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• Write-error on swap-device, Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK

  - by Jan

  My root server at 1&1 was unresponsive on HTTP and SSH, so I logged into the serial console . It flooded my connection with endless error messages like quoted below. I initiated a reboot and now everything seems to work properly. After googling, I installed smartctl and ran a short self test, which told me the device was healthy. Is this likely a disk failure soon to happen or could it be just some program going wild? I assume, the swap device could also grow full when huge amounts of memory get consumed by a buggy program? How can I find out for sure? The sever was already unresponsive a week ago when I just restarted it without proper investigation. The server is running on CentOS. Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351055) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351063) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351071) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351079) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351087) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351095) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351103) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351111) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351119) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351127) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351135) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351143) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351151) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351159) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351167) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351175) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351183) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:8351191) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Unhandled error code sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Write(10): 2a 00 00 9c 00 ef 00 00 08 00 end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 10223855 Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10223863) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Unhandled error code sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Write(10): 2a 00 00 9c 0e 97 00 00 10 00 end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 10227351 Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10227359) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10227367) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Unhandled error code sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Write(10): 2a 00 00 9c b0 1f 00 00 10 00 end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 10268703 Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10268711) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10268719) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Unhandled error code sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Write(10): 2a 00 00 a0 84 7f 00 00 08 00 end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 10519679 Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10519687) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Unhandled error code sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: Write(10): 2a 00 00 a7 26 af 00 04 00 00 end_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 10954415 Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954423) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954431) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954439) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954447) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954455) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954463) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954471) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954479) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954487) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954495) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954503) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954511) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954519) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954527) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954535) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954543) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954551) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954559) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954567) Write-error on swap-device (8:16:10954575) 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• Wubi install: How do I increase swap size

  - by Diogenes Lantern

  I am trying to increase the swapfile size on my WUBI install. I followed the answer here: sudo su swapoff -a cd /host/ubuntu/disks/ mv swap.disk swap.disk.bak dd if=/dev/zero of=swap.disk bs=1024 count=2097152 mkswap swap.disk swapon -a free -m until I reached: mv swap.disk swap.disk.bak At which point I have got got the following: root@ubuntu:/host/ubuntu/disks# mv swap.disk swap.disk.bak mv: cannot move `swap.disk' to `swap.disk.bak': Operation not permitted My 256 M swap space is all used up. I would like to install a total of twice that. Is there a method of setting it which would not include guesswork on my part?

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• Swap and hibernation

  - by maaartinus

  I saw a lot of recommendations claiming that for hibernation the swap partition/file must be at least as large as the main memory. This makes no sense to me. Lets assume I have 8 GB of main memory and 8 GB swap area and want to hibernate: case 1: I'm using 4 GB of virtual memory - 8 GB of swap is unnecessarily large. case 2: I'm using 8 GB of virtual memory - 8 GB of swap is just right. case 3: I'm using 12 GB of virtual memory - 8 GB of swap is too small. The outcome is: A swap area of size equal to the memory size is sufficient for hibernate IFF it doesn't get used for swapping at all. So what is the reason behind the claim that you need at least as much swap area as main memory for hibernate to work? I know that virtual memory gets used for caching too, and that the cache may be simply discarded, but what happens to hibernation if a program allocates 12 GB of virtual memory (given the above memory and swap sizes)?

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• Swap not available on System Monitor

