point, what I want to do, is be able to call a method SomeClass( some_ctor_arguments ).some_method()` and have the debugger be fired right away How do I do that? I tried pdb.run( string_command ) but it doesn't seem to work right >>> import pdb >>> import <some-package> >>> pdb.run( .... ) > <string>(1)<module>() (Pdb) s NameError: "name '<some-package>' is not defined"

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  • Automatically decorating every instance method in a class

    - by max
    I want to apply the same decorator to every method in a given class, other than those that start and end with __. It seems to me it should be doable using a class decorator. Are there any pitfalls to be aware of? Ideally, I'd also like to be able to: disable this mechanism for some methods by marking them with a special decorator enable this mechanism for subclasses as well enable this mechanism even for methods that are added to this class in runtime [Note: I'm using Python 3.2, so I'm fine if this relies on features added recently.] Here's my attempt: _methods_to_skip = {} def apply(decorator): def apply_decorator(cls): for method_name, method in get_all_instance_methods(cls): if (cls, method) in _methods_to_skip: continue if method_name[:2] == `__` and method_name[-2:] == `__`: continue cls.method_name = decorator(method) return apply_decorator def dont_decorate(method): _methods_to_skip.add((get_class_from_method(method), method)) return method Here are things I have problems with: how to implement get_all_instance_methods function not sure if my cls.method_name = decorator(method) line is correct how to do the same to any methods added to a class in runtime how to apply this to subclasses how to implement get_class_from_method

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  • Why does decorating a class break the descriptor protocol, thus preventing staticmethod objects from behaving as expected?

    - by Robru
    I need a little bit of help understanding the subtleties of the descriptor protocol in Python, as it relates specifically to the behavior of staticmethod objects. I'll start with a trivial example, and then iteratively expand it, examining it's behavior at each step: class Stub: @staticmethod def do_things(): """Call this like Stub.do_things(), with no arguments or instance.""" print "Doing things!" At this point, this behaves as expected, but what's going on here is a bit subtle: When you call Stub.do_things(), you are not invoking do_things directly. Instead, Stub.do_things refers to a staticmethod instance, which has wrapped the function we want up inside it's own descriptor protocol such that you are actually invoking staticmethod.__get__, which first returns the function that we want, and then gets called afterwards. >>> Stub <class __main__.Stub at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub.__dict__['do_things'] <staticmethod object at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things() Doing things! So far so good. Next, I need to wrap the class in a decorator that will be used to customize class instantiation -- the decorator will determine whether to allow new instantiations or provide cached instances: def deco(cls): def factory(*args, **kwargs): # pretend there is some logic here determining # whether to make a new instance or not return cls(*args, **kwargs) return factory @deco class Stub: @staticmethod def do_things(): """Call this like Stub.do_things(), with no arguments or instance.""" print "Doing things!" Now, naturally this part as-is would be expected to break staticmethods, because the class is now hidden behind it's decorator, ie, Stub not a class at all, but an instance of factory that is able to produce instances of Stub when you call it. Indeed: >>> Stub <function factory at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'do_things' >>> Stub() <__main__.Stub instance at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things() Doing things! So far I understand what's happening here. My goal is to restore the ability for staticmethods to function as you would expect them to, even though the class is wrapped. As luck would have it, the Python stdlib includes something called functools, which provides some tools just for this purpose, ie, making functions behave more like other functions that they wrap. So I change my decorator to look like this: def deco(cls): @functools.wraps(cls) def factory(*args, **kwargs): # pretend there is some logic here determining # whether to make a new instance or not return cls(*args, **kwargs) return factory Now, things start to get interesting: >>> Stub <function Stub at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things <staticmethod object at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: 'staticmethod' object is not callable >>> Stub() <__main__.Stub instance at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things() Doing things! Wait.... what? functools copies the staticmethod over to the wrapping function, but it's not callable? Why not? What did I miss here? I was playing around with this for a bit and I actually came up with my own reimplementation of staticmethod that allows it to function in this situation, but I don't really understand why it was necessary or if this is even the best solution to this problem. Here's the complete example: class staticmethod(object): """Make @staticmethods play nice with decorated classes.""" def __init__(self, func): self.func = func def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """Provide the expected behavior inside decorated classes.""" return self.func(*args, **kwargs) def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None): """Re-implement the standard behavior for undecorated classes.""" return self.func def deco(cls): @functools.wraps(cls) def factory(*args, **kwargs): # pretend there is some logic here determining # whether to make a new instance or not return cls(*args, **kwargs) return factory @deco class Stub: @staticmethod def do_things(): """Call this like Stub.do_things(), with no arguments or instance.""" print "Doing things!" Indeed it works exactly as expected: >>> Stub <function Stub at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things <__main__.staticmethod object at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things() Doing things! >>> Stub() <__main__.Stub instance at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things() Doing things! What approach would you take to make a staticmethod behave as expected inside a decorated class? Is this the best way? Why doesn't the builtin staticmethod implement __call__ on it's own in order for this to just work without any fuss? Thanks.

