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• I don't understand how TDD helps me get a good design if I need a design to start testing it

  - by Michael Stum

  I'm trying to wrap my head around TDD, specifically the development part. I've looked at some books, but the ones I found mainly tackle the testing part - the History of NUnit, why testing is good, Red/Green/Refactor and how to create a String Calculator. Good stuff, but that's "just" Unit Testing, not TDD. Specifically, I don't understand how TDD helps me get a good design if I need a Design to start testing it. To illustrate, imagine these 3 requirements: A catalog needs to have a list of products The catalog should remember which products a user viewed Users should be able to search for a product At this points, many books pull a magic rabbit out of a hat and just dive into "Testing the ProductService", but they don't explain how they came to the conclusion that there is a ProductService in the first place. That is the "Development" part in TDD that I'm trying to understand. There needs to be an existing design, but stuff outside of entity-services (that is: There is a Product, so there should be a ProductService) is nowhere to be found (e.g., the second requirement requires me to have some concept of a User, but where would I put the functionality to remind? And is Search a feature of the ProductService or a separate SearchService? How would I know which I should choose?) According to SOLID, I would need a UserService, but if I design a system without TDD, I might end up with a whole bunch of Single-Method Services. Isn't TDD intended to make me discover my design in the first place? I'm a .net developer, but Java resources would also work. I feel that there doesn't seem to be a real sample application or book that deals with a real line of business application. Can someone provide a clear example that illustrates the process of creating a design using TDD?

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• How will I know when my company is ready to receive an investment? [migrated]

  - by gunshor

  How will I know when my company is ready to receive an investment? I am starting a company and have bootstrapped it so far. I have produced four versions of the demo. The first fully-working version is underway. Getting this to a beta phase product will require capital, which requires an investment, which requires an investor, which requires I stop working on the product and go out and talk to people about it. The last time I raised money from investors, it took a while but I was successful. I don't want it to take a while. I want it to be brain dead simple for an investor to understand the value so that I can optimize the time I spend with the product. Is my logic flawed? What is the best way to approach raising money, while limiting both my time and risk? Thanks.

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• What is the value of checking in failing unit tests?

  - by user20194

  While there are ways of keeping unit tests from being executed, what is the value of checking in failing unit tests? I will use a simple example: Case Sensitivity. The current code is case sensitive. A valid input into the method is "Cat" and it would return an enum of Animal.Cat. However, the desired functionality of the method should not be case sensitive. So if the method described was passed "cat" it could possibly return something like Animal.Null instead of Animal.Cat and the unit test would fail. Though a simple code change would make this work, a more complex issue may take weeks to fix, but identifying the bug with a unit test could be a less complex task. The application currently being analyzed has 4 years of code that "works". However, recent discussions regarding unit tests have found flaws in the code. Some just need explicit implementation documentation (ex. case sensitive or not), or code that does not execute the bug based on how it is currently called. But unit tests can be created executing specific scenarios that will cause the bug to be seen and are valid inputs. What is the value of checking in unit tests that exercise the bug until someone can get around to fixing the code? Should this unit test be flagged with ignore, priority, category etc, to determine whether a build was successful based on tests executed? Eventually the unit test should be created to execute the code once someone fixes it. On one hand it shows that identified bugs have not been fixed. On the other, there could be hundreds of failed unit tests showing up in the logs and weeding through the ones that should fail vs. failures due to a code check-in would be difficult to find.

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• Unittest test case only touches the file name

  - by Chen OT

  I was told that unittest is fast and the tests which touches DB, across network, and touches FileSystem are not unittest. In one of my testcases, its input are the file names (amount about 300~400) under a specific folder. Although these input are part of file system, the execution time of this test is very fast. Should I moved this test, which is fast but touches file system, to higher level test?

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• Is doing AB Tests using site redirection a bad practice?

