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  • Is there a modified LGPL license that allows static linking?

    - by Petr Pudlák
    úLGPL requires that it if a program uses LGPL-ed library, users must be able to re-link the program with a different version of the library: ... d) Do one of the following: 0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying Corresponding Source. 1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked Version. ... However in some cases, this can pose considerable difficulties. In particular, Haskell programs are almost always statically compiled. Moreover, the compiler does cross-module optimizations so it's very hard to satisfy this condition. (See this link at Haskell Wiki.) Therefore, I'm looking for a standard LGPL-like license that wouldn't require the possibility of re-linking. Some projects use their own modification of LGPL, for example wxWidgets. But I'd rather use some standard license that is somewhat more official, perhaps checked by some law experts, and (L)GPL compatible. Is there some like that? (Also I'd be interested to know if are there some unforeseen consequences of such a modification of LGPL.)

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  • Do You Need a Static or a Dynamic Website?

    Web design industry is thriving despite the global economic slowdown. The boom in small home based businesses increased the demand of web design services. Today?s small businesses and home based busi... [Author: Emily Matthew - Web Design and Development - March 31, 2010]

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  • Question about separating game core engine from game graphics engine...

    - by Conrad Clark
    Suppose I have a SquareObject class, which implements IDrawable, an interface which contains the method void Draw(). I want to separate drawing logic itself from the game core engine. My main idea is to create a static class which is responsible to dispatch actions to the graphic engine. public static class DrawDispatcher<T> { private static Action<T> DrawAction = new Action<T>((ObjectToDraw)=>{}); public static void SetDrawAction(Action<T> action) { DrawAction = action; } public static void Dispatch(this T Obj) { DrawAction(Obj); } } public static class Extensions { public static void DispatchDraw<T>(this object Obj) { DrawDispatcher<T>.DispatchDraw((T)Obj); } } Then, on the core side: public class SquareObject: GameObject, IDrawable { #region Interface public void Draw() { this.DispatchDraw<SquareObject>(); } #endregion } And on the graphics side: public static class SquareRender{ //stuff here public static void Initialize(){ DrawDispatcher<SquareObject>.SetDrawAction((Square)=>{//my square rendering logic}); } } Do this "pattern" follow best practices? And a plus, I could easily change the render scheme of each object by changing the DispatchDraw parameter, as in: public class SuperSquareObject: GameObject, IDrawable { #region Interface public void Draw() { this.DispatchDraw<SquareObject>(); } #endregion } public class RedSquareObject: GameObject, IDrawable { #region Interface public void Draw() { this.DispatchDraw<RedSquareObject>(); } #endregion } RedSquareObject would have its own render method, but SuperSquareObject would render as a normal SquareObject I'm just asking because i do not want to reinvent the wheel, and there may be a design pattern similar (and better) to this that I may be not acknowledged of. Thanks in advance!

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  • What is the best way to check if there is overlap between player and static, non-collidable items in bullet physic engine

    - by tigrou
    I'd like to add non collidable objects (eg: power ups, items, ...) in a game world using Bullet Physics Engine and to know if there is collision between player and them. Some info : there is a lot of items ( 1000), all are box shapes and they don't overlap. Here is things i have tried : btDbvt* bvtItems = new btDbvt(); //btDbvt is a hierachical AABB tree, used by Bullet foreach(var item ...) { btDbvtVolume volume = ... //compute item AABB; bvtItems->insert(volume, (void*)someExtraData); } Then, to find collisions between items and player : playerRigidBody->getAabb(min, max); btDbvtVolume playervolume = ... //compute player AABB bvtItems->collideTV(bvtItems->m_root, playervolume, *someCollisionHandler); This works fairly well (and its very fast), however, there is a problem : it only check items AABB against player AABB. That loss of precision is acceptable for items but not for player which is not a box. It would actually need another check to make sure player really collide with item but i don't know how to do this in Bullet. It would have been nice to have a function like this : playerRigidBody->checkCollisionWithAABB(); After doing trying that, I discovered that a btGhostObject exist and seems to have been made for that. I changed my code like this : foreach(var item...) { btCollisionObject* ghostObject = new btGhostObject(); ghostObject->setCollisionShape(boxShape); ghostObject->setCollisionFlags(ghostObject->getCollisionFlags() | btCollisionObject::CF_NO_CONTACT_RESPONSE); startTransform.setOrigin(...); //item position ghostObject->setWorldTransform(startTransform); dynamicsWorld->addCollisionObject(ghostObject, btBroadphaseProxy::SensorTrigger, btBroadphaseProxy:: CharacterFilter); } It also works ok, but there is a huge fps drop (almost ten times slower) which is not acceptable. Maybe there is something missing (forget set a flag) and Bullet is doing extra job for nothing or maybe all that ghostObjects are polluting broad phase and ghostObject is not the right thing for that. Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Unreal 3 Editor (Unreal Tournament 3) Why does the X Y Z translations now rotate along with my static meshes?

