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• Pros and cons of ways of storing an unsigned int without an unsigned int data type

  - by fields

  I have values that are 64-bit unsigned ints, and I need to store them in mongodb, which has no unsigned int type. I see three main possibilities for storing them in other field types, and converting on going in and out: Using a signed int is probably easiest and most space efficient, but has the disadvantage that they're not human readable and if someone forgets to do the conversion, some of them will work, which may obscure errors. Raw binary is probably most difficult for inexperienced programmers to deal with, and also suffers from non-human-readability. A string representation is the least space efficient (~40 bytes in unicode vs 8 bytes per field), but then at least all of the possible values will map properly, and for querying only a conversion to string is required instead of a more complicated conversion. I need these values to be available from different platforms, so a single driver-specific solution isn't an option. Any major pros and cons I've missed? Which one would you use?

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• ld: symbol(s) not found with OpenSSL (libssl)

  - by Benjamin

  Hi all, I'm trying to build TorTunnel on my mac. I've successfully installed the Boost library and its development files. TorTunnel also requires the OpenSSL and its development files. I've got them installed in /usr/lib/libssl.dylib and /usr/include/openssl/. When I run the make command this is the error i'm getting: g++ -ggdb -g -O2 -lssl -lboost_system-xgcc42-mt-1_38 -o torproxy TorProxy.o HybridEncryption.o Connection.o Cell.o Directory.o ServerListing.o Util.o Circuit.o CellEncrypter.o RelayCellDispatcher.o CellConsumer.o ProxyShuffler.o CreateCell.o CreatedCell.o TorTunnel.o SocksConnection.o Network.o Undefined symbols: "_BN_hex2bn", referenced from: Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o "_BN_free", referenced from: Circuit::~Circuit()in Circuit.o Circuit::~Circuit()in Circuit.o CreatedCell::getKeyMaterial(unsigned char**, unsigned char**)in CreatedCell.o "_DH_generate_key", referenced from: Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o "_PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey", referenced from: ServerListing::getOnionKey() in ServerListing.o "_BIO_s_mem", referenced from: Connection::initializeSSL() in Connection.o Connection::initializeSSL() in Connection.o "_DH_free", referenced from: Circuit::~Circuit()in Circuit.o "_BIO_ctrl_pending", referenced from: Connection::writeFromBuffer(boost::function)in Connection.o "_RSA_size", referenced from: HybridEncryption::encryptInSingleChunk(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char**, int*, rsa_st*)in HybridEncryption.o HybridEncryption::encryptInHybridChunk(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char**, int*, rsa_st*)in HybridEncryption.o HybridEncryption::encrypt(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char**, int*, rsa_st*)in HybridEncryption.o "_RSA_public_encrypt", referenced from: HybridEncryption::encryptInSingleChunk(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char**, int*, rsa_st*)in HybridEncryption.o HybridEncryption::encryptInHybridChunk(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char**, int*, rsa_st*)in HybridEncryption.o "_BN_num_bits", referenced from: CreateCell::CreateCell(unsigned short, dh_st*, rsa_st*)in CreateCell.o CreatedCell::getKeyMaterial(unsigned char**, unsigned char**)in CreatedCell.o CreatedCell::getKeyMaterial(unsigned char**, unsigned char**)in CreatedCell.o CreatedCell::isValid() in CreatedCell.o "_SHA1", referenced from: CellEncrypter::expandKeyMaterial(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char*, int)in CellEncrypter.o "_BN_bn2bin", referenced from: CreateCell::CreateCell(unsigned short, dh_st*, rsa_st*)in CreateCell.o "_BN_bin2bn", referenced from: CreatedCell::getKeyMaterial(unsigned char**, unsigned char**)in CreatedCell.o "_DH_compute_key", referenced from: CreatedCell::getKeyMaterial(unsigned char**, unsigned char**)in CreatedCell.o "_BIO_new", referenced from: Connection::initializeSSL() in Connection.o Connection::initializeSSL() in Connection.o "_BIO_new_mem_buf", referenced from: ServerListing::getOnionKey() in ServerListing.o "_AES_ctr128_encrypt", referenced from: HybridEncryption::AES_encrypt(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char*, unsigned char*, int)in HybridEncryption.o CellEncrypter::aesOperate(Cell&, aes_key_st*, unsigned char*, unsigned char*, unsigned int*)in CellEncrypter.o "_BIO_read", referenced from: Connection::writeFromBuffer(boost::function)in Connection.o "_SHA1_Update", referenced from: CellEncrypter::calculateDigest(SHAstate_st*, RelayCell&, unsigned char*)in CellEncrypter.o CellEncrypter::initKeyMaterial(unsigned char*)in CellEncrypter.o CellEncrypter::initKeyMaterial(unsigned char*)in CellEncrypter.o "_SHA1_Final", referenced from: CellEncrypter::calculateDigest(SHAstate_st*, RelayCell&, unsigned char*)in CellEncrypter.o "_DH_size", referenced from: CreatedCell::getKeyMaterial(unsigned char**, unsigned char**)in CreatedCell.o "_DH_new", referenced from: Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o "_BIO_write", referenced from: Connection::readIntoBufferComplete(boost::function, boost::system::error_code const&, unsigned long)in Connection.o "_RSA_free", referenced from: Circuit::~Circuit()in Circuit.o "_BN_dup", referenced from: Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o "_BN_new", referenced from: Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o "_SHA1_Init", referenced from: CellEncrypter::CellEncrypter()in CellEncrypter.o CellEncrypter::CellEncrypter()in CellEncrypter.o "_RAND_bytes", referenced from: HybridEncryption::encryptInHybridChunk(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char**, int*, rsa_st*)in HybridEncryption.o Util::getRandomId() in Util.o "_AES_set_encrypt_key", referenced from: HybridEncryption::AES_encrypt(unsigned char*, int, unsigned char*, unsigned char*, int)in HybridEncryption.o CellEncrypter::initKeyMaterial(unsigned char*)in CellEncrypter.o CellEncrypter::initKeyMaterial(unsigned char*)in CellEncrypter.o "_BN_set_word", referenced from: Circuit::initializeDhParameters() in Circuit.o "_RSA_new", referenced from: ServerListing::getOnionKey() in ServerListing.o ld: symbol(s) not found collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [torproxy] Error 1 Any idea how I could fix it?