  - by Zaki

  I had a swap partition of 1GB (RAM 1GB, Ubuntu 12.04 lts). Now swap is not shown on System Monitor neither can I hibernate my pc (sudo pm-hibernate). blkid output: /dev/sda1: UUID="B8B4FBB1B4FB706C" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="2ea7d608-2d89-4e41-9436-d05cb3ce8871" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="3219d03a-67e4-454b-8ce7-a27831846e35" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda5: LABEL="Softwares" UUID="AC1CC3301CC2F47C" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda6: LABEL="Education" UUID="1E103E6C103E4B53" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda7: LABEL="Recreation" UUID="2CC8D181C8D149AA" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda8: LABEL="Miscellaneous" UUID="0274D6B174D6A727" TYPE="ntfs" /etc/fstab # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda6 during installation UUID=3219d03a-67e4-454b-8ce7-a27831846e35 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=2ea7d608-2d89-4e41-9436-d05cb3ce8871 none swap sw 0 0 free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 991 867 123 0 27 418 -/+ buffers/cache: 421 569 Swap: 0 0 0 cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9f369f36 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 31471334 15735636 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 31471616 33470447 999416 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 33472512 62539775 14533632 83 Linux /dev/sda4 62541045 312592769 125025862+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda5 62541108 125066024 31262458+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda6 125066088 187591004 31262458+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda7 187591068 250115984 31262458+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda8 250116048 312576704 31230328+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT swapon --all swapon: /dev/sda2: swapon failed: Invalid argument dmesg | grep -A 5 -B 5 -i swap [ 9.487404] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 131645 [ 9.487413] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 131330 [ 9.487418] EXT4-fs (sda3): 16 orphan inodes deleted [ 9.487420] EXT4-fs (sda3): recovery complete [ 9.578600] EXT4-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 20.580539] Swap area shorter than signature indicates [ 20.588363] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready [ 20.619443] udevd[330]: starting version 175 [ 20.649959] lp: driver loaded but no devices found [ 20.662972] [drm] Initialized drm 1.1.0 20060810 [ 20.675515] i915 0000:00:02.0: setting latency timer to 64 -- [ 72.288573] PM: thaw of drv:sr dev:3:0:0:0 complete after 178.143 msecs [ 72.288578] PM: thaw of drv:scsi_device dev:3:0:0:0 complete after 178.136 msecs [ 72.299677] PM: thaw of drv:scsi_device dev:2:0:0:0 complete after 189.270 msecs [ 72.309473] PM: thaw of devices complete after 202.763 msecs [ 72.309668] PM: writing image. [ 72.309670] PM: Cannot find swap device, try swapon -a. [ 72.309699] PM: Cannot get swap writer [ 72.329896] Restarting tasks ... done. [ 72.331777] PM: Basic memory bitmaps freed [ 72.331792] video LNXVIDEO:00: Restoring backlight state [ 72.420048] option1 ttyUSB0: option_instat_callback: error -84 [ 72.804047] option1 ttyUSB0: option_instat_callback: error -84 -- [ 145.960625] sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0 [ 145.972036] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 172.430508] PPP BSD Compression module registered [ 172.455583] PPP Deflate Compression module registered [ 332.260789] type=1400 audit(1381814763.342:27): apparmor="DENIED" operation="capable" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" capability=36 capname="block_suspend" [ 1913.030998] Swap area shorter than signature indicates [ 2022.530155] type=1400 audit(1381816453.610:28): apparmor="DENIED" operation="capable" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" capability=36 capname="block_suspend" [ 4062.729509] Swap area shorter than signature indicates Please help. Thanks in advance. df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 14G 6.1G 7.0G 47% / udev 488M 4.0K 488M 1% /dev tmpfs 199M 868K 198M 1% /run none 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock none 496M 224K 496M 1% /run/shm

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• SQL SERVER – How to Compare the Schema of Two Databases with Schema Compare

  - by Pinal Dave

  Earlier I wrote about An Efficiency Tool to Compare and Synchronize SQL Server Databases and it was very much well received. Since the blog post I have received quite a many question that just like data how we can also compare schema and synchronize it. If you think about comparing the schema manually, it is almost impossible to do so. Table Schema has been just one of the concept but if you really want the all the schema of the database (triggers, views, stored procedure and everything else) it is just impossible task. If you are developer or database administrator who works in the production environment than you know that there are so many different occasions when we have to compare schema of the database. Before deploying any changes to the production server, I personally like to make note of the every single schema change and document it so in case of any issue , I can always go back and refer my documentation. As discussed earlier it is absolutely impossible to do this task without the help of third party tools. I personally use Devart Schema Compare for this task. This is an extremely easy tool. Let us see how it works. First I have two different databases – a) AdventureWorks2012 and b) AdventureWorks2012-V1. There are total three changes between these databases. Here is the list of the same. One of the table has additional column One of the table have new index One of the stored procedure is changed Now let see how dbForge Schema Compare works in this scenario. First open dbForge Schema Compare studio. Click on New Schema Comparison. It will bring you to following screen where we have to configure the database needed to configure. I have selected AdventureWorks2012 and AdventureWorks-V1 databases. In the next screen we can verify various options but for this demonstration we will keep it as it is. We will not change anything in schema mapping screen as in our case it is not required but generically if you are comparing across schema you may need this. This is the most important screen as on this screen we select which kind of object we want to compare. You can see the options which are available to select. The screen lets you select the objects from SQL Server 2000 to SQL Server 2012. Once you click on compare in previous screen it will bring you to this screen, which will essentially display the comparative difference between two of the databases which we had selected in earlier screen. As mentioned above there are three different changes in the database and the same has been listed over here. Two of the changes belongs to the tables and one changes belong to the procedure. Let us click each of them one by one to see what is the difference between them. In very first option we can see that there is an additional column in another database which did not exist earlier. In this example we can see that AdventureWorks2012 database have an additional index. Following example is very interesting as in this case, we have changed the definition of the stored procedure and the result pan contains the same. dbForget Schema Compare very effectively identify the changes in schema and lists them neatly to developers. Here is one more screen. This software not only compares the schema but also provides the options to update or drop them as per the choice. I think this is brilliant option. Well, I have been using schema compare for quite a while and have found it very useful. Here are few of the things which dbForge Schema Compare can do for developers and DBAs. Compare and synchronize SQL Server database schemas Compare schemas of live database and SQL Server backup Generate comparison reports in Excel and HTML formats Eliminate mistakes in schema changes propagation across environments Track production database changes and customizations Automate migration of schema changes using command line interface I suggest that you try out dbForge Schema Compare and let me know what you think of this product. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQL Utility, T SQL