    - by Gareth Jones
    So I was making a map for UT3, using the Unreal 3 Editor provided, and all was going well. However I was doing some work with InterpActors and Vehicle Spawners, when I must have hit a key by mistake (or other wise somehow changed something) by mistake. Now the X Y Z translations that are used to move objects around in the editor will rotate along with the object (Ive put images down below to help show what I mean) - This is very annoying because it also changes the direction the arrow keys move a rotated object, in the example below, the Down arrow key will now move the object to the right. How can I fix this? (Note both images are taken from the same viewpoint) Before Rotation: After Rotation: P.S. If someone could please provide me with the correct / better name for the X Y Z "things" it would be much appreciated, thanks!

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  • When dealing with a static game board, what are some methods to make it more interesting?

    - by Ólafur Waage
    Let's say you have a game board that you look at. It does not move but there is some action going on. For example Chess, Checkers, Solitaire. The game I'm working on is not one of this but it's a good reference. What are some methods you can apply to the game or the design that increases the appeal of the user to the game. Of course you can make it prettier but what are some other methods you can use? For example: Visual cues, game design changes, user interface arrangement, etc.

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  • If my URL's are static, but then parsed by Javascript, does that make it crawlable?

    - by Talasan Nicholson
    Lets say I have a link: <a href="/about/">About Us</a> But in Javascript [or jQuery] catches it and then adds the hash based off of the href attribute: $('a').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); // Extremely oversimplified.. window.location.hash = $(this).attr('href'); }); And then we use a hashchange event to do the general 'magic' of Ajax requests. This allows for the actual href to be seen by crawlers, but gives client-side users with JS enabled an ajax-based website. Does this 'help' the general SEO issues that come along with hashtags? I know hashbangs are 'ok', but afaik they aren't reliable?

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  • When dealing with a static game board, what are some methods to make it more interesting?

    - by Ólafur Waage
    Let's say you have a game board that you look at. It does not move but there is some action going on. For example Chess, Checkers, Solitaire. The game I'm working on is not one of these but it's a good reference. What are some methods you can apply to the game or the design that increases the appeal of the game to the user? Of course you can make it prettier but what are some other methods you can use? For example: Visual cues, game design changes, user interface arrangement, etc.

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  • Should static parameters in an API be part of each method?

    - by jschoen
    I am currently creating a library that is a wrapper for an online API. The obvious end goal is to make it as easy for others to use as possible. As such I am trying to determine the best approach when it comes to common parameters for the API. In my current situation there are 3 (consumer key, consumer secret, and and authorization token). They are essentially needed in every API call. My question is should I make these 3 parameters required for each method or is there a better way. I see my current options as being: Place the parameters in each method call public ApiObject callMethod(String consumerKey, String consumerSecret, String token, ...) This one seems reasonable, but seems awfully repetitive to me. Create a singleton class that the user must initialize before calling any api methods. This seems wrong, and would essentially limit them to accessing one account at a time via the API (which may be reasonable, I dunno). Make them place them in a properties file in their project. That way I can load the properties that way and store them. This seems similar to the singleton to me, but they would not have to explicitly call something to initialize these values. Is there another option I am not seeing, or a more common practice in this situation that I should be following?