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• Initialization of std::vector<unsigned int> with a list of consecutive unsigned integers

  - by Thomas

  I want to use a special method to initialize a std::vector<unsigned int> which is described in a C++ book I use as a reference (the German book 'Der C++ Programmer' by Ulrich Breymann, in case that matters). In that book is a section on sequence types of the STL, referring in particular to list, vector and deque. In this section he writes that there are two special constructors of such sequence types, namely, if Xrefers to such a type, X(n, t) // creates a sequence with n copies of t X(i, j) // creates a sequence from the elements of the interval [i, j) I want to use the second one for an interval of unsigned int, that is std::vector<unsigned int> l(1U, 10U); to get a list initialized with {1,2,...,9}. What I get, however, is a vector with one unsigned int with value 10 :-| Does the second variant exist, and if yes, how do I force that it is called?

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• Converting between unsigned and signed int safely

  - by polemic

  I have an interface between a client and a server where a client sends (1) an unsigned value, and (2) a flag which indicates if value is signed/unsigned. Server would then static cast unsigned value to appropriate type. I later found out that this is implementation defined behavior and I've been reading about it but I couldn't seem to find an appropriate solution that's completely safe? I've read about type punning, pointer conversions, and memcpy. Would simply using a union type work? A UnionType containing signed and unsigned int, along with the signed/unsigned flag. For signed values, client sets the signed part of the union, and server reads the signed part. Same for the unsigned part. Or am I completely misunderstanding something? Side question: how do I know the specific behavior in this case for a specific scenario, e.g. windriver diab on PPC? I'm a bit lost on how to find such documentation.