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• Is my computer slow due to lack of swap

  - by Kristian Jensen

  A few months ago, I installed Ubuntu 12.04 alongside with Windows 7 on my Asus EEE-PC 1015bx. It has a tendency of freezing and when trying to investigate I found that a swap partition of only 256 MB had been created. The Asus EEE-PC 1015bx is born with 1 GByte RAM only and it is not possible to add further or exchange the existing 1 GByte with a larger card. When looking at the system monitor, it looks like all swap is being utilized along with 70-75% of the RAM, even with very few applications running. Can the lack of much swap space be the reason for my computer running slowly and at times freezing? How can I add a swap partition? Or should I add a swap file instead? At the moment, I see two partitions when viewing the system monitor: one 28.6 GByte ext4 partition which must be the one containing Ubuntu and one 100 GByte fuseblk partition which I assume is the one holding Windows. It shows that I have 18.6 GByte free space on the ext4 partition. Can I "take a bite" from the ext4 partition and convert this into a swap partition? I was thinking something like 3 GBytes for swap considering my limited RAM. I hope that someone can guide me through. Thank you. 20th Oct 2012 - Further details Thank you for below answer which I find very useful. I am certainly considering switching to one of your suggested shells as I can see from the Internet that many have posted that these require much fewer resources than ubuntu. It seems to me that lubuntu is the perfect match for my very limited computer. I will have to wait a few days, though, as I am presently limited by a very slow and restricted Internet connection via satellite. But will lubuntu install as simply another shell replacing unity or will it replace ubuntu all together? Will the software that I have installed under ubuntu still be accessible in lubuntu? And can I return to ubuntu if required? Regarding the actual question of swap: When I run gparted, it shows me that there is one ntfs partition of 100 GBytes from where it boots and the before mentioned ext4 partition of 28.6 GBytes is not mentioned. Could it be that my ubuntu installation resides inside this 100 GBytes ntfs partiotion? And if so, can I take a bite of this for my swap partition? Realising that gparted is shown in Danish, I hope that you can make out what I mean. System monitoring shows below details: Once again I sincerely hope that you can help. Thank you.

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• Sharing swap space between Windows and Ubuntu

  - by Leftium

  This Linux Swap Space Mini-HOWTO describes how to share swap space between Windows and Linux. Do these instructions still apply to Ubuntu in 2011? How should I modify the steps for Ubuntu? Is there a better approach to sharing swap space? Based on the HOWTO, it seems best to create a dedicated NTFS swap partition: Dedicated so the swap file will be contiguous and remain unfragmented. NTFS so both Windows and Ubuntu can read/write to it. (Or is FAT32 better for this purpose?) Then, configure Ubuntu to prepare the swap space for use by Linux on start up; by Windows on shut down. I want to dual boot Ubuntu and Windows 7 on my X301 laptop. However, my laptop only has a 64 GB SDD, so I would like to conserve as much disk space as possible. update: There is an alternate method using a special driver for Windows that let you use a Linux swap partition for temporary storage like a RAM-disk, but it doesn't seem to be as good...

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• Swap is encrypted or not?

  - by Abhijit Navale

  I selected to encrypt home folder while install lubuntu 12.10 (64 bit) But after that 'sometimes' I get error that can not find /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 wait for mount or cancel at slpash screen. It then start the lubuntu without any problem. If i do sudo blkid | grep swap [sudo] password for abhijit: /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: UUID="fce3ef14-a9c6-45ac-81f5-18ff415851b0" TYPE="swap" That means swap is encrypted. But if i go to gparted it shows unknown partition with red exclamation mark for swap.