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  • Static vs. dynamic memory allocation - lots of constant objects, only small part of them used at runtime

    - by k29
    Here are two options: Option 1: enum QuizCategory { CATEGORY_1(new MyCollection<Question>() .add(Question.QUESTION_A) .add(Question.QUESTION_B) .add...), CATEGORY_2(new MyCollection<Question>() .add(Question.QUESTION_B) .add(Question.QUESTION_C) .add...), ... ; public MyCollection<Question> collection; private QuizCategory(MyCollection<Question> collection) { this.collection = collection; } public Question getRandom() { return collection.getRandomQuestion(); } } Option 2: enum QuizCategory2 { CATEGORY_1 { @Override protected MyCollection<Question> populateWithQuestions() { return new MyCollection<Question>() .add(Question.QUESTION_A) .add(Question.QUESTION_B) .add...; } }, CATEGORY_2 { @Override protected MyCollection<Question> populateWithQuestions() { return new MyCollection<Question>() .add(Question.QUESTION_B) .add(Question.QUESTION_C) .add...; } }; public Question getRandom() { MyCollection<Question> collection = populateWithQuestions(); return collection.getRandomQuestion(); } protected abstract MyCollection<Question> populateWithQuestions(); } There will be around 1000 categories, each containing 10 - 300 questions (100 on average). At runtime typically only 10 categories and 30 questions will be used. Each question is itself an enum constant (with its fields and methods). I'm trying to decide between those two options in the mobile application context. I haven't done any measurements since I have yet to write the questions and would like to gather more information before committing to one or another option. As far as I understand: (a) Option 1 will perform better since there will be no need to populate the collection and then garbage-collect the questions; (b) Option 1 will require extra memory: 1000 categories x 100 questions x 4 bytes for each reference = 400 Kb, which is not significant. So I'm leaning to Option 1, but just wondered if I'm correct in my assumptions and not missing something important? Perhaps someone has faced a similar dilemma? Or perhaps it doesn't actually matter that much?

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  • Why can't I declare C# methods virtual and static?

    - by Luke
    I have a helper class that is just a bunch of static methods and would like to subclass the helper class. Some behavior is unique depending on the subclass so I would like to call a virtual method from the base class, but since all the methods are static I can't create a plain virtual method (need object reference in order to access virtual method). Is there any way around this? I guess I could use a singleton.. HelperClass.Instance.HelperMethod() isn't so much worse than HelperClass.HelperMethod(). Brownie points for anyone that can point out some languages that support virtual static methods. Edit: OK yeah I'm crazy. Google search results had me thinking I wasn't for a bit there.

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  • Can Ruby on Rails handle AJAX Response by Static Javascript code? by using RJS?

    - by Jian Lin
    So it looks like on RoR, when Ajax (using form_remote_tag) returns a success code, Javascript is also returned to handle the visual effects. (this is the RJS mechanism) using Fiddler, I do see the following response: try { Element.update("vote_score", "Score 58"); $("vote_score").visualEffect("highlight"); } catch (e) { alert('RJS error:\n\n' + e.toString()); alert('Element.update(\"vote_score\", \"Score 58\");\n$(\"vote_score\").visualEffect(\"highlight\");'); throw e } Will there be situation where the code is quite big (like 1 or 2k) that RJS can use some sort of static Javascript already loaded to handle the effect? Is there any other ways to use static Javascript already loaded with the page? Must it be just raw Javascript and use the Prototype's Ajax success response to call the static Javascript code, or can it be some Rails mechanism related to RJS?

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  • What does a Java static method look like in Ruby?