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• SQL SERVER – Storing 64-bit Unsigned Integer Value in Database

  - by Pinal Dave

  Here is a very interesting question I received in an email just another day. Some questions just are so good that it makes me wonder how come I have not faced it first hand. Anyway here is the question - “Pinal, I am migrating my database from MySQL to SQL Server and I have faced unique situation. I have been using Unsigned 64-bit integer in MySQL but when I try to migrate that column to SQL Server, I am facing an issue as there is no datatype which I find appropriate for my column. It is now too late to change the datatype and I need immediate solution. One chain of thought was to change the data type of the column from Unsigned 64-bit (BIGINT) to VARCHAR(n) but that will just change the data type for me such that I will face quite a lot of performance related issues in future. In SQL Server we also have the BIGINT data type but that is Signed 64-bit datatype. BIGINT datatype in SQL Server have range of -2^63 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808) to 2^63-1 (9,223,372,036,854,775,807). However, my digit is much larger than this number. Is there anyway, I can store my big 64-bit Unsigned Integer without loosing much of the performance of by converting it to VARCHAR.” Very interesting question, for the sake of the argument, we can ask user that there should be no need of such a big number or if you are taking about identity column I really doubt that if your table will grow beyond this table. Here the real question which I found interesting was how to store 64-bit unsigned integer value in SQL Server without converting it to String data type. After thinking a bit, I found a fairly simple answer. I can use NUMERIC data type. I can use NUMERIC(20) datatype for 64-bit unsigned integer value, NUMERIC(10) datatype for 32-bit unsigned integer value and NUMERIC(5) datatype for 16-bit unsigned integer value. Numeric datatype supports 38 maximum of 38 precision. Now here is another thing to keep in mind. Using NUMERIC datatype will indeed accept the 64-bit unsigned integer but in future if you try to enter negative value, it will also allow the same. Hence, you will need to put any additional constraint over column to only accept positive integer there. Here is another big concern, SQL Server will store the number as numeric and will treat that as a positive integer for all the practical purpose. You will have to write in your application logic to interpret that as a 64-bit Unsigned Integer. On another side if you are using unsigned integers in your application, there are good chance that you already have logic taking care of the same. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: SQL Datatype

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• Why unsigned int contained negative number

  - by Daziplqa

  Hi All, I am new to C, What I know about unsigned numerics (unsigned short, int and longs), that It contains positive numbers only, but the following simple program successfully assigned a negative number to an unsigned int: 1 /* 2 * ===================================================================================== 3 * 4 * Filename: prog4.c 5 * 6 * ===================================================================================== 7 */ 8 9 #include <stdio.h> 10 11 int main(void){ 12 13 int v1 =0, v2=0; 14 unsigned int sum; 15 16 v1 = 10; 17 v2 = 20; 18 19 sum = v1 - v2; 20 21 printf("The subtraction of %i from %i is %i \n" , v1, v2, sum); 22 23 return 0; 24 } The output is : The subtraction of 10 from 20 is -10

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• Get the signed/unsigned variant of an integer template parameter without explicit traits

  - by Blair Holloway

  I am looking to define a template class whose template parameter will always be an integer type. The class will contain two members, one of type T, and the other as the unsigned variant of type T -- i.e. if T == int, then T_Unsigned == unsigned int. My first instinct was to do this: template <typename T> class Range { typedef unsigned T T_Unsigned; // does not compile public: Range(T min, T_Unsigned range); private: T m_min; T_Unsigned m_range; }; But it doesn't work. I then thought about using partial template specialization, like so: template <typename T> struct UnsignedType {}; // deliberately empty template <> struct UnsignedType<int> { typedef unsigned int Type; }; template <typename T> class Range { typedef UnsignedType<T>::Type T_Unsigned; /* ... */ }; This works, so long as you partially specialize UnsignedType for every integer type. It's a little bit of additional copy-paste work (slash judicious use of macros), but serviceable. However, I'm now curious - is there another way of determining the signed-ness of an integer type, and/or using the unsigned variant of a type, without having to manually define a Traits class per-type? Or is this the only way to do it?