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  • String formatting [str.format()] with a dictionary having a key which is a str() of a number

    - by decimus phostle
    Python neophyte here. I was wondering if someone could help with the KeyError I am getting when using a dictionary for string interpolation in str.format. dictionary = {'key1': 'val1', '1': 'val2'} string1 = 'Interpolating {0[key1]}'.format(dictionary) print string1 The above works fine and yields: Interpolating val1 However doing the following: dictionary = {'key1': 'val1', '1': 'val2'} string2 = 'Interpolating {0[1]}'.format(dictionary) print string2 results in: Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 3, in <module> string2 = 'Interpolating {0[1]}'.format(dictionary) KeyError: 1L So the problem seems to be in the interpretation of the numeric key as a list index, IMHO. Is there any way to work around this? (i.e. convey that this is instead a dictionary key) TIA and apologies if this question has been asked before(couldn't find anything relevant with my search-fu).

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  • Print number in engineering format

    - by jmurrayufo
    I am trying to print a number into engineering format with python, but I cannot seem to get it to work. The syntax SEEMS simple enough, but it just doesn't work. >>> import decimal >>> x = decimal.Decimal(1000000) >>> print x 1000000 >>>> print x.to_eng_string() 1000000 I cannot figure out why this is. The two values are not equal (one is a string, the other is an int). Setting various contexts in decimal doesn't seem to help either. Any clues or ideas?

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  • Programmez un jeu pour téléphone portable avec MIDlet Pascal, par Darryl Kpizingui

    Darryl Kpizingui signe, avec ce tutoriel, le troisième volet de la série d'articles consacrés au compilateur MIDlet Pascal, qui permet de créer des programmes pour téléphones portables. Il nous guide pas à pas dans la réalisation d'un logiciel complet, un jeu de Mario Sokoban. Vous avez à présent toutes les cartes en main pour vous lancer dans la réalisation de vos propres logiciels pour téléphones portables !

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  • Toolbox Mod Makes the Wii Ultra Portable

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Given the social nature of most Wii games, modifying a toolbox to serve as a Wii briefcase to make toting it to a friend’s house easy is only fitting. Courtesy of tinker SpicaJames, we find this simple but effective toolbox modification. James originally started his search by investigating getting a Pelican case for his Wii and accessories. When he found the $125 price tag prohibitive (as many of us would for such a side project) he sought out alternatives. A cheap $12 toolbox, a little impact foam, and some handy work with a pair of tin snips to cut out shapes for the Wiimotes, and he had a super cheap and easy to pack and unpack Wii briefcase. Hit up the link below to check out the pictures of his build. Wii Briefcase (translated by Google Translate) [via Hack A Day] Can Dust Actually Damage My Computer? What To Do If You Get a Virus on Your Computer Why Enabling “Do Not Track” Doesn’t Stop You From Being Tracked

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  • python Velocity control of the player, why doesn't this work?

    - by Dominic Grenier
    I have the following code inside a while True loop: if abs(playerx) < MAXSPEED: if moveLeft: playerx -= 1 if moveRight: playerx += 1 if abs(playery) < MAXSPEED: if moveDown: playery += 1 if moveUp: playery -= 1 if moveLeft == False and abs(playerx) > 0: playerx += 1 if moveRight == False and abs(playerx) > 0: playerx -= 1 if moveUp == False and abs(playery) > 0: playery += 1 if moveDown == False and abs(playery) > 0: playery -= 1 player.x += playerx player.y += playery if player.left < 0 or player.right > 1000: player.x -= playerx if player.top < 0 or player.bottom > 600: player.y -= playery The intended result is that while an arrow key is pressed, playerx or y increments by one at every loop until it reaches MAXSPEED and stays at MAXSPEED. And that when the player stops pressing that arrow key, his speed decreases. Until it reaches 0. To me, this code explicitly says that... But what actually happens is that playerx or y keeps incrementing regardless of MAXSPEED and continues moving even after the player stops pressing the arrow key. I keep rereading but I'm completely baffled by this weird behavior. Any insights? Thanks.