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• Swap Utilization: System Level Versus Individual Process

  - by Max

  On my top output, at header level, swap is showing 0k used. But on each individual process the SWAP is shown as a non-zero value (output column enabled with option p). What does this mean? Swap: 4870140k total, 0k used, 4870140k free, 571300k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ SWAP COMMAND 2448 max 20 0 323m 87m 27m S 0 4.4 1:23.31 236m chrome

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• Really weird situation with Swap that refuses to work

  - by Ghost

  So I decide to move my Swap partition to another HDD to make hibernation more fast, I create a partition with a liveUSB, do swapon, and then hibernate just disappears I go into the terminal, reactivate hibernate (so the button shows) for some reason the swap wasn't "on" so I do swapon again. Still not working. I go back to the terminal and edit the file with the UUID of the new swap partition. The partition shows as swap on gparted, it's on, the file has the right UUID, even the task manager shows a swap area of 10GB, and there is a hibernate button on the shutdown window. But it-wont-hibernate! What's going on?

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• Swap, Swapiness and Standby: swapping starts when waking up

  - by mdo

  I'm running running Ubuntu 12.04 on a Lenovo W500 (Core2Duo T9400, 4GB Ram) Current kernel: 3.2.0-32-generic #51-Ubuntu SMP Wed Sep 26 21:33:09 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux -- but the problems exists since a couple of months, surviving quite a few software (includig kernel) updates I regularly put my machine into suspend-to-ram (S3) and when the machine comes back up Ubuntu starts to swap out processes. I was able to observe that the used swap-space starts to grow right after the box returns. See munin graphs below, the gap (obviously) shows the timeframe in STR. Needless to say that the box becomes unusable while swapping, load goes up beyond 10. What I've done so far: lowered swappiness from default (60) to 10 (via /etc/sysctl.conf: vm.swappiness=10) -- this has improved the situation much, but sometimes the problem comes back, I have not found a trigger (like memory usage) for this for now lowered swappiness to 5 -- perhaps this has brought an improvement again Before going to STR the box ran stable without (swapping) problems for hours. Today when the issue showed up again I used this script (- http://stackoverflow.com/questions/479953/how-to-find-out-which-processes-are-swapping-in-linux) to find what processes have the most used swap space. The result after the swap orgy is like that (all PIDs with more than 10M usage): Overall swap used: 2121344 kB ======================================== kB pid name ======================================== 439520 17491 java 208148 22719 firefox 136640 4337 /usr/bin/quodli 120852 5271 chrome 81832 5264 chrome 74284 17003 chrome 65368 16960 chrome 57088 3675 chrome 56184 30923 chrome 54412 11331 chrome 54264 3878 chrome 51508 18382 chrome 50088 3163 zeitgeist-fts 49772 15543 chrome 41344 15355 compiz 35040 1161 mysqld 32124 18374 chrome 30940 11339 chrome 30044 5752 chrome 28780 4235 plugin-containe 24576 31246 empathy-chat 23840 17703 chrome 22512 3207 ubuntuone-syncd 21588 1937 ntop 18336 2021 asterisk 17200 3915 chrome 13964 1935 Xorg 12036 10679 chrome 11104 30782 empathy 11056 2889 python 10932 16565 knotify4 The java instance at the top is IntelliJ. IntelliJ, Firefox and Chrome also were all used right before the box was put to STR. So my question is: can I somehow prevent these swapouts AND why do they happen? Is it perhaps related to some misidentification of idle processes? I'm not looking for resolutions like: turn off swap buy more RAM Thanks in advance!

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• Swap partition not recognized (The disk drive with UUID=... is not ready yet or not present)