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• C++: Unsigned negative primitives?

  - by Martijn Courteaux

  In C++ we can make primitives unsigned. But they are always positive. Is there also a way to make unsigned negative variables? I know the word unsigned means "without sign", so also not a minus (-) sign. But I think C++ must provide it.

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• uint8_t and unsigned char linking error

  - by mnn

  I'm using template function: template<typename T> void func(const T& value) { obj->func(value); } where obj is object of class: void my_object::func(int64_t value) { ... } void my_object::func(uint64_t value) { ... } void my_object::func(uint32_t value) { ... } void my_object::func(uint16_t value) { ... } void my_object::func(uint8_t value) { ... } The problem is with uint8_t overload of my_object::func() override. Linker complains about unresolved external symbols to overloads, which should have unsigned char parameter. Should I replace uint8_t overload with unsigned char overload? Edit: Just now noticed, that linker complains about uint64_t and int64_t too. I compile on Windows using MSVC++ 2008 Express.

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• Unsigned double in C++ ?

  - by lost3den

  Hello everyone, Why doesn't C++ support unsigned double syntax ? Thanks in advance

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• 32 bit unsigned int php

  - by Zeta Two

  Hello! Does anyone know of a class/library/etc. that can simulate 32 bit unsigned integers on a 32 bit platform in PHP? I'm porting a C lib into PHP and it uses a lot of integers that are greater than the maximum for 32 bit signed int.

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• Convert a .NET long to an unsigned 8-byte integer

  - by Ben Aston

  For the purposes of setting a value in Active Directory I would like to convert a long to an unsigned 8-byte integer, for assignment to an AD property. How can I do this?

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• comparison of an unsigned variable to 0

  - by user2651062

  When I execute the following loop : unsigned m; for( m = 10; m >= 0; --m ){ printf("%d\n",m); } the loop doesn't stop at m==0, it keeps executing interminably, so I thought that reason was that an unsigned cannot be compared to 0. But when I did the following test unsigned m=9; if(m >= 0) printf("m is positive\n"); else printf("m is negative\n"); I got this result: m is positive which means that the unsigned variable m was successfully compared to 0. Why doesn't the comparison of m to 0 work in the for loop and works fine elsewhere?

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• How to make Symbolicate iPhone App Crash Reports