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  • How to resolve "dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/python-apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb"?

    - by raz7588
    Update Manager will not update although I have over 100 updates to do I get a error message like this: installArchives() failed: Extracting templates from packages: 29%% Extracting templates from packages: 58%% Extracting templates from packages: 88%% Extracting templates from packages: 100%% Preconfiguring packages ... Extracting templates from packages: 29%% Extracting templates from packages: 58%% Extracting templates from packages: 88%% Extracting templates from packages: 100%% Preconfiguring packages ... Extracting templates from packages: 29%% Extracting templates from packages: 58%% Extracting templates from packages: 88%% Extracting templates from packages: 100%% Preconfiguring packages ... Extracting templates from packages: 29%% Extracting templates from packages: 58%% Extracting templates from packages: 88%% Extracting templates from packages: 100%% Preconfiguring packages ... (Reading database ... (Reading database ... 5%% (Reading database ... 10%% (Reading database ... 15%% (Reading database ... 20%% (Reading database ... 25%% (Reading database ... 30%% (Reading database ... 35%% (Reading database ... 40%% (Reading database ... 45%% (Reading database ... 50%% (Reading database ... 55%% (Reading database ... 60%% (Reading database ... 65%% (Reading database ... 70%% (Reading database ... 75%% (Reading database ... 80%% (Reading database ... 85%% (Reading database ... 90%% (Reading database ... 95%% (Reading database ... 100%% (Reading database ... 189751 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace python-problem-report 2.0.1-0ubuntu7 (using .../python-problem-report_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/python-problem-report_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace python-apport 2.0.1-0ubuntu7 (using .../python-apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/python-apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace apport 2.0.1-0ubuntu7 (using .../apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb) ... apport stop/waiting Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already apport start/running Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace gnome-orca 3.4.1-0ubuntu0.1 (using .../gnome-orca_3.4.2-0ubuntu0.1_all.deb) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/gnome-orca_3.4.2-0ubuntu0.1_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace python-piston-mini-client 0.7.2-0ubuntu1 (using .../python-piston-mini-client_0.7.2+bzr57-0ubuntu1_all.deb) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/python-piston-mini-client_0.7.2+bzr57-0ubuntu1_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace oneconf 0.2.8 (using .../oneconf_0.2.8.1_all.deb) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/oneconf_0.2.8.1_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace software-center 5.2.2 (using .../software-center_5.2.2.2_all.deb) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: warning: subprocess old pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 dpkg - trying script from the new package instead ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pyclean", line 33, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/software-center_5.2.2.2_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pycompile", line 39, in <module> from debpython.namespace import add_namespace_files ValueError: bad marshal data (unknown type code) dpkg: error while cleaning up: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 Preparing to replace libglade2-0 1:2.6.4-1ubuntu1 (using .../libglade2-0_1%%3a2.6.4-1ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb) ... Unpacking replacement libglade2-0 ... Preparing to replace libv4l-0 0.8.6-1ubuntu1 (using .../libv4l-0_0.8.6-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ... De-configuring libv4l-0:i386 ... Unpacking replacement libv4l-0 ... Preparing to replace libv4l-0:i386 0.8.6-1ubuntu1 (using .../libv4l-0_0.8.6-1ubuntu2_i386.deb) ... Unpacking replacement libv4l-0:i386 ... Preparing to replace libv4lconvert0:i386 0.8.6-1ubuntu1 (using .../libv4lconvert0_0.8.6-1ubuntu2_i386.deb) ... De-configuring libv4lconvert0 ... Unpacking replacement libv4lconvert0:i386 ... Preparing to replace libv4lconvert0 0.8.6-1ubuntu1 (using .../libv4lconvert0_0.8.6-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ... Unpacking replacement libv4lconvert0 ... Errors were encountered while processing: /var/cache/apt/archives/python-problem-report_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/python-apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/apport_2.0.1-0ubuntu9_all.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/gnome-orca_3.4.2-0ubuntu0.1_all.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/python-piston-mini-client_0.7.2+bzr57-0ubuntu1_all.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/oneconf_0.2.8.1_all.deb /var/cache/apt/archives/software-center_5.2.2.2_all.deb Error in function: SystemError: E:Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) Setting up libglade2-0 (1:2.6.4-1ubuntu1.1) ... dpkg: error processing gnome-orca (--configure): Package is in a very bad inconsistent state - you should reinstall it before attempting configuration. dpkg: error processing python-problem-report (--configure): Package is in a very bad inconsistent state - you should reinstall it before attempting configuration. Setting up libv4lconvert0 (0.8.6-1ubuntu2) ... Setting up libv4lconvert0:i386 (0.8.6-1ubuntu2) ... dpkg: error processing python-piston-mini-client (--configure): Package is in a very bad inconsistent state - you should reinstall it before attempting configuration. Setting up libv4l-0 (0.8.6-1ubuntu2) ... Setting up libv4l-0:i386 (0.8.6-1ubuntu2) ... dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of python-apport: python-apport depends on python-problem-report (>= 0.94); however: Package python-problem-report is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing python-apport (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of software-center: software-center depends on python-piston-mini-client (>= 0.1+bzr29); however: Package python-piston-mini-client is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing software-center (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of oneconf: oneconf depends on python-piston-mini-client (>= 0.3+bzr32-0ubuntu1); however: Package python-piston-mini-client is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing oneconf (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of apport: apport depends on python-apport (>= 2.0.1-0ubuntu7); however: Package python-apport is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing apport (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured Processing triggers for libc-bin ... ldconfig deferred processing now taking place This has been going on for two weeks now and I cannot get any updates. Any help would be great.