  - by ladaghini

  I think I had an encrypted swap partition, because I chose to encrypt my home directory during the installation. I believe that's what the line with /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 ... in my /etc/fstab is all about. I did something to bork my swap because on the next boot, I got a message (paraphrased): The disk drive for /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 is not ready yet or not present. Wait to continue. Press S to skip or M to manually recover. (As a side note, pressing S or M seemed to do nothing different from just waiting.) Here's what I've tried: This tutorial on how to fix the swap partition not mounting. However, in the above, the mkswap command fails because the device is busy. So I booted from a live USB, ran GParted to reformat the swap partition (which showed up as an unknown fs type), and chrooted into the broken system to try that tutorial again. I also adjusted /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume and /etc/fstab to reflect the new UUID generated from formatting the partition as a swap. That still didn't work; instead of /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 not present, "The disk drive with UUID=[swap partition's UUID] is not ready yet or not present..." So I decided to start afresh as though I never had created a swap partition in the first place. From the Live USB, I deleted the swap partition altogether (which, again showed up in GParted as an unknown fs type), removed the swap and cryptswap entries in /etc/fstab as well as removed /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume and /etc/crypttab. At this point the main system shouldn't be considered broken because there is no swap partition and no instructions to mount one, right? I didn't get any errors during startup. I followed the same instructions to create and encrypt the swap partition, starting with creating a partition for the swap, though I think fdisk said a reboot was necessary to see changes. I was confident the 3rd process above would work, but the problem yet persists. Some relevant info (/dev/sda8 is the swap partition): /etc/fstab file: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda6 during installation UUID=4c11e82c-5fe9-49d5-92d9-cdaa6865c991 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /boot was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=4031413e-e89f-49a9-b54c-e887286bb15e /boot ext4 defaults 0 2 # /home was on /dev/sda7 during installation UUID=d5bbfc6f-482a-464e-9f26-fd213230ae84 /home ext4 defaults 0 2 # swap was on /dev/sda8 during installation UUID=5da2c720-8787-4332-9317-7d96cf1e9b80 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0 output of sudo mount: /dev/sda6 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) /dev/sda5 on /boot type ext4 (rw) /dev/sda7 on /home type ext4 (rw) /home/undisclosed/.Private on /home/undisclosed type ecryptfs (ecryptfs_check_dev_ruid,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16,ecryptfs_unlink_sigs,ecryptfs_sig=cbae1771abd34009,ecryptfs_fnek_sig=7cefe2f59aab8e58) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/undisclosed/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=undisclosed) output of sudo blkid (note that /dev/sda8 is missing): /dev/sda1: LABEL="SYSTEM" UUID="960490E80490CC9D" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="D4043140043126C0" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda3: LABEL="Shared" UUID="80F613E1F613D5EE" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="4031413e-e89f-49a9-b54c-e887286bb15e" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda6: UUID="4c11e82c-5fe9-49d5-92d9-cdaa6865c991" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda7: UUID="d5bbfc6f-482a-464e-9f26-fd213230ae84" TYPE="ext4" /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: UUID="41fa147a-3e2c-4e61-b29b-3f240fffbba0" TYPE="swap" output of sudo fdisk -l: Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xdec3fed2 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 409599 203776 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 409600 210135039 104862720 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 210135040 415422463 102643712 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 415424510 625141759 104858625 5 Extended /dev/sda5 415424512 415922175 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda6 415924224 515921919 49998848 83 Linux /dev/sda7 515923968 621389823 52732928 83 Linux /dev/sda8 621391872 625141759 1874944 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: 1919 MB, 1919942656 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 233 cylinders, total 3749888 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xaf5321b5 /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resume file: RESUME=UUID=5da2c720-8787-4332-9317-7d96cf1e9b80 /etc/crypttab file: cryptswap1 /dev/sda8 /dev/urandom swap,cipher=aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 output of sudo swapon -as: Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 partition 1874940 0 -1 output of sudo free -m: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1476 1296 179 0 35 671 -/+ buffers/cache: 590 886 Swap: 1830 0 1830 So, how can this be fixed?

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• "Failed to create swap space" error during installation

  - by Welsh Heron

  I've been trying to install Ubuntu for the past two days or so, but I've been running into a problem: every time I run the installation program on the LiveCD, I always get the same (or a very similar) error: "Failed to create Swap space The creation of swap space in partition #3 of SCSI5 (0,0,0)(sda) failed." So far, I've run DBAN (Darik's Boot and Nuke) on my HDD once, to make absolutely sure that everything on it had been erased. Then, I simply put in the LiveCD, and let it run the automated install. I get the above error directly after I tell it to automatically partition the HDD (it will work for a second or so, then this will pop up), forcing me back to the screen that lets me choose whether I want to automatically or manually partition the HDD. Well, after failing to install the software manually, I did a little research and learned enough about partitioning Linux to use the 'Manual partitioning' option. I partitioned the HDD as follows (it's a 1TB drive): /home - (the rest)- ext2, / - 20GB - ext2, /boot - 100MB - ext2, /swap - 8GB /EFIboot - 40MB The only difference when I tried this method was that I got THIS message: "Failed to create Swap space The creation of swap space in partition #2 of SCSI5 (0,0,0)(sda) failed." Basically, the only difference was that there was now a '2' instead of a '3'. If I may ask, what exactly am I doing wrong? I've tried looking around the internet (that's basically all I've done for the last two days), but no one seems to have the same problem that I have, and I've tried most of the solutions for similar problems (DBAN, formatting partitions in ext2 format, etc). The only thing I haven't tried is using the terminal to manually partition the HDD...and I actually DID try to do this, but I wasn't able to get past 'su' 's password demand, so I wasn't able to use the terminal. Thank you for your help in advance. ~Welsh