  - by bluej3

  Hello~ I retrieved the crash reports from iTunes Connect. I referenced this site. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MmxwdXObZLMJ:www.anoshkin.net/blog/2008/09/09/iphone-crash-logs/+iphone+crash+debig&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk I tried.... $ symbolicatecrash report.crash MobileLines.app.dSYM report-with-symbols.crash Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/WebCore.framework/WebCore Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Foundation Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GraphicsServices.framework/GraphicsServices Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework/UIKit Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGLES.framework/MBXGLEngine.bundle/MBXGLEngine Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/AudioToolbox.framework/AudioToolbox Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation BUT... I didn't result. (find error message) - This directory is located "bulid/Distribution-iphones" - "MYGAME.app" file and "MYGAME.app.dSYM" file is located in same directory. How can i do solve this problem. ? Please help me :) * Crash log (carsh at thread 2 ) Incident Identifier: 95230C2E-CD83-46BF-8DAE-F38BCD46B910 Process: MYGAMELite [303] Path: /var/mobile/Applications/4FB79BEC-2BF0-438B-82A8-C302CD52A85C/MYGAMELite.app/MYGAMELite Identifier: MYGAMELite Version: ??? (???) Code Type: ARM (Native) Parent Process: launchd [1] Date/Time: 2010-06-03 11:43:52.875 +0800 OS Version: iPhone OS 3.1.2 (7D11) Report Version: 104 Exception Type: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (SIGSEGV) Exception Codes: KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS at 0x03e3a002 Crashed Thread: 2 Thread 2 Crashed: 0 AudioToolbox 0x330d708c AU3DMixerEmbedded::SumInput16(unsigned long, AudioBufferList const&, AudioBufferList const&, unsigned long, float, unsigned long) 1 AudioToolbox 0x330d89a0 AU3DMixerEmbedded::Render(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long) 2 AudioToolbox 0x32fe6bb8 AUBase::DoRender(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long, AudioBufferList&) 3 AudioToolbox 0x32fe6504 Render 4 AudioToolbox 0x330160b8 AUInputElement::PullInput(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) 5 AudioToolbox 0x33023fa8 AUInputFormatConverter2::InputProc(OpaqueAudioConverter*, unsigned long*, AudioBufferList*, AudioStreamPacketDescription*, void) 6 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4b60 AudioConverterChain::CallInputProc(unsigned long) 7 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4a5c AudioConverterChain::FillBufferFromInputProc(unsigned long*, CABufferList*) 8 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4790 BufferedAudioConverter::GetInputBytes(unsigned long, unsigned long&, CABufferList const*&) 9 AudioToolbox 0x33023e30 CBRConverter::RenderOutput(CABufferList*, unsigned long, unsigned long&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 10 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4284 BufferedAudioConverter::FillBuffer(unsigned long&, AudioBufferList&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 11 AudioToolbox 0x32fe44a4 AudioConverterChain::RenderOutput(CABufferList*, unsigned long, unsigned long&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 12 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4284 BufferedAudioConverter::FillBuffer(unsigned long&, AudioBufferList&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 13 AudioToolbox 0x32fe3f10 AudioConverterFillComplexBuffer 14 AudioToolbox 0x33023844 AUConverterBase::RenderBus(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) 15 AudioToolbox 0x330ce928 AURemoteIO::RenderBus(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) 16 AudioToolbox 0x32fe6bb8 AUBase::DoRender(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long, AudioBufferList&) 17 AudioToolbox 0x330cf308 AURemoteIO::PerformIO(int, unsigned int, unsigned int, AQTimeStamp const&, AQTimeStamp const&) 18 AudioToolbox 0x330cf4cc AURIOCallbackReceiver_PerformIOSync 19 AudioToolbox 0x330c76fc _XPerformIOSync 20 AudioToolbox 0x330181d8 mshMIGPerform 21 AudioToolbox 0x3309cec8 MSHMIGDispatchMessage 22 AudioToolbox 0x330d48d4 AURemoteIO::IOThread::Entry(void*) 23 AudioToolbox 0x32fc9f20 CAPThread::Entry(CAPThread*) 24 libSystem.B.dylib 0x30b5b7b0 _pthread_body

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• How to Symbolicate iPhone App Crash Reports ?