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  • Cool portable linux music studio

    <b>Handle With Linux:</b> "Making music on Linux used to be something for masochists. Luckily this is long something of the past, as nowadays lot's of cool Linux software and compatible hardware is available to musicians."

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  • Looking for an ultra portable laptop for Ubuntu

    - by prule
    Hi, I'm in the market for a new laptop, and portability is important since I really only use it when I'm travelling to and from work - primarily for programming. I've been searching high and low for something like this: less than 2kg hopefully Intel i5 (but negotiable) NO dvd drive - just don't need it 4G ram either 7200rpm disk or SSD (ssd preferable) 13 inch screen not too pricey (MacBook Air is about $1700 AUD) available in Australia The Dell Inspiron 13z and Lenovo Edge 13 look close, but I've not found anything that says I'm not going to have a fight with compatibility. The MacBook Air 13 looks like the PERFECT hardware, but I'm afraid it will just be easier to run MacOS than Ubuntu. I want to stay with Ubuntu, but the MacBook Air is only $1700 so I'm in danger of becoming another apple fanboi if I can't find anything competitive. Going through all the sites looking for stuff has been a huge waste of time System 76 doesn't deliver to Australia http://www.linux-laptop.net/ and http://www.linlap.com/ are hard work and not confidence inspiring http://www.vgcomputing.com.au/nsintro.html is hard work again, searching for every laptop they say has excellent compatibility on the web to find out what spec it is http://zareason.com/shop/Strata-Pro-13.html (at $1345 USD) looks interesting, but I've got no idea how much I'll get stung by customs importing Dell Inspiron 13z with i5, 4G, 320 7200rpm disk, ATI Mobility Radeon HD5430 - 1GB, Dell Wireless 1501 802.11b/g/n @ $1200 AUD seems like the only competitor but is it compatible? (Dell support offer no opinion - as far as they are concerned they only have 2 models that are certified for ubuntu) Am I worrying too much about the compatibility? Should I just go with Dell? Or switch to MacOS? (It would be good to have a searchable database that had the full machine specs, and compatibility - I'm thinking about building something... but I don't have much time right now...) Thanks. UPDATE I went with a MacBook Air. The price/weight/power was just right. Everything else was either too pricy (i5) or too heavy, or underpowered (SU7300 1.3GHz). Its a pity, because I didn't really want to leave Ubuntu. I'll still run it on my media center and spare (heavy) laptop.

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  • Is this an acceptable approach to undo/redo in Python?