    - by Hosh
    In Java, a 'static method' would look like this: class MyUtils { . . . public static double mean(int[] p) { int sum = 0; // sum of all the elements for (int i=0; i<p.length; i++) { sum += p[i]; } return ((double)sum) / p.length; } . . . } // Called from outside the MyUtils class. double meanAttendance = MyUtils.mean(attendance); What's the equivalent 'Ruby way' of writing a 'static method'?

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  • C# : What if a static method is called from multiple threads?

    - by Holli
    In my Application I have a static method that is called from multiple threads at the same time. Is there any danger of my data being mixed up? In my first attempt the method was not static and I was creating multiple instance of the class. In that case my data got mixed up somehow. I am not sure how this happens because it only happens sometimes. I am still debugging. But now the method is static on I have no problems so far. Maybe it's just luck. I don't know for sure.

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  • C++: static function member shared between threads, can block all?

    - by mhambra
    Hi all, I have a class, which has static function defined to work with C-style extern C { static void callback(foo bar) { } }. // static is defined in header. Three objects (each in separate pthread) are instantiated from this class, each of them has own loop (in class constructor), which can receive the callback. The pointer to function is passed as: x = init_function(h, queue_id, &callback, NULL); while(1) { loop_function(x); } So each thread has the same pointer to &callback. Callback function can block for minutes. Each thread object, excluding the one which got the blocking callback, can call callback again. If the callback function exists only once, then any thread attempting to callback will also block. This would give me an undesired bug, circa is interesting to ask: can anything in C++ become acting this way? Maybe, due to extern { } or some pointer usage?

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  • Complex event system for DungeonKeeper like game

    - by paul424
    I am working on opensource GPL3 game. http://opendungeons.sourceforge.net/ , new coders would be welcome. Now there's design question regarding Event System: We want to improve the game logic, that is program a new event system. I will just repost what's settled up already on http://forum.freegamedev.net/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=3033. From the discussion came the idea of the Publisher / Subscriber pattern + "domains": My current idea is to use the subscirbers / publishers model. Its similar to Observable pattern, but instead one subscribes to Events types, not Object's Events. For each Event would like to have both static and dynamic type. Static that is its's type would be resolved by belonging to the proper inherited class from Event. That is from Event we would have EventTile, EventCreature, EvenMapLoader, EventGameMap etc. From that there are of course subtypes like EventCreature would be EventKobold, EventKnight, EventTentacle etc. The listeners would collect the event from publishers, and send them subcribers , each of them would be a global singleton. The Listeners type hierachy would exactly mirror the type hierarchy of Events. In each constructor of Event type, the created instance would notify the proper listeners. That is when calling EventKnight the proper ctor would notify the Listeners : EventListener, CreatureLisener and KnightListener. The default action for an listner would be to notify all subscribers, but there would be some exceptions , like EventAttack would notify AttackListener which would dispatch event by the dynamic part ( that is the Creature pointer or hash). Any comments ? #include <vector> class Subscriber; class SubscriberAttack; class Event{ private: int foo; int bar; protected: // static std::vector<Publisher*> publishersList; static std::vector<Subscriber*> subscribersList; static std::vector<Event*> eventQueue; public: Event(){ eventQueue.push_back(this); } static int subscribe(Subscriber* ss); static int unsubscribe(Subscriber* ss); //static int reg_publisher(Publisher* pp); //static int unreg_publisher(Publisher* pp); }; // class Publisher{ // }; class Subscriber{ public: int (*newEvent) (Event* ee); Subscriber( ){ Event::subscribe(this); } Subscriber( int (*fp) (Event* ee) ):newEvent(fp){ Subscriber(); } ~Subscriber(){ Event::unsubscribe(this); } }; class EventAttack: Event{ private: int foo; int bar; protected: // static std::vector<Publisher*> publishersList; static std::vector<SubscriberAttack*> subscribersList; static std::vector<EventAttack*> eventQueue; public: EventAttack(){ eventQueue.push_back(this); } static int subscribe(SubscriberAttack* ss); static int unsubscribe(SubscriberAttack* ss); //static int reg_publisher(Publisher* pp); //static int unreg_publisher(Publisher* pp); }; class AttackSubscriber :Subscriber{ public: int (*newEvent) (EventAttack* ee); AttackSubscriber( ){ EventAttack::subscribe(this); } AttackSubscriber( int (*fp) (EventAttack* ee) ):newEventAttack(fp){ AttackSubscriber(); } ~AttackSubscriber(){ EventAttack::unsubscribe(this); } }; From that point, others wanted the Subject-Observer pattern, that is one would subscribe to all event types produced by particular object. That way it came out to add the domain system : Huh, to meet the ability to listen to particular game's object events, I though of introducing entity domains . Domains are trees, which nodes are labeled by unique names for each level. ( like the www addresses ). Each Entity wanting to participate in our event system ( that is be able to publish / produce events ) should at least now its domain name. That would end up in Player1/Room/Treasury/#24 or Player1/Creature/Kobold/#3 producing events. The subscriber picks some part of a tree. For example by specifiing subtree with the root in one of the nodes like Player1/Room/* ,would subscribe us to all Players1's room's event, and Player1/Creature/Kobold/#3 would subscribe to Players' third kobold's event. Does such event system make sense to you ? I have many implementation details to ask as well, but first let's start some general discussion. Note1: Notice that in the case of a fight between two creatues fight , the creature being attacked would have to throw an event, becuase it is HE/SHE/IT who have its domain address. So that would be BeingAttackedEvent() etc. I will edit that post if some other reflections on this would come out. Note2: the existing class hierarchy might be used to get the domains addresses being build in constructor . In a ctor you would just add + ."className" to domain address. If you are in a class'es hierarchy leaf constructor one might use nextID , hash or any other charactteristic, just to make the addresses distinguishable . Note3:subscribing to all entity's Events would require knowledge of all possible events produced by this entity . This could be done in one function call, but information on E produced would have to be handled for every Entity. SmartNote4 : Finding proper subscribers in a tree would be easy. One would start in particular Leaf for example Player1/Creature/Kobold/#3 and go up one parent a time , notifiying each Subscriber in a Node ie. : Player1/Creature/Kobold/* , Player1/Creature/* , Player1/* etc, , up to a root that is /* .<<<< Note5: The Event system was needed to have some way of incorporating Angelscript code into application. So the Event dispatcher was to be a gate to A-script functions. But it came out to this one.