  - by bluej3

  Hello~ I retrieved the crash reports from iTunes Connect. I referenced this site. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MmxwdXObZLMJ:www.anoshkin.net/blog/2008/09/09/iphone-crash-logs/+iphone+crash+debig&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk I tried.... $ symbolicatecrash report.crash MobileLines.app.dSYM report-with-symbols.crash Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/WebCore.framework/WebCore Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Foundation Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/GraphicsServices.framework/GraphicsServices Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework/UIKit Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGLES.framework/MBXGLEngine.bundle/MBXGLEngine Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/AudioToolbox.framework/AudioToolbox Error in symbol file for /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/DeviceSupport/3.1.2 (7D11)/Symbols/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation BUT... I didn't result. (find error message) - This directory is located "bulid/Distribution-iphones" - "MYGAME.app" file and "MYGAME.app.dSYM" file is located in same directory. How can i do solve this problem. ? Please help me :) * Crash log (carsh at thread 2 ) Incident Identifier: 95230C2E-CD83-46BF-8DAE-F38BCD46B910 Process: MYGAMELite [303] Path: /var/mobile/Applications/4FB79BEC-2BF0-438B-82A8-C302CD52A85C/MYGAMELite.app/MYGAMELite Identifier: MYGAMELite Version: ??? (???) Code Type: ARM (Native) Parent Process: launchd [1] Date/Time: 2010-06-03 11:43:52.875 +0800 OS Version: iPhone OS 3.1.2 (7D11) Report Version: 104 Exception Type: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (SIGSEGV) Exception Codes: KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS at 0x03e3a002 Crashed Thread: 2 Thread 2 Crashed: 0 AudioToolbox 0x330d708c AU3DMixerEmbedded::SumInput16(unsigned long, AudioBufferList const&, AudioBufferList const&, unsigned long, float, unsigned long) 1 AudioToolbox 0x330d89a0 AU3DMixerEmbedded::Render(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long) 2 AudioToolbox 0x32fe6bb8 AUBase::DoRender(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long, AudioBufferList&) 3 AudioToolbox 0x32fe6504 Render 4 AudioToolbox 0x330160b8 AUInputElement::PullInput(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) 5 AudioToolbox 0x33023fa8 AUInputFormatConverter2::InputProc(OpaqueAudioConverter*, unsigned long*, AudioBufferList*, AudioStreamPacketDescription*, void) 6 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4b60 AudioConverterChain::CallInputProc(unsigned long) 7 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4a5c AudioConverterChain::FillBufferFromInputProc(unsigned long*, CABufferList*) 8 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4790 BufferedAudioConverter::GetInputBytes(unsigned long, unsigned long&, CABufferList const*&) 9 AudioToolbox 0x33023e30 CBRConverter::RenderOutput(CABufferList*, unsigned long, unsigned long&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 10 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4284 BufferedAudioConverter::FillBuffer(unsigned long&, AudioBufferList&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 11 AudioToolbox 0x32fe44a4 AudioConverterChain::RenderOutput(CABufferList*, unsigned long, unsigned long&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 12 AudioToolbox 0x32fe4284 BufferedAudioConverter::FillBuffer(unsigned long&, AudioBufferList&, AudioStreamPacketDescription*) 13 AudioToolbox 0x32fe3f10 AudioConverterFillComplexBuffer 14 AudioToolbox 0x33023844 AUConverterBase::RenderBus(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) 15 AudioToolbox 0x330ce928 AURemoteIO::RenderBus(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) 16 AudioToolbox 0x32fe6bb8 AUBase::DoRender(unsigned long&, AudioTimeStamp const&, unsigned long, unsigned long, AudioBufferList&) 17 AudioToolbox 0x330cf308 AURemoteIO::PerformIO(int, unsigned int, unsigned int, AQTimeStamp const&, AQTimeStamp const&) 18 AudioToolbox 0x330cf4cc AURIOCallbackReceiver_PerformIOSync 19 AudioToolbox 0x330c76fc _XPerformIOSync 20 AudioToolbox 0x330181d8 mshMIGPerform 21 AudioToolbox 0x3309cec8 MSHMIGDispatchMessage 22 AudioToolbox 0x330d48d4 AURemoteIO::IOThread::Entry(void*) 23 AudioToolbox 0x32fc9f20 CAPThread::Entry(CAPThread*) 24 libSystem.B.dylib 0x30b5b7b0 _pthread_body

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• Making sure unsigned int/long always execute in checked context in C#