  - by user40358

  I'm developing hotels websites here in Brazil. When the site is done, we do an AB test with the old version to measure conversion and show to the hotel owner how good our site is. Due to the fact that I cannot put the old site inside the new one as a subresource (newone.com/old), currently I'm doing those AB test as follows: 1) I create 2 Google Analytics accounts, one for each site (old and new); 2) I put the GA tags in the old website pages (changing its possibly existent GA ID to the just created one); 3) I put an Javascript code that redirects the user to the old website (in a different URL and different domain) with 50% of probability. So I compare all the metrics, events and goals between those two GA accounts. How bad is it? How Google can interpretate the fact of being, sometimes redirected, sometimes don't? The experiment usually runs for 2 weeks. Is there any other alternative for doing this in a better way?

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• Why not write all tests at once when doing TDD?

  - by RichK

  The Red - Green - Refactor cycle for TDD is well established and accepted. We write one failing unit test and make it pass as simply as possible. What are the benefits to this approach over writing many failing unit tests for a class and make them all pass in one go. The test suite still protects you against writing incorrect code or making mistakes in the refactoring stage, so what's the harm? Sometimes it's easier to write all the tests first as a form of 'brain dump' to quickly write down all the expected behavior in one go.

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• How do people maintain their test suite?

  - by Ida

  In particular, I'm curious about the following aspects: How do you know that your test cases are wrong (or out-of-date) and needed to be repaired (or discarded)? I mean, even if a test case became invalid, it might still pass and remain silent, which could let you falsely believe that your software works okay. So how do you realize such problems of your test suite? How do you know that your test suite is no longer sufficient and that new test cases should be added? I guess this has something to do with the requirement changes, but is there any systematic approach to check the adequacy of test suite?

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• Mimicking a bluetooth disconnection

  - by user2529672

  I've written a program to control a bluetooth device. I'm trying to test cases when the bluetooth disconnects, i.e. if its out of range. Physically taking the device out of range is one possibility, but its quite cumbersome and I have to go outside my office to achieve this. What can I do to trigger a disconnection? Is there, for example, an interferer I can setup, say with an Android phone, that would make the connection drop? Or limit the Bluetooth transmit power? Any other possibilities?

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• Bug severity classification issues

  - by KyleMinn

  In a book I have, there is a following classification of defect: Critical : A defect receives a “critical” severity level if one or more critical system functionalities are impaired by a defect with is impaired and there is no workaround. High: A defect receives a “high” severity level if some fundamental system functionalities are impaired but a workaround exists. Medium: A defect receives a “medium” severity level if no critical functionality is impaired and a workaround exists for the defect. Low: A defect receives a “low” severity level if the problem involves a cosmetic feature of the system. To be honest, I do not get it.. For example point 2. What if fundamental but not critical feature is impaired and there is NOT a workaround. The same for point 3: what if no critical functionality is affected but there is no workaround? E.g. optional field in the registration form does not work. No workaround but barely an issue.

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• Is there a better way to organize my module tests that avoids an explosion of new source files?

  - by luser droog

  I've got a neat (so I thought) way of having each of my modules produce a unit-test executable if compiled with the -DTESTMODULE flag. This flag guards a main() function that can access all static data and functions in the module, without #including a C file. From the README: -- Modules -- The various modules were written and tested separately before being coupled together to achieve the necessary basic functionality. Each module retains its unit-test, its main() function, guarded by #ifdef TESTMODULE. `make test` will compile and execute all the unit tests, producing copious output, but importantly exitting with an appropriate success or failure code, so the `make test` command will fail if any of the tests fail. Module TOC __________ test obj src header structures CONSTANTS ---- --- --- --- -------------------- m m.o m.c m.h mfile mtab TABSZ s s.o s.c s.h stack STACKSEGSZ v v.o v.c v.h saverec_ f.o f.c f.h file ob ob.o ob.c ob.h object ar ar.o ar.c ar.h array st st.o st.c st.h string di di.o di.c di.h dichead dictionary nm nm.o nm.c nm.h name gc gc.o gc.c gc.h garbage collector itp itp.c itp.h context osunix.o osunix.c osunix.h unix-dependent functions It's compile by a tricky bit of makefile, m:m.c ob.h ob.o err.o $(CORE) itp.o $(OP) cc $(CFLAGS) -DTESTMODULE $(LDLIBS) -o $@ $< err.o ob.o s.o ar.o st.o v.o di.o gc.o nm.o itp.o $(OP) f.o where the module is compiled with its own C file plus every other object file except itself. But it's creating difficulties for the kindly programmer who offered to write the Autotools files for me. So the obvious way to make it "less weird" would be to bust-out all the main functions into separate source files. But, but ... Do I gotta?

