If we can not measure the server processing time from client side then which attributes will be good to measure in client side for measuring server side performance and What attributes are important ?

I know we can get the server response time, latency and Throughput etc,but how do we understand/interpret the result of server side from these attrubutes. How can we analyse that whether my code is taking lots of time,whether Web Server, whether it is because of Server Machine(H/W).how would i know that which thing needs to be upgrade or improve.Please tell me any article or any book something that I need to study or explain here If you can so I can interpret the result of server side using these attributes response time, latency and throughput.You can tell other performance attribute if I need to understand the server result.