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• Swap on Ubuntu: No primary partition

  - by 3l4ng

  I am running Ubuntu 13.10 64bit on a system with 4GB RAM, dual booting with Windows Most people say that it is good to have swap on a system, and results in speed, so I used it with my previous Ubuntu installations. In my new HDD, I use 3 primary partitions: 1 for Windows OS, 1 for Ubuntu and 1 for data. The windows system also took up one primary partition for system, and I have only 4 MBR slots. Effectively I have no primary partition for SWAP. I do not know it happened earlier, but back then I had a partition for swap as well My CURRENT disk partitioning looks like this: http://imgur.com/YMTr879 How can I create swap in my current setup?

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• Swap is not copied back into physical memory

  - by GradGuy

  I have a question regarding swap and physical memory. Often times I run a program that requires a lot of memory and as a result I can see some of the data is copied from the physical memory into swap. However, once the program is terminated, and the physical memory is freed I can still see a considerable amount of data on swap which significantly slows down the system and is annoying! What is the reason behind this and how does the OS decide which part of data should go to swap? How long is this data supposed to be there and how is it "freed"?

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• Activate swap by default

  - by San

  I installed Ubuntu 11.04 Natty and I set a partition for swap about 900 MB. Afterthat, I installed Kubuntu 12.10 Quantal, repartitioned my hard disk so I had 2048 MB swap (replaced 900 MB swap partition). I ran Kubuntu, and it's ok. But after I ran Ubuntu 11.04 Natty, It didn't use that swap. But I can activate it with Gparted. Some additional information. When I installed Kubuntu Quantal. I make 256 MB partition (ext4 mount point in /boot) which replaced previous 256 MB partition (ext4 mount point in /boot) that I created when I installed Natty. Something wrong with my configuration?.

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• Issue with increasing the root partition from the swap

  - by user211761

  I have an issue with increase the size of my root partition. I have ElementaryOS Luna, and while installing it asked me how much space I want to use. I choosed 15 GB for it, because I want to use this as an alternative system. The issue is that after the installation was complete, I found out that my root partition is only 7 GB big, and SWAP is 8 GB which is useless cuz I have 8 GB of RAM. Now I want to shrink the swap and increase the size of my root partition, so I booted the LiveCD and used GParted. I shrinked the swap without any problems, but now I cant add that free space to any partition. I also turned Swap off. I would add a picture, but I need at least 10 reputation to post images ( Stupid ) Its also worth mentioning that in Gparted its showing my partition in a different way. I would post an image BUT I CANT, so I need to write it down. Its something like this [Pointing arrow down] /dev/sda4 Extended /dev/sda5 ntfs /dev/sda6 ext4 (Which is my main partition) /dev/sda7 linux-swap unallocated Picture:

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• What is the safest way to remove a swap partition?

  - by user212062

  I am running Ubuntu 12.04 on a 64-bit HP laptop with a 16 GB flash drive. I do not have a working hard drive right now. When I installed Ubuntu, I created a 2 GB swap partition on sdb1. I have since learned that swap partitions are generally a bad idea on flash drives, so I would like to use my swap space for my other partitions. You can see my partition scheme in the link below. I have read that I just have to comment sdb1 out of the fstab file, boot from a GParted live CD, select swapoff for sdb1, delete/merge with other partition, and everything's good. But, I've also read that messing with sdb1 can change the UUID of sdb2 or sdb3 and cause problems. Is this true? Does initramfs use swap at all? Also, when I get Ubuntu running on my laptop with an internal hard drive, does the swap partition help that much? I have 6 GB of DDR3. Does the rule of 1.5xActual RAM still apply? It seems like quite a bit to me. Thanks for the help! UPDATE: I have removed swap. The process I followed is: Right click swap partition in GParted and selected swapoff. Used # to comment the swap partition out of fstab. I tried to boot from a live GParted CD, but I kept getting an error, so I ran GParted in Ubuntu. Deleted swap partition in GParted. Unmounted /windows. Expanded /windows to take the remaining space. Mounted /windows. The / and /windows partitions each kept their own names and UUIDs, and everything is running fine. I have never seen any swap space being used before, and I don't intend to use the hibernate function, so I think removing swap was a good idea.