    - by Codemonkey
    I'm making an application (wxPython) to process some data from Excel documents. I want the user to be able to undo and redo actions, even gigantic actions like processing the contents of 10 000 cells simultaneously. I Googled the topic, and all the solutions I could find involves a lot of black magic or is overly complicated. Here is how I imagine my simple undo/redo scheme. I write two classes - one called ActionStack and an abstract one called Action. Every "undoable" operation must be a subclass of Action and define the methods do and undo. The Action subclass is passed the instance of the "document", or data model, and is responsible for committing the operation and remembering how to undo the change. Now, every document is associated with an instance of the ActionStack. The ActionStack maintains a stack of actions (surprise!). Every time actions are undone and new actions are performed, all undone actions are removed for ever. The ActionStack will also automatically remove the oldest Action when the stack reaches the configurable maximum amount. I imagine the workflow would produce code looking something like this: class TableDocument(object): def __init__(self, table): self.table = table self.action_stack = ActionStack(history_limit=50) # ... def delete_cells(self, cells): self.action_stack.push( DeleteAction(self, cells) ) def add_column(self, index, name=''): self.action_stack.push( AddColumnAction(self, index, name) ) # ... def undo(self, count=1): self.action_stack.undo(count) def redo(self, count=1): self.action_stack.redo(count) Given that none of the methods I've found are this simple, I thought I'd get the experts' opinion before I go ahead with this plan. More specifically, what I'm wondering about is - are there any glaring holes in this plan that I'm not seeing?

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  • Restrictive routing best practices for Google App Engine with python?

    - by Aleksandr Makov
    Say I have a simple structure: app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([ (r'/', 'pages.login'), (r'/profile', 'pages.profile'), (r'/dashboard', 'pages.dash'), ], debug=True) Basically all pages require authentication except for the login. If visitor tries to reach a restrictive page and he isn't authorized (or lacks privileges) then he gets redirected to the login view. The question is about the routing design. Should I check the auth and ACL privs in each of the modules (pages.profile and pages.dash from example above), or just pass all requests through the single routing mechanism: app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([ (r'/', 'pages.login'), (r'/.+', 'router') ], debug=True) I'm still quite new to the GAE, but my app requires authentication as well as ACL. I'm aware that there's login directive on the server config level, but I don't know how it works and how I can tight it with my ACL logic and what's worse I cannot estimate time needed to get it running. Besides, it looks only to provide only 2 user groups: admin and user. In any case, that's the configuration I use: handlers: - url: /favicon.ico static_files: static/favicon.ico upload: static/favicon.ico - url: /static/* static_dir: static - url: .* script: main.app secure: always Or I miss something here and ACL can be set in the config file? Thanks.

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  • What can I use to set up a 100% cloud based python IDE + Hosting environment?

    - by PhD
    I'm working a side project and I can't always be on "my" machine to code/deploy the web application. I am aware of various cloud IDEs (e.g., Cloud 9 IDE) and independent Django/Flask etc., hosting services (e.g., Heroku). What is the best way to completely shift my development/deployment environment to the cloud so that I can code/deploy from anywhere? I don't mind using paid services but I'm not sure which cloud IDEs play nice with which hosting services. Has anyone tried this setup before? What has or hasn't worked? I want to minimize the manual intervention in 'connecting the two services' as much as possible. I'm going to be using Django, MySQL and Redis for the web-app

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  • Great Functionalities Of Kindle Portable Reader

    Technology has never stopped enhancing people?s way of life as the years go by. It has significantly contributed a lot in the field of reading by converting the printed books into something that is c... [Author: Ben Dave - Computers and Internet - June 02, 2010]

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  • Banshee keeps copying the same music files to my portable player over and over

    - by Dave M G
    I have Banshee 2.6.0, and I connect my Android phone by USB to sync my music collection of about 1500 songs. For the most part, it works reliably. However, on every sync, it deletes, and then recopies the same 62 songs each time. After that, everything works, and the sync completes successfully. As far as I can tell, these 62 songs are mostly recent additions to my collection, but not all of them, and I can't see any other commonality of significance. This is only a problem because the transfer speed when working within Banshee is quite slow, so this is eating up time. Sometimes I need to make a transfer and go, but I can't, because I'll have to wait for progress bars take their sweet time. I have tried to completely clear out the music files on the phone and resync. I have tried rescanning the music collection. What do I do to fix this irritation?

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  • Player & Level class structure in 2D python console game?

