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• What is "umask" and how does it work?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I believe that umask is something that controls file permissions, but do not fully understand it. After running umask 0644 in a terminal, I cannot read the files I create with the command-line text editor nano. I noticed that the permissions of that file are set to 0022 instead of the default 0755. How does umask work? I thought I could just remove the each digit in the umask from 0777, 7 - 6 = 1 and 7 - 4 = 3, so I expect the permissions to be 0133, but apparently, this is not the case. What is umask exactly? Explain it to me like I was a "Linux noob" How do I calculate with umask? What are use cases for umask?

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• How can I disable Hibernate completely?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I have seen the answer on How to disable hibernating?, but I have no such file. Possibly because that suggestion was written for Ubuntu, not Kubuntu (KDE, not Gnome). I do not have a swap on my encrypted SSD, my system freezes (cannot even change Caps Lock) if I accidentally press the "Hibernate" button at "Energy management". My keyboard has a Hibernate button (Fn + F4) next to the volume control buttons and every time I press the wrong key, the system will freeze after. So, what is the correct way to disable it? If there is no solution, a work-around is welcome too.

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• How to create a restricted SSH user for port forwarding?

  - by Lekensteyn

  ændrük suggested a reverse connection for getting an easy SSH connection with someone else (for remote help). For that to work, an additional user is needed to accept the connection. This user needs to be able to forward his port through the server (the server acts as proxy). How do I create a restricted user that can do nothing more than the above described? The new user must not be able to: execute shell commands access files or upload files to the server use the server as proxy (e.g. webproxy) access local services which were otherwise not publicly accessible due to a firewall kill the server Summarized, how do I create a restricted SSH user which is only able to connect to the SSH server without privileges, so I can connect through that connection with his computer?

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• Sound notification over SSH

  - by Lekensteyn

  I just switched from the Konversation IRC client to the terminal based IRSSI. I'm starting IRSSI on a remote machine using GNU screen + SSH. I do not get any sound notification on new messages, which means that I've to check out IRSSI once in a while for new messages. That's not really productive, so I'm looking for an application / script that plays a sound (preferably /usr/share/sounds/KDE-Im-Irc-Event.ogg and not the annoying beep) on my machine if there is any activity. It would be great if I can disable the notification for certain channels. Or, if that's not possible, some sort of notification via libnotify, thus making it available to GNOME and KDE.

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• How to create a restricted SSH user for port forwarding?

  - by Lekensteyn

  ændrük suggested a reverse connection for getting an easy SSH connection with someone else (for remote help). For that to work, an additional user is needed to accept the connection. This user needs to be able to forward his port through the server (the server acts as proxy). How do I create a restricted user that can do nothing more than the above described? The new user must not be able to: execute shell commands access files or upload files to the server use the server as proxy (e.g. webproxy) access local services which were otherwise not publicly accessible due to a firewall kill the server Summarized, how do I create a restricted SSH user which is only able to connect to the SSH server without privileges, so I can connect through that connection with his computer?

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• How do I crop a video clip?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've recorded a video using recordmydesktop, but have unfortunately chosen for capturing the whole screen (1600*896) instead of a small part with geometric 900*690. How do I crop this video? Preferably in the editor I'm using, Kdenlive, to minimize quality loss. I've tried the Crop, Pan & Zoom and Scale0tilt effects, modifying the pixel ratio, movie size inside project settings options without success. A step-by-step guide would be preferred or at least some hints.

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• How can an application (like Firefox) be forced to use a certain network interface?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've two interfaces: eth0 and wlan0 on a notebook. Possible use cases: eth0 grants me Internet access, and wlan0 is currently connected to a router which does not have Internet-connectivity. For development purposes, I need to connect to the wlan0 by default, but use eth0 for surfing eth0 and wlan0 are both connected to the Internet. For a torrent application, eth0 should be used for speed, but for portability of the notebook, SSH should have a connection over wlan0 eth0 is a wire connection, wlan0 is a wireless one. Sensible data should be transferred over eth0, but other traffic can go over wlan0 as well. Is there a way to force applications (like nc.traditional or firefox) to use a certain network interface? A wrapper like example-wrapper eth0 program is fine too if such program exist. It would be nice if it could configured within Firefox (in runtime). I'd like to avoid IPTables solutions if possible.

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• Is there an apt command to download a deb file to the current directory?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I am often interested in the installation triggers (postinst, postrm) or certain parts (/usr/share or /etc) of packages. Currently, I am running the next command to retrieve the source code: apt-get source [package-name] The downside is, this file is often much bigger than the binary package and does not reflect the installation tree. Right now, I am downloading the packages through http://packages.ubuntu.com/: Search for [package-name] Select the package Click on amd64/i386 for download Download the actual file This takes too long for me and as someone who really likes the shell, I would like to do something like the next (imaginary) command: apt-get get-deb-file [package-name] I could not find something like this in the apt-get manual page. The most close I found was the --download-only switch, but this puts the package in /var/cache/apt/archives (which requires root permissions) and not in the current directory.