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• Swap drive not operating correctly

  - by Blue Ice

  At first, I started seeing the warning signs. The halting pages. The molasses speed of the windows closing. The pictures not rendering. Then, I took action. Recently I added a swap drive to my computer. For a while, everything was good. Unicorns frolicked among the new bits and bytes resplendent on the shiny metal platter known as my swap drive. Today, I opened Chromium, and got on the 7th tab (start.csail.mit.edu) "He's dead, Jim!". This used to happen before I added my swap drive, but now I thought that it wouldn't happen because I added more memory. I fear for the safety of the unicorns. Please help me make my swap drive work again. As a side note, here is the result of cat /proc/swaps: Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda5 partition 39075836 213896 -1 Result of free: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 507472 330792 176680 0 6208 71252 -/+ buffers/cache: 253332 254140 Result of df -h: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sdb1 147G 8.9G 130G 7% / none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup udev 240M 12K 240M 1% /dev tmpfs 50M 824K 49M 2% /run none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock none 248M 208K 248M 1% /run/shm none 100M 20K 100M 1% /run/user

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• Hibernation to a swap file 12.04, fragfile output

  - by MrHug10

  I've been trying for some time now, to get hibernation working in Ubuntu 12.04 on my Dell XPS17. I dualboot Windows 7 and Ubuntu, each having their own partition and one shared partition for all my data and documents. As I would like to be able to swtich from ubuntu to windows without losing all the things I was currently doing in Ubuntu, I would like to be able to use hibernation. In order to achieve this I've followed the information at http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1042946. Only instead of creating my swap file on my linux partition (which is formatted: ext4), I've chosen to create one on my shared partition (which is formatted: ntfs). There is a problem with this though (at least, that's what I think the problem is), because when I call: sudo filefrag -v /media/data/Ubuntu_Swap_Space/6GiB.swap, I get the following output: Filesystem type is: 65735546 File size of /media/Data/Ubuntu_Swap_Space/6GiB.swap is 6442450944 (1572864 blocks, blocksize 4096) Discontinuity: Block 22 is at 25829097 (was 232498) /media/Data/Ubuntu_Swap_Space/6GiB.swap: 2 extents found So I'm not sure what I need to fill in as an offset to follow the rest of the earlier mentioned information. I've tried both the location of block 22 and the number that is listed after that, but when I then try sudo pm-hibernate nothing happens and this shows up in my /var/log/pm-suspend.log s2disk: Could not use the resume device (try swapon -a). Reason: No such device Hope someone can help me out with this! If you need more information about anything, please let me know!

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• GNU/Linux swapping blocks system