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  • Is Cherokee (probably) the best static content server for beginner sysadmins?

    - by Bad Learner
    I have read the pros and cons of most of the popular web servers and have come to a conclusion that Apache would (probably) be the best web server for serving dynamic content - - no wonder YouTube, Flickr and Facbook, among many others, use it. I do not know if that C10K problem applies to Apache even when serving dynamic content only, but I think any web server used to serve dynamic content needs some good tweaking for optimized performance, and the fact that nothing beats Apache when it comes to documentation, resources and support on the web, I think should will go with Apache for dynamic content. That apart, the confusion begins when it comes to choosing web servers for static content (including streaming videos). I see that Nginx, Cherokee and Lighttpd are among the best (I am not considering non-open source or non-linux stuff here). So, which too choose? I know one cannot go wrong with any of the three (Nginx, Cherokee, Lighttpd). Lighttpd's development has evidently gotten slower than it was a good time ago. The documentation is pretty good for all the three, and hopefully, so are the resources (knowledge of these among the users of Stackoverflow/Serverfault sites, the web etc). Precisely, and noting point [2] and [3], if I am not wrong, I should either go with Nginx or Cherokee. I would love to see someone clarify these... is Cherokee just as fast (mb/s), performant (connections/s), and reliable (think downtime/restarting server) as Nginx for serving static content and load balancing, for small, medium to large (and really large) websites and applications? (Think, the size of YouTube, Apache or Facebook.) if the answer for the Q above is a big "hell, yes!" then, I should probably prefer Cherokee, right? Because, since I am a beginner, it would a lot easier to setup Cherokee as it has a graphical admin user interface + really good documentation. Yes? I could be wrong, I could be right. I put down what I know so that you can offer most relevant advise. Pardon if anything I've said is offensive.