  - by theburningmonk

  Has anyone found it strange that the default context for uint and ulong is unchecked rather than checked considering that they are meant to represent values that can never be negative? So if some code is trying to violate that constraint it seems to me the natural and preferred behaviour would be to throw an exception rather than returning the max value instead (which can easily leave important pieces of data in an invalid state and impossible to revert..). Is there an existing attribute which can be applied to either class/assembly so that it always performs arithmetic operations in a checked context? I was thinking of writing one myself (as an aspect using PostSharp) but would be great if there's one already. Many thanks,

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• Unsigned versus signed numbers as indexes

  - by simendsjo

  Whats the rationale for using signed numbers as indexes in .Net? In Python, you can index from the end of an array by sending negative numbers, but this is not the case in .Net. It's not easy for .Net to add such a feature later as it could break other code perhaps using special rules (yeah, a bad idea, but I guess it happens) on indexing. Not that I have ever have needed to index arrays over 2,147,483,647 in size, but I really cannot understand why they choose signed numbers. Can it be because it's more normal to use signed numbers in code?

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• How to convert from integer to unsigned char in C, given integers larger than 256?

  - by Alf_InPogform

  As part of my CS course I've been given some functions to use. One of these functions takes a pointer to unsigned chars to write some data to a file (I have to use this function, so I can't just make my own purpose built function that works differently BTW). I need to write an array of integers whose values can be up to 4095 using this function (that only takes unsigned chars). However am I right in thinking that an unsigned char can only have a max value of 256 because it is 1 byte long? I therefore need to use 4 unsigned chars for every integer? But casting doesn't seem to work with larger values for the integer. Does anyone have any idea how best to convert an array of integers to unsigned chars?

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• Security Risks of Unsigned ClickOnce Manifests

  - by Tom Tom

  Using signed manifests in ClickOnce deployments, it is not possible to modify files after the deployment package has been published - installation will fail as hash information in the manifest won't match up with the modified files. I recently stumbled upon a situation where this was problematic - customers need to be able to set things like connection strings in app.config before deploying the software to their users. I got round the problem by un-checking the option to "Sign the ClickOnce manifests" in VS2010 and explicitly excluding the app.config file from the list of files to have hashes generated during the publish process. From a related page on MSDN "Unsigned manifests can simplify development and testing of your application. However, unsigned manifests introduce substantial security risks in a production environment. Only consider using unsigned manifests if your ClickOnce application runs on computers within an intranet that is completely isolated from the internet or other sources of malicious code." In my situation, this isn't an immediate problem - the deployment won't be internet-facing. However, I'm curious to learn what the "substantial security risks" of what I've done would be if it was internet-facing (or if things changed and it needed to be in the future). Thanks in advance!

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• Why doesn't GCC produce a warning when assigning a signed literal to an unsigned type?

  - by maerics

  Several questions on this website reveal pitfalls when mixing signed and unsigned types and most compilers seem to do a good job about generating warnings of this type. However, GCC doesn't seem to care when assigning a signed constant to an unsigned type! Consider the following program: /* foo.c */ #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { unsigned int x=20, y=-30; if (x > y) { printf("%d > %d\n", x, y); } else { printf("%d <= %d\n", x, y); } return 0; } Compilation with GCC 4.2.1 as below produces no output on the console: gcc -Werror -Wall -Wextra -pedantic foo.c -o foo The resulting executable generates the following output: $ ./foo 20 <= -30 Is there some reason that GCC doesn't generate any warning or error message when assigning the signed value -30 to the unsigned integer variable y?

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• How do you convert an unsigned int[16] of hexidecimal to an unsigned char array without losing any information?

  - by user1068636

  I have a unsigned int[16] array that when printed out looks like this: 4418703544ED3F688AC208F53343AA59 The code used to print it out is this: for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) printf("%X", CipherBlock[i] / 16), printf("%X",CipherBlock[i] % 16); printf("\n"); I need to pass this unsigned int array "CipherBlock" into a decrypt() method that only takes unsigned char *. How do correctly memcpy everything from the "CipherBlock" array into an unsigned char array without losing information? My understanding is an unsigned int is 4 bytes and unsigned char 1 byte. Since "CipherBlock" is 16 unsigned integers, the total size in bytes = 16 * 4 = 64 bytes. Does this mean my unsigned char[] array needs to be 64 in length? If so, would the following work? unsigned char arr[64] = { '\0' }; memcpy(arr,CipherBlock,64); This does not seem to work. For some reason it only copies the the first byte of "CipherBlock" into "arr". The rest of "arr" is '\0' thereafter.