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• Recognizing text fields according to their label value

  - by Pierpaolo Bagnasco

  I have an application who has text fields (not select, not checkbox or other types) where an user can enter some value, like this: ISBN and E-Mail are the label of each input. Now I have to automatically test these inputs according to their label. The question is: how to recognize that, for example, the first input requires an ISBN code? I programmed something like this: turn the label value to lowercase check if the label value contains isbn if so set the field value to a random ISBN code (i.e.: 1234567890), else set it to a random value (default) For the email field: turn the label value to lowercase check if the label value contains e-mail or email or mail if so set the field value to a random email (i.e.: [email protected]), else set it to a random value (default) And so on for each text field I encounter. Is that reliable? How can I improve the "recognizing part"? I know only the label value and the field value (what is already written in the field by default) for each text input.

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• I want to start using TDD. Any tips for a beginner?

  - by Mike42

  I never used an automated test mechanism in any of my projects and I feel I'm missing a lot. I want to improve myself, so I have to start tackling some issues I've been neglecting like this and trying Git instead of being stuck on SVN. What's a good way to learn TDD? I'll probably be using Eclipse to program in Java. I've heard of JUnit, but I don't know if there's anything else I should consider.

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• Is the test, which touches the filenames under directory, a kind of unittest? [on hold]

  - by Chen OT

  I was told that unittest is fast and the tests which touches DB, across network, and touches FileSystem are not unittest. In one of my testcases, its input are the file names (amount about 300~400) under a specific folder. Although these input are part of file system, the execution time of this test is very fast. Should I moved this test, which is fast but touches file system, to higher level test?

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• How to open-source a project whose git repository has copyrighted media in the history?

  - by phyzome

  I want to release an audio fingerprinting software project under a free license, but the repository contains copyrighted audio files. The test cases also currently use these files. How do I release the code to the public with maximum version history but without violating copyright? Details: The code is versioned under git. We will collapse it all back into one branch before release. There are 400 MB of audio data. Some files are free-licensed music from e.g. Jamendo, others are MP3s from our personal collections. No matter what approach we take, we'll always keep an immutable copy of the original repo, so as not to destroy project history. Main question: How to handle the public release? Expunge all history of the files in question from the git repository and release the altered repo. (v64 pointed out a way to do this.) Alternatively, take a snapshot of the current state of the code and don't even bother having a public history of the pre-release code. Side question: How could we have avoided this dilemma in the first place, given that sometimes private code or media is needed for the early stages of a project?

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• Coded UI Test Method failed inconsistently

  - by Sunitha M

  The following exception failing my UI automation test. Message: Test method CodedUITestMethod1 throw exception: The playback failed to find the control with the given search properties. Additional Details: TechnologyName: 'UIA' ControlType: 'MenuItem' Name: 'MyViewModel' ---> system.runtime.interopservices.comexception error hresult e_fail has been returned from a call to a COM component please any one give me a solution for these type of exceptions.

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• Is testable code actually more stable? [closed]

  - by Xodarap

  A google scholar search turns up numerous papers on testability, including models for computing testability, recommendations for how ones code can be more testable, etc. They all come with the assertion that more testable code is more stable, however I can't find any studies which actually demonstrate this. I tried looking for studies evaluating the effect of testable code vs. quality, however the closest I can find is Improving the Testability of Object Oriented Systems, which discusses the relationship between design flaws and testability. Is testable code is actually more stable? And why, or why not? Please back up your answers with references or evidence to back up your claim.

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• Is a functional spec a part of the System requirement spec?

  - by user970696

  I wonder, sources like wikipedia or templates I found shows that Functional spec is a part of System requirement documents. I always thought that SRD is just overall decsription of the system, with all functional and non functional requirements. Yet I thought that Functional spec is more detailed and it is a separate document, while SRD is high level customer-created description (how is this one called then?) Could anyone help to make this clear for me?

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• How best to construct our test subjects in unit tests?