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  • How to create a static IP on Windows Server 2008 R2 so I can access the server remotely

    - by Aesir
    I have just purchased a HP Proliant N40L which I am intending to use as a NAS, learning tool and just in general something to mess around with. As a student via the Microsoft dreamspark program I can get a free copy of Windows Server 2008 R2 which I am using as the OS. So that I can remote to the box from outside of my local network and so that I can stream media from it to my PS3, I have read that I need to create a static IP for the server and use port forwarding to forward to this IP so I can remote in. Is this correct? I am not really sure how to do this and if I need to make these changes on my router configuration, on the OS or both. I am a novice when it comes to networking however most resources for Windows server 2008 R2 seem to assume a fair amount of experience already. I realise that using this particular OS may seem like overkill for what I currently wish to do with it (stream content to other devices and backup) but as I can get a copy for free it seems sensible. Edit: From reading answers posted I feel I should give more information. I have now tried to add a static IP address using my router configuration settings. I have used the getmac command to get the mac address of the server. My ISP is Virgin Media and I have gone to the LAN IP section and I have added an IP address to the DHCP Reservation Lease Info. I can now use remote desktop connection internally to remote to the server (so I am assuming assigning this IP has worked). How do I configure this on the OS as well? I am also unsure on how I would remote to this machine outside of my local network?

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  • How to set static ip address on vmware for NAT guest vms from an ubuntu Host dhcp server?

    - by javadba
    I need to configure various linux flavor NAT'ed guest vm's to have static ip addresses provided by the Ubuntu host. The vmware documentation punts on this topic, deferring to "see the man pages for your linux distribution". But the generic pages for "my linux distro" do not know about the special stuff for vmware e.g. vmnet8. Pointers from someone who just knows how to do this would be much appreciated. Here is the /etc/vmware/vmnet8/dhcpd/dhcpd.conf: allow unknown-clients; default-lease-time 1800; # default is 30 minutes max-lease-time 7200; # default is 2 hours subnet 192.168.238.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 192.168.238.128 192.168.238.254; option broadcast-address 192.168.238.255; option domain-name-servers 192.168.238.2; option domain-name localdomain; default-lease-time 1800; # default is 30 minutes max-lease-time 7200; # default is 2 hours option netbios-name-servers 192.168.238.2; option routers 192.168.238.2; } host vmnet8 { hardware ethernet 00:50:56:C0:00:08; fixed-address 192.168.238.1; option domain-name-servers 0.0.0.0; option domain-name ""; option routers 0.0.0.0; } Fromt the dhcpd.conf documentation, we are supposed to add an entry for static hosts similar to the following: host mystatichostonee { hardware ethernet 00:20:6B:C7:9B:E4; fixed-address 192.168.238.101; } host mystatichosttwo { hardware ethernet 00:23:7a:C7:9c:F2; fixed-address 192.168.238.102; } But notice that the vmnet8 entry in the vmware-generated dhcpd.conf already is set to fixed-address. I don't know how to add the specifics for my hosts to that vmnet8 entry: do they become nested?

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  • Why does lighttpd keep static files in cache, even when modified on disk ?

    - by Pixelastic
    I am using lighttpd to serve static files. I have a bunch of images in a dir that I regularly update. This will change the file content (and filesize) as well as the modification date, but not their filename. When I access the files through http, the updates are not taken into account and lighty serves the old file. I can manually rename the file to something different, then lighttpd will return a 404 error, and if I rename my file back, I will get the correct updated version. Seems like lightty is using some kind of cache mechanism of its own (which is fine) to return static files. Unfortunatly, it seems that this mechanism doesn't update itself when files are modified. I checked through Wireshark, and my browser is really doing a request to the file, this is not a browser caching issue. It returns a 200 OK when requesting it from an empty cache, and a 304 Not Modified otherwise, as expected. But the file is returned with a wrong Last-Modified header that do not reflect the real last modification date. Maybe there is some config directive that I am not aware of ? I would like the files returned by lighty to reflect the changes made on disk directly, or at least being able to invalidate its cache.