    - by Markus Meskanen
    I'm trying to create a 2D console game, where I have a player who can freely move around in a level (~map, but map is a reserved keyword) and interfere with other objects. Levels construct out of multiple Blocks, such as player(s), rocks, etc. Here's the Block class: class Block(object): def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, char=' ', solid=False): self.x = x self.y = y self.char = char self.solid = solid As you see, each block has a position (x, y) and a character to represent the block when it's printed. Each block also has a solid attribute, defining whether it can overlap with other solids or not. (Two solid blocks cannot overlap) I've now created few subclasses from Block (Rock might be useless for now) class Rock(Block): def __init__(self, x=0, y=0): super(Rock, self).__init__(x, y, 'x', True) class Player(Block): def __init__(self, x=0, y=0): super(Player, self).__init__(x, y, 'i', True) def move_left(self, x=1): ... # How do I make sure Player wont overlap with rocks? self.x -= x And here's the Level class: class Level(object): def __init__(self, name='', blocks=None): self.name = name self.blocks = blocks or [] Only way I can think of is to store a Player instance into Level's attributes (self.player=Player(), or so) and then give Level a method: def player_move_left(self): for block in self.blocks: if block.x == self.player.x - 1 and block.solid: return False But this doesn't really make any sense, why have a Player class if it can't even be moved without Level? Imo. player should be moved by a method inside Player. Am I wrong at something here, if not, how could I implement such behavior?

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  • django/python: is one view that handles two sibling models a good idea?