  - by Liath

  Some of our business logic classes require quite a few dependencies (in our case 7-10). As such when we come to unit test these the creation become quite complex. In most tests these dependencies are often not required (only some dependencies are required for particular methods). As a result unit tests often require a significant number of lines of code to mock up these useless dependencies (which can't be null because of null checks). For example: [Test] public void TestMethodA() { var dependency5 = new Mock<IDependency1>(); dependency5.Setup(x => x. // some setup var sut = new Sut(new Mock<IDependency1>().Object, new Mock<IDependency2>().Object, new Mock<IDependency3>().Object, new Mock<IDependency4>().Object, dependency5); Assert.SomeAssert(sut.MethodA()); } In this example almost half the test is taken up creating dependencies which aren't used. I've investigated an approach where I have a helper method. [Test] public void TestMethodA() { var dependency5 = new Mock<IDependency1>(); dependency5.Setup(x => x. // some setup var sut = CreateSut(null, null, null, null, dependency5); Assert.SomeAssert(sut.MethodA()); } private Sut CreateSut(IDependency1 d1, IDependency2 d2...) { return new Sut(d1 ?? new Mock<IDependency1>().Object, d2 ?? new Mock<IDependency2>().Object, } But these often grow very complicated very quickly. What is the best way to create these BLL classes in test classes to reduce complexity and simplify tests?

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• Convert project without introducing bugs

  - by didietexas

  I have the C++ code of a exe which contains a UI and some process. My goal is to remove the UI so that I only have the process and to convert the exe into a dll. In order to do that, I am thinking of generating unit test before touching any code and then to do my modification and make sure the tests are not failing. The problem is that I am not sure if this is the best approach and if it is, is there a way to automatically generate unit test. BTW, I am using VS 2012. Do you have any guidance for me?

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• OpenBSD configuration: Client unable to mount via NFS using Berkeley Automounter (amd)

  - by Rilindo

  What I am trying to do is to have my openBSD client (OpenBSD 4.9) auto mount a Linux NFS file system (Scientific Linux 6.1). So far, I am not sure if it is configured correctly. To get things out of the way, I am able to mount nfs manually: # mount_nfs -T -3 192.168.15.100:/exports /mnt # ls -la /mnt total 52 drwxr-xr-x 7 root wheel 4096 Oct 4 22:42 . drwxr-xr-x 16 root wheel 512 Nov 26 16:33 .. drwxrwxr-x 5 _sndio _sndio 4096 Oct 31 21:58 centos drwxr-xr-x 15 root wheel 4096 Nov 6 09:17 home drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 4096 Oct 31 21:27 sl drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 4096 Nov 19 16:02 sles drwxr-xr-x 17 503 503 4096 Nov 10 17:37 users # So connectivity is not an issue, as far as I can tell. As per man page, the following is configured in /etc/amd/auto.home: /defaults type:=nfs;sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp * rhost:=192.168.15.100;rfs:=/exports In turn, /etc/amd/master is configured as such: # cat /etc/amd/master /exports amd.home Upon reboot, I can it see mount, but curiously enough, instead of the hostname: amd:24490 0 0 0 100% /exports From what I understand, amd acts a little different from FreeBSD. Still, I tried to see if I it can automount. Nope: ksh: cd: /exports/users - Resource temporarily unavailable # cd /exports/192.168.15.100/host/users ksh: cd: /exports/192.168.15.100/host/users - Resource temporarily unavailable A search in google doesn't help too much - it seems that automounting NFS with OpenBSD is not something that is usually done. Other than this, information is fairly sparse. I can, of course, always mount is permanently, but I tend to be a bit anal on convention, so no for now. :) Some direction would be appreciation. (And oh, in case you are a wondering, I tried FreeBSD way of using amd and that hasn't worked out - although I wouldn't mind an explanation of the difference between how FreeBSD implements and how OpenBSD implements it) UPDATE: After re-writing the map file several times, I got as far as actually communicating with the NFS server with this configuration: /defaults type:=nfs;rhost:=kerberos.monzell.com;rfs:=/exports;\ sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,tcp,resvport * ${host}==${rhost};type:=nfs;fs:=${rfs};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,tcp,resvport However, for some reason, it seems that amd will only default to NFS version 2 over udp: # tcpdump dst kerberos tcpdump: listening on pcn0, link-type EN10MB tcpdump: WARNING: compensating for unaligned libpcap packets 20:38:28.558385 openbsd.monzell.com.856 > kerberos.monzell.com.sunrpc: udp 100 20:38:28.559154 openbsd.monzell.com.856 > kerberos.monzell.com.892: udp 96 20:38:30.592761 openbsd.monzell.com.856 > kerberos.monzell.com.nfsd: xid 0x22000000 (NFSv2) 40 null 20:38:33.558107 arp reply openbsd.monzell.com is-at 52:54:00:52:8f:66 I tried various options of forcing it to try to mount as nfsv3 such as: /defaults type:=nfs;rhost:=kerberos.monzell.com;rfs:=/exports;\ sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp,resvport * ${host}==${rhost};type:=nfs;fs:=${rfs};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp,resvport or: /defaults type:=nfs;rhost:=kerberos.monzell.com;rfs:=/exports;\ sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=-3,proto=tcp,resvport * ${host}==${rhost};type:=nfs;fs:=${rfs};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp,resvport Nothing yet still. Curious enough, OpenBSD mounts defaults to version 3, so I am not sure why it would start with version in amd. What would be the correct options to pass?