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• What does 'unsigned temp:3' means

  - by Munir Ahmed

  Hi, I'm trying to map a C structure to Java using JNA. I came across something that I've never seen. The struct definition is as follow, struct op { unsigned op_type:9; //---> what does this means? unsigned op_opt:1; unsigned op_latefree:1; unsigned op_latefreed:1; unsigned op_attached:1; unsigned op_spare:3; U8 op_flags; U8 op_private; }; you can see some variable being defined like unsigned op_attached:1 and I'm unsure what would that mean: would that effect number of bytes to be allocated for this particular variable? any help? Thanks, Munir

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• C++ struct containing unsigned char and int bug

  - by powerfear

  Ok i have a struct in my C++ program that is like this: struct thestruct { unsigned char var1; unsigned char var2; unsigned char var3[2]; unsigned char var4; unsigned char var5[8]; int var6; unsigned char var7[4]; }; When i use this struct, 3 random bytes get added before the "var6", if i delete "var5" it's still before "var6" so i know it's always before the "var6". But if i remove the "var6" then the 3 extra bytes are gone. If i only use a struct with a int in it, there is no extra bytes. So there seem to be a conflict between the unsigned char and the int, how can i fix that?

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• How to convert an NSString to an unsigned int in Cocoa?

  - by Dave Gallagher

  My application gets handed an NSString containing an unsigned int. NSString doesn't have an [myString unsignedIntegerValue]; method. I'd like to be able to take the value out of the string without mangling it, and then place it inside an NSNumber. I'm trying to do it like so: NSString *myUnsignedIntString = [self someMethodReturningAString]; NSInteger myInteger = [myUnsignedIntString integerValue]; NSNumber *myNSNumber = [NSNumber numberWithInteger:myInteger]; // ...put |myNumber| in an NSDictionary, time passes, pull it out later on... unsigned int myUnsignedInt = [myNSNumber unsignedIntValue]; Will the above potentially "cut off" the end of a large unsigned int since I had to convert it to NSInteger first? Or does it look OK to use? If it'll cut off the end of it, how about the following (a bit of a kludge I think)? NSString *myUnsignedIntString = [self someMethodReturningAString]; long long myLongLong = [myUnsignedIntString longLongValue]; NSNumber *myNSNumber = [NSNumber numberWithLongLong:myLongLong]; // ...put |myNumber| in an NSDictionary, time passes, pull it out later on... unsigned int myUnsignedInt = [myNSNumber unsignedIntValue]; Thanks for any help you can offer! :)

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• Why do I get errors when using unsigned integers in an expression with C++?

  - by neuviemeporte

  Given the following piece of (pseudo-C++) code: float x=100, a=0.1; unsigned int height = 63, width = 63; unsigned int hw=31; for (int row=0; row < height; ++row) { for (int col=0; col < width; ++col) { float foo = x + col - hw + a * (col - hw); cout << foo << " "; } cout << endl; } The values of foo are screwed up for half of the array, in places where (col - hw) is negative. I figured because col is int and comes first, that this part of the expression is converted to int and becomes negative. Unfortunately, apparently it doesn't, I get an overflow of an unsigned value and I've no idea why. How should I resolve this problem? Use casts for the whole or part of the expression? What type of casts (C-style or static_cast<...)? Is there any overhead to using casts (I need this to work fast!)? EDIT: I changed all my unsigned ints to regular ones, but I'm still wondering why I got that overflow in this situation.

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