1) Custom exceptions can help make your intentions clear.

How can this be? The intention is to handle or log the exception, regardless of whether the type is built-in or custom.

The main reason I use custom exceptions is to not use one exception type to cover the same problem in different contexts (eg parameter is null in system code which may be effect by an external factor and an empty shopping basket). However, the partition between system and business-domain code and using different exception types seems very obvious and not making the most of custom exceptions. Related to this, if custom exceptions cover the business exceptions, I could also get all the places which are sources for exceptions at the business domain level using "Find all references". Is it worth adding exceptions if you check the arguments in a method for being null, use them a few times, and then add the catch? Is it a realistic risk that an external factor or some other freak cause could cause the argument to be null after being checked anyway?

2) What does it mean when exceptions should not be used to control the flow of programs and why not? I assume this is like:

if (exceptionVariable != null)
{

}

Is it generally good practise to fill every variable in an exception object? As a developer, do you expect every possible variable to be filled by another coder?