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• apache+mod_wsgi configuration for django project(s) on a quad core

  - by Stefano

  I've been experiment quite some time with a "typical" django setting upon nginx+apache2+mod_wsgi+memcached(+postgresql) (reading the doc and some questions on SO and SF, see comments) Since I'm still unsatisfied with the behavior (definitely because of some bad misconfiguration on my part) I would like to know what a good configuration would look like with these hypotesis: Quad-Core Xeon 2.8GHz 8 gigs memory several django projects (anything special related to this?) These are excerpts form my current confs: apache2 SetEnv VHOST null #WSGIPythonOptimize 2 <VirtualHost *:8082> ServerName subdomain.domain.com ServerAlias www.domain.com SetEnv VHOST subdomain.domain AddDefaultCharset UTF-8 ServerSignature Off LogFormat "%{X-Real-IP}i %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-agent}i\"" custom ErrorLog /home/project1/var/logs/apache_error.log CustomLog /home/project1/var/logs/apache_access.log custom AllowEncodedSlashes On WSGIDaemonProcess subdomain.domain user=www-data group=www-data threads=25 WSGIScriptAlias / /home/project1/project/wsgi.py WSGIProcessGroup %{ENV:VHOST} </VirtualHost> wsgi.py import os import sys # setting all the right paths.... _realpath = os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) _public_html = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(_realpath, '../')) sys.path.append(_realpath) sys.path.append(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(_realpath, 'apps'))) sys.path.append(os.path.normpath(_public_html)) sys.path.append(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(_public_html, 'libs'))) sys.path.append(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(_public_html, 'django'))) os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'settings' import django.core.handlers.wsgi _application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler() def application(environ, start_response): """ Launches django passing over some environment (domain name) settings """ application_group = environ['mod_wsgi.application_group'] """ wsgi application group is required. It's also used to generate the HOST.DOMAIN.TLD:PORT parameters to pass over """ assert application_group fields = application_group.replace('|', '').split(':') server_name = fields[0] os.environ['WSGI_APPLICATION_GROUP'] = application_group os.environ['WSGI_SERVER_NAME'] = server_name if len(fields) > 1 : os.environ['WSGI_PORT'] = fields[1] splitted = server_name.rsplit('.', 2) assert splitted >= 2 splited.reverse() if len(splitted) > 0 : os.environ['WSGI_TLD'] = splitted[0] if len(splitted) > 1 : os.environ['WSGI_DOMAIN'] = splitted[1] if len(splitted) > 2 : os.environ['WSGI_HOST'] = splitted[2] return _application(environ, start_response)` folder structure in case it matters (slightly shortened actually) /home/www-data/projectN/var/logs /project (contains manage.py, wsgi.py, settings.py) /project/apps (all the project ups are here) /django /libs Please forgive me in advance if I overlooked something obvious. My main question is about the apache2 wsgi settings. Are those fine? Is 25 threads an /ok/ number with a quad core for one only django project? Is it still ok with several django projects on different virtual hosts? Should I specify 'process'? Any other directive which I should add? Is there anything really bad in the wsgi.py file? I've been reading about potential issues with the standard wsgi.py file, should I switch to that? Or.. should this conf just be running fine, and I should look for issues somewhere else? So, what do I mean by "unsatisfied": well, I often get quite high CPU WAIT; but what is worse, is that relatively often apache2 gets stuck. It just does not answer anymore, and has to be restarted. I have setup a monit to take care of that, but it ain't a real solution. I have been wondering if it's an issue with the database access (postgresql) under heavy load, but even if it was, why would the apache2 processes get stuck? Beside these two issues, performance is overall great. I even tried New Relic and got very good average results.