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• What is the recommended way to empty a SSD?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've just received my new SSD since the old one died. This Intel 320 SSD supports TRIM. For testing purposes, my dealer put malware, err, Windows on it. I want to get rid of it and install Kubuntu on it. It does not have to be a "secure wipe", I just need the empty the disk in the mosy healthy way. I believe that dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda just fills the blocks with zeroes and thereby taking another write (correct me if I'm wrong). I've seen the answer How to enable TRIM, but it looks like it's suited for clearing empty blocks, not wiping the disk. hdparm seems to be the program to do it, but I'm not sure if it clears the disk OR cleans empty blocks. From its manual page: --trim-sector-ranges For Solid State Drives (SSDs). EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!! Tells the drive firmware to discard unneeded data sectors, destroying any data that may have been present within them. This makes those sectors available for immediate use by the firmware's garbage collection mechanism, to improve scheduling for wear-leveling of the flash media. This option expects one or more sector range pairs immediately after the option: an LBA starting address, a colon, and a sector count, with no intervening spaces. EXCEPTIONALLY DANGEROUS. DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!! E.g. hdparm --trim-sector-ranges 1000:4 7894:16 /dev/sdz How can I make all blocks appear as empty using TRIM?

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• How can an application (like Firefox) be forced to use a certain network interface?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've two interfaces: eth0 and wlan0 on a notebook. Possible use cases: eth0 grants me Internet access, and wlan0 is currently connected to a router which does not have Internet-connectivity. For development purposes, I need to connect to the wlan0 by default, but use eth0 for surfing eth0 and wlan0 are both connected to the Internet. For a torrent application, eth0 should be used for speed, but for portability of the notebook, SSH should have a connection over wlan0 eth0 is a wire connection, wlan0 is a wireless one. Sensible data should be transferred over eth0, but other traffic can go over wlan0 as well. Is there a way to force applications (like nc.traditional or firefox) to use a certain network interface? A wrapper like example-wrapper eth0 program is fine too if such program exist. It would be nice if it could configured within Firefox (in runtime). I'd like to avoid IPTables solutions if possible.

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• Is there an apt command to download a deb file from the repositories to the current directory?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I am often interested in the installation triggers (postinst, postrm) or certain parts of packages (like /usr/share and /etc). Currently, I am running the next command to retrieve the source code: apt-get source [package-name] The downside is, this file is often much bigger than the binary package and does not reflect the installation tree. Right now, I am downloading the packages through http://packages.ubuntu.com/: Search for [package-name] Select the package Click on amd64/i386 for download Download the actual file This takes too long for me and as someone who really likes the shell, I would like to do something like the next (imaginary) command: apt-get get-deb-file [package-name] I could not find something like this in the apt-get manual page. The most close I found was the --download-only switch, but this puts the package in /var/cache/apt/archives (which requires root permissions) and not in the current directory.