    - by clime
    I am using django multi-table inheritance: Video and Image are models derived from Media. I have implemented two views: video_list and image_list, which are just proxies to media_list. media_list returns images or videos (based on input parameter model) for a certain object, which can be of type Event, Member, or Crag. The view alters its behaviour based on input parameter action (better name would be mode), which can be of value "edit" or "view". The problem is that I need to ask whether the input parameter model contains Video or Image in media_list so that I can do the right thing. Similar condition is also in helper method media_edit_list that is called from the view. I don't particularly like it but the only alternative I can think of is to have separate (but almost the same) logic for video_list and image_list and then probably also separate helper methods for videos and images: video_edit_list, image_edit_list, video_view_list, image_view_list. So four functions instead of just two. That I like even less because the video functions would be very similar to the respective image functions. What do you recommend? Here is extract of relevant parts: http://pastebin.com/07t4bdza. I'll also paste the code here: #urls url(r'^media/images/(?P<rel_model_tag>(event|member|crag))/(?P<rel_object_id>\d+)/(?P<action>(view|edit))/$', views.image_list, name='image-list') url(r'^media/videos/(?P<rel_model_tag>(event|member|crag))/(?P<rel_object_id>\d+)/(?P<action>(view|edit))/$', views.video_list, name='video-list') #views def image_list(request, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, mode): return media_list(request, Image, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, mode) def video_list(request, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, mode): return media_list(request, Video, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, mode) def media_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, mode): rel_model = tag_to_model(rel_model_tag) rel_object = get_object_or_404(rel_model, pk=rel_object_id) if model == Image: star_media = rel_object.star_image else: star_media = rel_object.star_video filter_params = {} if rel_model == Event: filter_params['event'] = rel_object_id elif rel_model == Member: filter_params['members'] = rel_object_id elif rel_model == Crag: filter_params['crag'] = rel_object_id media_list = model.objects.filter(~Q(id=star_media.id)).filter(**filter_params).order_by('date_added').all() context = { 'media_list': media_list, 'star_media': star_media, } if mode == 'edit': return media_edit_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, context) return media_view_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, context) def media_view_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, context): if request.is_ajax(): context['base_template'] = 'boxes/base-lite.html' return render(request, 'media/list-items.html', context) def media_edit_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, context): if model == Image: get_media_edit_record = get_image_edit_record else: get_media_edit_record = get_video_edit_record media_list = [get_media_edit_record(media, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id) for media in context['media_list']] if context['star_media']: star_media = get_media_edit_record(context['star_media'], rel_model_tag, rel_object_id) else: star_media = None json = simplejson.dumps({ 'star_media': star_media, 'media_list': media_list, }) return HttpResponse(json, content_type=json_response_mimetype(request)) def get_image_edit_record(image, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id): record = { 'url': image.image.url, 'name': image.title or image.filename, 'type': mimetypes.guess_type(image.image.path)[0] or 'image/png', 'thumbnailUrl': image.thumbnail_2.url, 'size': image.image.size, 'id': image.id, 'media_id': image.media_ptr.id, 'starUrl':reverse('image-star', kwargs={'image_id': image.id, 'rel_model_tag': rel_model_tag, 'rel_object_id': rel_object_id}), } return record def get_video_edit_record(video, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id): record = { 'url': video.embed_url, 'name': video.title or video.url, 'type': None, 'thumbnailUrl': video.thumbnail_2.url, 'size': None, 'id': video.id, 'media_id': video.media_ptr.id, 'starUrl': reverse('video-star', kwargs={'video_id': video.id, 'rel_model_tag': rel_model_tag, 'rel_object_id': rel_object_id}), } return record # models class Media(models.Model, WebModel): title = models.CharField('title', max_length=128, default='', db_index=True, blank=True) event = models.ForeignKey(Event, null=True, default=None, blank=True) crag = models.ForeignKey(Crag, null=True, default=None, blank=True) members = models.ManyToManyField(Member, blank=True) added_by = models.ForeignKey(Member, related_name='added_images') date_added = models.DateTimeField('date added', auto_now_add=True, null=True, default=None, editable=False) class Image(Media): image = ProcessedImageField(upload_to='uploads', processors=[ResizeToFit(width=1024, height=1024, upscale=False)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) thumbnail_1 = ImageSpecField(source='image', processors=[SmartResize(width=178, height=134)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) thumbnail_2 = ImageSpecField(source='image', #processors=[SmartResize(width=256, height=192)], processors=[ResizeToFit(height=164)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) class Video(Media): url = models.URLField('url', max_length=256, default='') embed_url = models.URLField('embed url', max_length=256, default='', blank=True) author = models.CharField('author', max_length=64, default='', blank=True) thumbnail = ProcessedImageField(upload_to='uploads', processors=[ResizeToFit(width=1024, height=1024, upscale=False)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}, null=True, default=None, blank=True) thumbnail_1 = ImageSpecField(source='thumbnail', processors=[SmartResize(width=178, height=134)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) thumbnail_2 = ImageSpecField(source='thumbnail', #processors=[SmartResize(width=256, height=192)], processors=[ResizeToFit(height=164)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) class Crag(models.Model, WebModel): name = models.CharField('name', max_length=64, default='', db_index=True) normalized_name = models.CharField('normalized name', max_length=64, default='', editable=False) type = models.IntegerField('crag type', null=True, default=None, choices=crag_types) description = models.TextField('description', default='', blank=True) country = models.ForeignKey('country', null=True, default=None) #TODO: make this not null when db enables it latitude = models.FloatField('latitude', null=True, default=None) longitude = models.FloatField('longitude', null=True, default=None) location_index = FixedCharField('location index', length=24, default='', editable=False, db_index=True) # handled by db, used for marker clustering added_by = models.ForeignKey('member', null=True, default=None) #route_count = models.IntegerField('route count', null=True, default=None, editable=False) date_created = models.DateTimeField('date created', auto_now_add=True, null=True, default=None, editable=False) last_modified = models.DateTimeField('last modified', auto_now=True, null=True, default=None, editable=False) star_image = models.ForeignKey('Image', null=True, default=None, related_name='star_crags', on_delete=models.SET_NULL) star_video = models.ForeignKey('Video', null=True, default=None, related_name='star_crags', on_delete=models.SET_NULL)

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  • django/python: is one view that handles two separate models a good idea?