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• DHCP and DNS services configuration for VOIP system, windows domain, etc

  - by Stemen

  My company has numerous physical offices (for purposes of this discussion, 15 buildings). Some of them are well-connected to our primary data center via fiber. Others will be connected to the data center by P2P T1. We are in the beginning stages of implementing an Avaya VOIP telephone system, and we will be replacing a significant portion of our network infrastructure in the process. In tandem with the phone system implementation, we are going to be re-addressing some of our networks, and consolidating most of our Windows domains into one (not all domains, just most). We currently have quite a few Windows domains, and they of course each have their own DNS zones. A few of those networks currently use DHCP, but the majority use static IP assignments for every device. I'm tired of managing static assignments -- I want to use DHCP configuration on everything except servers. Printers and etc will have DHCP reservations. The new IP phones will need to get IP addresses from DHCP, though they need to be in a separate VLAN from the computers/printers/etc. The computers and printers need to be registered in DNS. That's currently handled by the Windows DHCP servers on each of the respective domains. We need to place a priority on DHCP and DNS being available on a per-site basis (in case something were to interrupt the WAN connection) for computers and (primarily) phones. Smaller locations (which will have IP phones but not be a member of any Windows domain) will not have any Windows DNS/DHCP server(s) available. We also are looking for the easiest way to replace a part if it were to fail. That is to say, if a server/appliance/router hosting DHCP were to crash hard, and we couldn't extremely quickly recover the DHCP reservations and leases (and subsequently restore them onto a cold spare), we anticipate that bad things could happen. What is the best idea for how to re-implement DNS and DHCP keeping all of the above in mind? Some thoughts that have been raised (by myself or my coworkers): Use Windows DNS and DHCP servers, where they exist, and use IP helpers to route DHCP requests to some other Windows server if necessary. May not be acceptable if the WAN goes down and clients don't get a DHCP response. Use Windows DNS (everywhere, over WAN in some cases) and a mix of Windows DHCP and DHCP provided by Cisco routers. Every site would be covered for DHCP, but from what I've read, Cisco routers can't handle dynamic registration of DHCP clients to Windows DNS servers, which might create a problem where Cisco routers are used for DHCP. Use Windows DNS (everywhere, over WAN in some cases) and a mix of Windows DHCP and DHCP provided by some service running on an extremely low-price linux server. Is there any such software that would allow DHCP leases granted by these linux boxes to be dynamically registered on the Windows DNS servers? Come up with a Linux solution for both DNS and DHCP, and deploy low-price linux servers to every site. Requirements would be that the DNS zone be multi-master (like Windows DNS integrated with Active Directory), that DHCP be able to make dynamic DNS registrations in that zone, for every lease (where a hostname is provided and is thus possible), and that multiple servers be either authoritative for the same DHCP scope or at least receiving a real-time copy / replication / sync of the leases table so that if one server dies, we still know which MAC has what address. Purchase dedicated DNS/DHCP appliances, deploying to all sites. From what I read/see, this solves all of our technical problems. Then come the financial problems... I don't have a ton of money to spend on this. Or, some other solution that we've thus far overlooked and will consider upon recommendation. Can Cisco routers or Windows servers sync DHCP lease tables so that multiple servers can be authoritative (or active/passive for all I care) for the same scope, in case one of the partners were to fail? I've read online (repeatedly) that ISC's DHCP is able to maintain the same lease table across multiple servers, in order to solve this problem. Does anyone have any experience or advice to regarding that?