  - by Ole Tange

  I have used GNU/Linux on systems from 4 MB RAM to 512 GB RAM. When they start swapping, most of the time you can still log in and kill off the offending process - you just have to be 100-1000 times more patient. On my new 32 GB system that has changed: It blocks when it starts swapping. Sometimes with full disk activity but other times with no disk activity. To examine what might be the issue I have written this program. The idea is: 1 grab 3% of the memory free right now 2 if that caused swap to increase: stop 3 keep the chunk used for 30 seconds by forking off 4 goto 1 - #!/usr/bin/perl sub freekb { my $free = `free|grep buffers/cache`; my @a=split / +/,$free; return $a[3]; } sub swapkb { my $swap = `free|grep Swap:`; my @a=split / +/,$swap; return $a[2]; } my $swap = swapkb(); my $lastswap = $swap; my $free; while($lastswap >= $swap) { print "$swap $free"; $lastswap = $swap; $swap = swapkb(); $free = freekb(); my $used_mem = "x"x(1024 * $free * 0.03); if(not fork()) { sleep 30; exit(); } } print "Swap increased $swap $lastswap\n"; Running the program forever ought to keep the system at the limit of swapping, but only grabbing a minimal amount of swap and do that very slowly (i.e. a few MB at a time at most). If I run: forever free | stdbuf -o0 timestamp > freelog I ought to see swap slowly rising every second. (forever and timestamp from https://github.com/ole-tange/tangetools). But that is not the behaviour I see: I see swap increasing in jumps and that the system is completely blocked during these jumps. Here the system is blocked for 30 seconds with the swap usage increases with 1 GB: secs 169.527 Swap: 18440184 154184 18286000 170.531 Swap: 18440184 154184 18286000 200.630 Swap: 18440184 1134240 17305944 210.259 Swap: 18440184 1076228 17363956 Blocked: 21 secs. Swap increase 2400 MB: 307.773 Swap: 18440184 581324 17858860 308.799 Swap: 18440184 597676 17842508 330.103 Swap: 18440184 2503020 15937164 331.106 Swap: 18440184 2502936 15937248 Blocked: 20 secs. Swap increase 2200 MB: 751.283 Swap: 18440184 885288 17554896 752.286 Swap: 18440184 911676 17528508 772.331 Swap: 18440184 3193532 15246652 773.333 Swap: 18440184 1404540 17035644 Blocked: 37 secs. Swap increase 2400 MB: 904.068 Swap: 18440184 613108 17827076 905.072 Swap: 18440184 610368 17829816 942.424 Swap: 18440184 3014668 15425516 942.610 Swap: 18440184 2073580 16366604 This is bad enough, but what is even worse is that the system sometimes stops responding at all - even if I wait for hours. I have the feeling it is related to the swapping issue, but I cannot tell for sure. My first idea was to tweak /proc/sys/vm/swappiness from 60 to 0 or 100, just to see if that had any effect at all. 0 did not have an effect, but 100 did cause the problem to arise less often. How can I prevent the system from blocking for such a long time? Why does it decide to swapout 1-3 GB when less than 10 MB would suffice?

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• adding swap volume

  - by Gaurav

  I have recently installed ubuntu 12.04 alongside my windows 7. But i did not created swap volume for ubuntu. There are already 4 partitions on my hard drive ( one windows 7 , one system tools ( windows 7), one for ubuntu and one for common media storage(ntfs)). Therefore Gparted didn't allow me to create any further partition for swap volume.All it said to create an extended partition, but i do not know to do this. I want to create a swap volume out of common media storage. How can i accomplish this? And I'm completely new at Ubuntu , so can you suggest some good getting started tutorial for it?

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• How do I calculate a SWAP partition?

  - by Dean Howell

  Since the late 90s I've always understood that it is best practice to allocate twice the amount of physical RAM as swap space. I just received my new laptop in the mail and it came with 6GB of RAM. In a separate order I had 16GB of RAM to replace the preinstalled. I didn't have the right torx driver to get to the RAM in this machine, so I installed Ubuntu and manually set a 16GB partition for swap. 32GB seemed a tad excessive... Did I make the right choice? Would my machine perform better if there was no SWAP at all?

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• sizes of RAM, of virtual memory and of swap for 32-bit OS

  - by Tim

  If I understand correctly, a 32-bit OS (Ubuntu) can only address 4GiB memory, so RAM with size larger than 4Gib will only be used 4Gib of itself and the rest is a waste. I am now confused about this situation for RAM with similar one for virtual memory and for swap. with virtual memory being swap + RAM, if the size of the virtual memory exceeds 4Gib, will the exceeding part be a waste for the 32-bit OS? if I now have to choose the size for my swap partition, is it a factor to consider that the 32-bit OS can only address 4GiB memory? Does the size of swap have to be chosen with respect to the 4Gib addressible limitation? Will the swap exceeding 4GiB always be a waste? is virtual memory equal to RAM and swap? or can virtual memory use space on the hard drive outside the swap partition? Thanks and regards!

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• PowerShell & SQL Compare

  - by Grant Fritchey

  Just a quick blog post to share a couple of scripts for using PowerShell to call SQL Compare. This is an example from my session at SQL in the City on setting up a sandbox development process. This just runs a compare between a set of scripts and a database and deploys it. set-Location “c:\Program Files (x86)\Red Gate\SQL Compare 10\”; ./sqlcompare /s2:DOJO /db2:MovieManagement_Sandbox /sourcecontrol1 /vu1:grant /vp1:12345 /r1:HEAD /sfx:scripts.xml /sync /mfx:migrations.xml /verbose; I would not recommend using the /verbose output for real automation, but I’m showing off how the tool works. This particular script does a compare straight from source control to a database on my server. You can use variables where I’ve hard coded. That’s it. Works great. Just wanted to share it out there. I have others that I’ll track down and put up here.  

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