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  • How do I prevent lighttpd from caching static files, even when modified on disk?

    - by Pixelastic
    I am using lighttpd to serve static files. I have a bunch of images in a dir that I regularly update. This will change the file content (and filesize) as well as the modification date, but not their filename. When I access the files through http, the updates are not taken into account and lighty serves the old file. I can manually rename the file to something different, then lighttpd will return a 404 error, and if I rename my file back, I will get the correct updated version. Seems like lightty is using some kind of cache mechanism of its own (which is fine) to return static files. Unfortunatly, it seems that this mechanism doesn't update itself when files are modified. I checked through Wireshark, and my browser is really doing a request to the file, this is not a browser caching issue. It returns a 200 OK when requesting it from an empty cache, and a 304 Not Modified otherwise, as expected. But the file is returned with a wrong Last-Modified header that do not reflect the real last modification date. Maybe there is some config directive that I am not aware of ? I would like the files returned by lighty to reflect the changes made on disk directly, or at least being able to invalidate its cache.

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  • Class Loading Deadlocks

    - by tomas.nilsson
    Mattis follows up on his previous post with one more expose on Class Loading Deadlocks As I wrote in a previous post, the class loading mechanism in Java is very powerful. There are many advanced techniques you can use, and when used wrongly you can get into all sorts of trouble. But one of the sneakiest deadlocks you can run into when it comes to class loading doesn't require any home made class loaders or anything. All you need is classes depending on each other, and some bad luck. First of all, here are some basic facts about class loading: 1) If a thread needs to use a class that is not yet loaded, it will try to load that class 2) If another thread is already loading the class, the first thread will wait for the other thread to finish the loading 3) During the loading of a class, one thing that happens is that the <clinit method of a class is being run 4) The <clinit method initializes all static fields, and runs any static blocks in the class. Take the following class for example: class Foo { static Bar bar = new Bar(); static { System.out.println("Loading Foo"); } } The first time a thread needs to use the Foo class, the class will be initialized. The <clinit method will run, creating a new Bar object and printing "Loading Foo" But what happens if the Bar object has never been used before either? Well, then we will need to load that class as well, calling the Bar <clinit method as we go. Can you start to see the potential problem here? A hint is in fact #2 above. What if another thread is currently loading class Bar? The thread loading class Foo will have to wait for that thread to finish loading. But what happens if the <clinit method of class Bar tries to initialize a Foo object? That thread will have to wait for the first thread, and there we have the deadlock. Thread one is waiting for thread two to initialize class Bar, thread two is waiting for thread one to initialize class Foo. All that is needed for a class loading deadlock is static cross dependencies between two classes (and a multi threaded environment): class Foo { static Bar b = new Bar(); } class Bar { static Foo f = new Foo(); } If two threads cause these classes to be loaded at exactly the same time, we will have a deadlock. So, how do you avoid this? Well, one way is of course to not have these circular (static) dependencies. On the other hand, it can be very hard to detect these, and sometimes your design may depend on it. What you can do in that case is to make sure that the classes are first loaded single threadedly, for example during an initialization phase of your application. The following program shows this kind of deadlock. To help bad luck on the way, I added a one second sleep in the static block of the classes to trigger the unlucky timing. Notice that if you uncomment the "//Foo f = new Foo();" line in the main method, the class will be loaded single threadedly, and the program will terminate as it should. public class ClassLoadingDeadlock { // Start two threads. The first will instansiate a Foo object, // the second one will instansiate a Bar object. public static void main(String[] arg) { // Uncomment next line to stop the deadlock // Foo f = new Foo(); new Thread(new FooUser()).start(); new Thread(new BarUser()).start(); } } class FooUser implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println("FooUser causing class Foo to be loaded"); Foo f = new Foo(); System.out.println("FooUser done"); } } class BarUser implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println("BarUser causing class Bar to be loaded"); Bar b = new Bar(); System.out.println("BarUser done"); } } class Foo { static { // We are deadlock prone even without this sleep... // The sleep just makes us more deterministic try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch(InterruptedException e) {} } static Bar b = new Bar(); } class Bar { static { try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch(InterruptedException e) {} } static Foo f = new Foo(); }