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• OpenBSD configuration: Client unable to automount via NFS using amd

  - by Rilindo

  What I am trying to do is to have my openBSD client (OpenBSD 4.9) auto mount a Linux NFS file system (Scientific Linux 6.1). So far, I am not sure if it is configured correctly. To get things out of the way, I am able to mount nfs manually: # mount_nfs -T -3 192.168.15.100:/exports /mnt # ls -la /mnt total 52 drwxr-xr-x 7 root wheel 4096 Oct 4 22:42 . drwxr-xr-x 16 root wheel 512 Nov 26 16:33 .. drwxrwxr-x 5 _sndio _sndio 4096 Oct 31 21:58 centos drwxr-xr-x 15 root wheel 4096 Nov 6 09:17 home drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 4096 Oct 31 21:27 sl drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 4096 Nov 19 16:02 sles drwxr-xr-x 17 503 503 4096 Nov 10 17:37 users # So connectivity is not an issue, as far as I can tell. As per man page, the following is configured in /etc/amd/auto.home: /defaults type:=nfs;sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp * rhost:=192.168.15.100;rfs:=/exports In turn, /etc/amd/master is configured as such: # cat /etc/amd/master /exports amd.home Upon reboot, I can it see mount, but curiously enough, instead of the hostname: amd:24490 0 0 0 100% /exports From what I understand, amd acts a little different from FreeBSD. Still, I tried to see if I it can automount. Nope: ksh: cd: /exports/users - Resource temporarily unavailable # cd /exports/192.168.15.100/host/users ksh: cd: /exports/192.168.15.100/host/users - Resource temporarily unavailable A search in google doesn't help too much - it seems that automounting NFS with OpenBSD is not something that is usually done. Other than this, information is fairly sparse. I can, of course, always mount is permanently, but I tend to be a bit anal on convention, so no for now. :) Some direction would be appreciation. (And oh, in case you are a wondering, I tried FreeBSD way of using amd and that hasn't worked out - although I wouldn't mind an explanation of the difference between how FreeBSD implements and how OpenBSD implements it) UPDATE: After re-writing the map file several times, I got as far as actually communicating with the NFS server with this configuration: /defaults type:=nfs;rhost:=kerberos.monzell.com;rfs:=/exports;\ sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,tcp,resvport * ${host}==${rhost};type:=nfs;fs:=${rfs};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,tcp,resvport However, for some reason, it seems that amd will only default to NFS version 2 over udp: # tcpdump dst kerberos tcpdump: listening on pcn0, link-type EN10MB tcpdump: WARNING: compensating for unaligned libpcap packets 20:38:28.558385 openbsd.monzell.com.856 > kerberos.monzell.com.sunrpc: udp 100 20:38:28.559154 openbsd.monzell.com.856 > kerberos.monzell.com.892: udp 96 20:38:30.592761 openbsd.monzell.com.856 > kerberos.monzell.com.nfsd: xid 0x22000000 (NFSv2) 40 null 20:38:33.558107 arp reply openbsd.monzell.com is-at 52:54:00:52:8f:66 I tried various options of forcing it to try to mount as nfsv3 such as: /defaults type:=nfs;rhost:=kerberos.monzell.com;rfs:=/exports;\ sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp,resvport * ${host}==${rhost};type:=nfs;fs:=${rfs};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp,resvport or: /defaults type:=nfs;rhost:=kerberos.monzell.com;rfs:=/exports;\ sublink:=${key};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=-3,proto=tcp,resvport * ${host}==${rhost};type:=nfs;fs:=${rfs};opts:=rw,nodev,nosuid,soft,intr,vers=3,proto=tcp,resvport Nothing yet still. Curious enough, OpenBSD mounts defaults to version 3, so I am not sure why it would start with version in amd. What would be the correct options to pass?

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• what's wrong with my Ubuntu 11.10 bind9 configuration?

