Recently I came across with an article on DB2 about using Union instead of OR. So I thought of carrying out a research on SQL Server on what scenarios UNION is optimal in and which scenarios OR would be best. I will analyze this with a few scenarios using samples taken  from the AdventureWorks database Sales.SalesOrderDetail table.

Scenario 1: Selecting all columns

So we are going to select all columns and you have a non-clustered index on the ProductID column.

--Query 1 : OR
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714 OR ProductID =709
     OR ProductID =998 OR ProductID =875
     OR ProductID =976 OR ProductID =874
--Query 2 : UNION
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714
UNION
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 709
UNION
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 998
UNION
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 875
UNION
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 976
UNION
SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 874

So query 1 is using OR and the later is using UNION. Let us analyze the execution plans for these queries.

Query 1

Query 2

As expected Query 1 will use Clustered Index Scan but Query 2, uses all sorts of things. In this case, since it is using multiple CPUs you might have CX_PACKET waits as well.

Let’s look at the profiler results for these two queries:

	CPU	Reads	Duration	Row Counts
OR	78	1252	389	3854
UNION	250	7495	660	3854

You can see from the above table the UNION query is not performing well as the  OR query though both are retuning same no of rows (3854).These results indicate that, for the above scenario UNION should be used.

Scenario 2: Non-Clustered and Clustered Index Columns only

--Query 1 : OR
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714 OR ProductID =709
     OR ProductID =998 OR ProductID =875
     OR ProductID =976 OR ProductID =874
GO
--Query 2 : UNION
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714
UNION
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 709
UNION
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 998
UNION
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 875
UNION
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 976
UNION
SELECT ProductID,SalesOrderID, SalesOrderDetailID FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 874
GO

So this time, we will be selecting only index columns, which means these queries will avoid a data page lookup. As in the previous case we will analyze the execution plans:

Query 1

Query 2

Again, Query 2 is more complex than Query 1. Let us look at the profile analysis:

	CPU	Reads	Duration	Row Counts
OR	0	24	208	3854
UNION	0	38	193	3854

In this analyzis, there is only slight difference between OR and UNION.

Scenario 3: Selecting all columns for different fields

Up to now, we were using only one column (ProductID) in the where clause.  What if we have two columns for where clauses and let us assume both are covered by non-clustered indexes?

--Query 1 : OR
SELECT *
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714
      OR CarrierTrackingNumber LIKE 'D0B8%'
--Query 2 : UNION
SELECT *
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714
UNION
SELECT *
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE CarrierTrackingNumber
 LIKE 'D0B8%'

Query 1

Query 2:

As we can see, the query plan for the second query has improved. Let us see the profiler results.

	CPU	Reads	Duration	Row Counts
OR	47	1278	443	1228
UNION	31	1334	400	1228

So in this case too, there is little difference between OR and UNION.

Scenario 4: Selecting Clustered index columns for different fields

Now let us go only with clustered indexes:

--Query 1 : OR
SELECT *
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714
      OR CarrierTrackingNumber LIKE 'D0B8%'
--Query 2 : UNION
SELECT *
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE ProductID = 714
UNION
SELECT *
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE CarrierTrackingNumber
 LIKE 'D0B8%'

Query 1

Query 2

Now both execution plans are almost identical except is an additional Stream Aggregate is used in the first query. This means UNION has advantage over OR in this scenario. Let us see profiler results for these queries again.

	CPU	Reads	Duration	Row Counts
OR	0	319	366	1228
UNION	0	50	193	1228

Now see the differences, in this scenario UNION has somewhat of an advantage over OR.

Conclusion

Using UNION or OR depends on the scenario you are faced with. So you need to do your analyzing before selecting the appropriate method. Also, above the four scenarios are not all an exhaustive list of scenarios, I selected those for the broad description purposes only.