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  • "LNK2001: unresolved external symbol" when trying to build my program

    - by random
    I get the following error(s) on my program that captures the mouse and then draws a line. Errors: 1>------ Build started: Project: Capture_Mouse_Line, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------ 1> main.cpp 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::yc2" (?yc2@Line@@2PAJA) 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::xc2" (?xc2@Line@@2PAJA) 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::yc1" (?yc1@Line@@2PAJA) 1>main.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static long * Line::xc1" (?xc1@Line@@2PAJA) 1>MSVCRTD.lib(crtexe.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol _main referenced in function ___tmainCRTStartup 1>D:\Visual C++ Projects\Capture_Mouse_Line\Debug\Capture_Mouse_Line.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 5 unresolved externals ========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== Here is my code: #include<allegro5\allegro.h> #include<allegro5\allegro_native_dialog.h> #include<allegro5\allegro_primitives.h> #include<Windows.h> #include<allegro5\allegro_windows.h> #ifndef WIDTH #define WIDTH 1440 #endif #ifndef HEIGHT #define HEIGHT 900 #endif class Line { public: static void ErasePreviousLine(); static void DrawLine(long* x, long* y,long* x2,long* y2); static bool Erasable(); static long* xc1; static long* yc1; static long* xc2; static long* yc2; }; void Line::ErasePreviousLine() { delete xc1; xc1 = NULL; delete yc1; yc1 = NULL; delete xc2; xc2 = NULL; delete yc2; yc2 = NULL; } bool Line::Erasable() { if(xc1 && yc1 && xc2 && yc2 == NULL) { return false; } else { return true; } } void Line::DrawLine(long* x,long* y,long* x2,long* y2) { if(!al_init_primitives_addon()) { al_show_native_message_box(NULL,NULL,NULL,"failed to initialize allegro", NULL,NULL); } xc1 = x; yc1 = y; xc2 = x2; yc2 = y2; al_draw_line((float)*xc1, (float)*yc1, (float)*xc2, (float)*yc2,al_map_rgb(255,0,255), 1); delete x; delete y; delete x2; delete y2; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam); int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow) { MSG msg; ALLEGRO_DISPLAY* display = NULL; if(!al_init()) { al_show_native_message_box(NULL,NULL,NULL,"failed to initialize allegro", NULL,NULL); return -1; } display = al_create_display(WIDTH,HEIGHT); if(!display) { al_show_native_message_box(NULL,NULL,NULL,"failed to initialize display", NULL,NULL); return -1; } HWND hwnd = al_get_win_window_handle(display); if(hwnd == NULL) { MessageBox(NULL, "Window Creation Failed!", "Error!", MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK); return 0; } ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hwnd); while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0) > 0) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } return msg.wParam; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static bool bIsCaptured; static POINTS ptsBegin; static POINTS ptsEnd; switch(msg) { case WM_LBUTTONDOWN: SetCapture(hwnd); bIsCaptured = true; ptsBegin = MAKEPOINTS(lParam); return 0; case WM_MOUSEMOVE: if(wParam & MK_LBUTTON) { if(!Line::Erasable()) { return 0; } Line::ErasePreviousLine(); ptsEnd = MAKEPOINTS(lParam); Line::DrawLine(new long(ptsBegin.x),new long(ptsBegin.y),new long(ptsEnd.x),new long(ptsEnd.y)); } break; case WM_LBUTTONUP: bIsCaptured = false; ReleaseCapture(); break; case WM_ACTIVATEAPP: { if(wParam == TRUE) { if(bIsCaptured){ SetCapture(hwnd);} } } break; } return 0; }

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