  - by John Bowlinger

  I've followed several tutorials on installing your own nameservers and I'm pretty much at my wit's end, because I cannot get them to resolve. Note, the actual domain and ip address has been changed for privacy to example.com and 192.168.0.1. My named.conf.local file: zone "example.com" { type master; file "/var/cache/bind/example.com.db"; }; zone "0.168.192.in_addr.arpa" { type master; file "/var/cache/bind/192.168.0.db"; }; My named.conf.options file: options { forwarders { 192.168.0.1; }; auth-nxdomain no; # conform to RFC1035 listen-on-v6 { any; }; }; My resolv.conf file: search example.com. nameserver 192.168.0.1 My Forward DNS file: ORIGIN example.com. $TTL 86400 @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root.example.com. ( 2012083101 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 3600 ) ; Negative Cache TTL example.com. NS ns1.example.com. example.com. NS ns2.example.com. example.com. MX 10 mail.example.com. @ IN A 192.168.0.1 ns1.example.com IN A 192.168.0.1 ns2.example.com IN A 192.168.0.2 mail IN A 192.168.0.1 server1 IN A 192.168.0.1 gateway IN CNAME ns1.example.com. headoffice IN CNAME server1.example.com. smtp IN CNAME mail.example.com. pop IN CNAME mail.example.com. imap IN CNAME mail.example.com. www IN CNAME server1.example.com. sql IN CNAME server1.example.com. And my reverse DNS: $ORIGIN 0.168.192.in-addr.arpa. $TTL 86400 @ IN SOA ns1.example.com. root.example.com. ( 2009013101 ; Serial 604800 ; Refresh 86400 ; Retry 2419200 ; Expire 3600 ) ; Negative Cache TTL 1 PTR mail.example.com. 1 PTR server1.example.com. 2 PTR ns1.example.com. Yet, when I restart bind9 and do: host ns1.example.com localhost I get: Using domain server: Name: localhost Address: 127.0.0.1#53 Aliases: Host ns1.example.com.example.com not found: 2(SERVFAIL) Similarly, for: host 192.168.0.1 localhost I get: ;; connection timed out; no servers could be reached Anybody know what's going on? Btw, my domain name "www.example.com" that I've used in this question is being forwarded to my ISP's nameservers. Would that affect my bind9 configuration? I want to learn how to do set up nameservers on my own for learning, so that is why I'm going through all this trouble.

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• MPLS basic configuration

  - by Vineet Menon

  I want to test out MPLS VPN in my lab. I have 3 routers. 2 PEs and 1P router, all cisco 2921. Something like this, ----- ---- ----- | PE1 |.1____192.168.1.0____.2| P |.2____192.168.2.0____.1| PE2 | | | | | | | ----- ---- ----- lo0:10.1.1.1 lo0:10.1.1.2 lo0:10.1.1.3 Here's the configuration file for each of them, PE1 router hostname PE1 ! no ipv6 cef ip source-route ip cef ! ! ! ip vrf cust1 rd 100:100 route-target export 100:100 route-target import 100:100 ! ! interface Loopback0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ip vrf forwarding cust1 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! router ospf 1 network 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 ! router bgp 100 bgp log-neighbor-changes neighbor 10.1.1.3 remote-as 100 neighbor 10.1.1.3 update-source Loopback0 neighbor 172.16.1.2 remote-as 65001 ! address-family vpnv4 neighbor 10.1.1.3 activate neighbor 10.1.1.3 send-community extended exit-address-family For P router: hostname P ! no ipv6 cef ip source-route ip cef ! interface Loopback0 ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.255 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! interface GigabitEthernet0/2 ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! router ospf 1 network 10.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 area 0 network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 ! For PE2 router: ! hostname PE2 ! no ipv6 cef ip source-route ip cef ! ! ! ip vrf cust1 rd 100:100 route-target export 100:100 route-target import 100:100 ! ! ! interface Loopback0 ip address 10.1.1.3 255.255.255.0 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 ip vrf forwarding cust1 ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! router ospf 1 network 10.1.1.3 0.0.0.0 area 0 network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 ! router bgp 100 bgp log-neighbor-changes neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 100 neighbor 10.1.1.1 update-source Loopback0 neighbor 172.16.2.2 remote-as 65001 ! address-family vpnv4 neighbor 10.1.1.1 activate neighbor 10.1.1.1 send-community extended exit-address-family ! I am following this article form cisco. But things are not working properly. Any help would be appreciated.

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