    - by clime
    I am using django multi-table inheritance: Video and Image are models derived from Media. I have implemented two views: video_list and image_list, which are just proxies to media_list. media_list returns images or videos (based on input parameter model) for a certain object, which can be of type Event, Member, or Crag. It alters its behaviour based on input parameter action, which can be either "edit" or "view". The problem is that I need to ask whether the input parameter model contains Video or Image in media_list so that I can do the right thing. Similar condition is also in helper method media_edit_list that is called from the view. I don't particularly like it but the only alternative I can think of is to have separate logic for video_list and image_list and then probably also separate helper methods for videos and images: video_edit_list, image_edit_list, video_view_list, image_view_list. So four functions instead of just two. That I like even less because the video functions would be very similar to the respective image functions. What do you recommend? Here is extract of relevant parts: http://pastebin.com/07t4bdza. I'll also paste the code here: #urls url(r'^media/images/(?P<rel_model_tag>(event|member|crag))/(?P<rel_object_id>\d+)/(?P<action>(view|edit))/$', views.video_list, name='image-list') url(r'^media/videos/(?P<rel_model_tag>(event|member|crag))/(?P<rel_object_id>\d+)/(?P<action>(view|edit))/$', views.image_list, name='video-list') #views def image_list(request, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, action): return media_list(request, Image, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, action) def video_list(request, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, action): return media_list(request, Video, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, action) def media_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, action): rel_model = tag_to_model(rel_model_tag) rel_object = get_object_or_404(rel_model, pk=rel_object_id) if model == Image: star_media = rel_object.star_image else: star_media = rel_object.star_video filter_params = {} if rel_model == Event: filter_params['media__event'] = rel_object_id elif rel_model == Member: filter_params['media__members'] = rel_object_id elif rel_model == Crag: filter_params['media__crag'] = rel_object_id media_list = model.objects.filter(~Q(id=star_media.id)).filter(**filter_params).order_by('media__date_added').all() context = { 'media_list': media_list, 'star_media': star_media, } if action == 'edit': return media_edit_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_model_id, context) return media_view_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_model_id, context) def media_view_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, context): if request.is_ajax(): context['base_template'] = 'boxes/base-lite.html' return render(request, 'media/list-items.html', context) def media_edit_list(request, model, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id, context): if model == Image: get_media_record = get_image_record else: get_media_record = get_video_record media_list = [get_media_record(media, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id) for media in context['media_list']] if context['star_media']: star_media = get_media_record(star_media, rel_model_tag, rel_object_id) star_media['starred'] = True else: star_media = None json = simplejson.dumps({ 'star_media': star_media, 'media_list': media_list, }) return HttpResponse(json, content_type=json_response_mimetype(request)) # models class Media(models.Model, WebModel): title = models.CharField('title', max_length=128, default='', db_index=True, blank=True) event = models.ForeignKey(Event, null=True, default=None, blank=True) crag = models.ForeignKey(Crag, null=True, default=None, blank=True) members = models.ManyToManyField(Member, blank=True) added_by = models.ForeignKey(Member, related_name='added_images') date_added = models.DateTimeField('date added', auto_now_add=True, null=True, default=None, editable=False) def __unicode__(self): return self.title def get_absolute_url(self): return self.image.url if self.image else self.video.embed_url class Image(Media): image = ProcessedImageField(upload_to='uploads', processors=[ResizeToFit(width=1024, height=1024, upscale=False)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) thumbnail_1 = ImageSpecField(source='image', processors=[SmartResize(width=178, height=134)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) thumbnail_2 = ImageSpecField(source='image', #processors=[SmartResize(width=256, height=192)], processors=[ResizeToFit(height=164)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) class Video(Media): url = models.URLField('url', max_length=256, default='') embed_url = models.URLField('embed url', max_length=256, default='', blank=True) author = models.CharField('author', max_length=64, default='', blank=True) thumbnail = ProcessedImageField(upload_to='uploads', processors=[ResizeToFit(width=1024, height=1024, upscale=False)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}, null=True, default=None, blank=True) thumbnail_1 = ImageSpecField(source='thumbnail', processors=[SmartResize(width=178, height=134)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) thumbnail_2 = ImageSpecField(source='thumbnail', #processors=[SmartResize(width=256, height=192)], processors=[ResizeToFit(height=164)], format='JPEG', options={'quality': 75}) class Crag(models.Model, WebModel): name = models.CharField('name', max_length=64, default='', db_index=True) normalized_name = models.CharField('normalized name', max_length=64, default='', editable=False) type = models.IntegerField('crag type', null=True, default=None, choices=crag_types) description = models.TextField('description', default='', blank=True) country = models.ForeignKey('country', null=True, default=None) #TODO: make this not null when db enables it latitude = models.FloatField('latitude', null=True, default=None) longitude = models.FloatField('longitude', null=True, default=None) location_index = FixedCharField('location index', length=24, default='', editable=False, db_index=True) # handled by db, used for marker clustering added_by = models.ForeignKey('member', null=True, default=None) #route_count = models.IntegerField('route count', null=True, default=None, editable=False) date_created = models.DateTimeField('date created', auto_now_add=True, null=True, default=None, editable=False) last_modified = models.DateTimeField('last modified', auto_now=True, null=True, default=None, editable=False) star_image = models.OneToOneField('Image', null=True, default=None, related_name='star_crags', on_delete=models.SET_NULL) star_video = models.OneToOneField('Video', null=True, default=None, related_name='star_crags', on_delete=models.SET_NULL)

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