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• How do I configure OpenVPN for accessing the internet with one NIC?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've been trying to get OpenVPN to work for three days. After reading many questions, the HOWTO, the FAQ and even parts of a guide to Linux networking, I cannot get my an Internet connection to the Internet. I'm trying to set up a OpenVPN server on a VPS, which will be used for: secure access to the Internet bypassing port restrictions (directadmin/2222 for example) an IPv6 connection (my client does only have IPv4 connectivity, while the VPS has both IPv4 and native IPv6 connectivity) (if possible) I can connect to my server and access the machine (HTTP), but Internet connectivity fails completely. I'm using ping 8.8.8.8 for testing whether my connection works or not. Using tcpdump and iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j LOG, I can confirm that the packets reach my server. If I ping to 8.8.8.8 on the VPS, I get an echo-reply from 8.8.8.8 as expected. When pinging from the client, I do not get an echo-reply. The VPS has only one NIC: etho. It runs on Xen. Summary: I want to have a secure connection between my laptop and the Internet using OpenVPN. If that works, I want to have IPv6 connectivity as well. Network setup and software: Home laptop (eth0: 192.168.2.10) (tap0: 10.8.0.2) | | (running Kubuntu 10.10; OpenVPN 2.1.0-3ubuntu1) | wifi | router/gateway (gateway 192.168.2.1) | INTERNET | VPS (eth0:1.2.3.4) (gateway, tap0: 10.8.0.1) (running Debian 6; OpenVPN 2.1.3-2) wifi and my home router should not cause problems since all traffic goes encrypted over UDP port 1194. I've turned IP forwarding on: # echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables has been configured to allow forwarding traffic as well: iptables -F FORWARD iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -j DROP I've tried each of these rules separately without luck (flushing the chains before executing): iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to 1.2.3.4 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE route -n before (server): 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 route -n after (server): 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.8.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 0.0.0.0 1.2.3.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 route -n before (client): 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 2 0 0 wlan0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 route -n after (client): 1.2.3.4 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 wlan0 10.8.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 2 0 0 wlan0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 10.8.0.1 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0 128.0.0.0 10.8.0.1 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tap0 0.0.0.0 192.168.2.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 SERVER config proto udp dev tap ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 push "redirect-gateway def1" ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt keepalive 10 120 tls-auth ta.key 0 comp-lzo user nobody group nobody persist-key persist-tun log-append openvpn-log verb 3 mute 10 CLIENT config dev tap proto udp remote 1.2.3.4 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server tls-auth ta.key 1 comp-lzo verb 3 mute 20 traceroute 8.8.8.8 works as expected (similar output without OpenVPN activated): 1 10.8.0.1 (10.8.0.1) 24.276 ms 26.891 ms 29.454 ms 2 gw03.sbp.directvps.nl (178.21.112.1) 31.161 ms 31.890 ms 34.458 ms 3 ge0-v0652.cr0.nik-ams.nl.as8312.net (195.210.57.105) 35.353 ms 36.874 ms 38.403 ms 4 ge0-v3900.cr0.nik-ams.nl.as8312.net (195.210.57.53) 41.311 ms 41.561 ms 43.006 ms 5 * * * 6 209.85.248.88 (209.85.248.88) 147.061 ms 36.931 ms 28.063 ms 7 216.239.49.36 (216.239.49.36) 31.109 ms 33.292 ms 216.239.49.28 (216.239.49.28) 64.723 ms 8 209.85.255.130 (209.85.255.130) 49.350 ms 209.85.255.126 (209.85.255.126) 49.619 ms 209.85.255.122 (209.85.255.122) 52.416 ms 9 google-public-dns-a.google.com (8.8.8.8) 41.266 ms 44.054 ms 44.730 ms If you have any suggestions, please comment or answer. Thanks in advance.

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• How do I insert a newline within a long formula using OpenOffice.org Math?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've the following formula: (x^6+x^4+x^2+x+1)(x^7+x+1) = x^13+x^11+x^9+x^8+x^7+ x^7+x^5+x^3+x^3+x^2+x+ x^6+x^4+x^2+x+1 = x^13+x^11+x^9+x^8+2x^7+x^6+x^5+x^4+2x^3+2x^2+2x+1 Putting this in OpenOffice.org Math causes every line be concatenated, which I want to avoid. I've already tried putting newline between the lines, but it adds a strange question mark in the formula. Using matrices did not work for me either. I want to achieve a nicely formatted formula like this one (taken from FIPS 197 pdf):

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• How do I change the search engine used by about:home?

  - by Lekensteyn

  Firefox 4's default home page provides a search engine with some snippets below. Is there any way to customize the search engine used through about:config or some other configuration file? localStorage["search-engine"] sometimes gets reset, possibly after a FF update. I would like to avoid creating a greasemonkey script that scripts on about:home. If an extension exist to fulfill the task, I'd be happy too. I'm using Firefox from Kubuntu 11.04 for that matters.

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• How do I rewrite *.example.com to www.example.com?

  - by Lekensteyn

  In my network, I've some Ubuntu machines which need to download files from nl.archive.ubuntu.com. Since it's quite a waste of time to download everything multiple times, I've setup a squid proxy for caching the data. Another use for this proxy was rewriting requests for archive.ubuntu.com or *.archive.ubuntu.com to nl.archive.ubuntu.com because this mirror is faster than the US mirrors. This has worked quite well, but after a recent install of my caching machine, the configuration was lost. I remember having a separate perl program for handling this rewrite. How do I setup such a squid proxy which rewrites the host *.example.com to www.example.com and cache the result of the latter?

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• How can I make IPv6 on OpenVPN work using a tap device?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've managed to setup OpenVPN for full IPv4 connectivity using tap0. Now I want to do the same for IPv6. Addresses and network setup (note that my real prefix is replaced by 2001:db8): 2001:db8::100:0:0/96 my assigned IPv6 range 2001:db8::100:abc:0/112 OpenVPN IPv6 range 2001:db8::100:abc:1 tap0 server side (set as gateway on client) 2001:db8::100:abc:2 tap0 client side 2001:db8::1:2:3:4 gateway for server Home laptop (tap0: 2001:db8::100:abc:2/112 gateway 2001:db8::100:abc:1/112) | | | (running Kubuntu 10.10; OpenVPN 2.1.0-3ubuntu1) | wifi | | router | | OpenVPN INTERNET | eth0 | /tap0 VPS (eth0:2001:db8::1:2:3:4/64 gateway 2001:db8::1) (tap0: 2001:db8::100:abc:1/112) (running Debian 6; OpenVPN 2.1.3-2) The server has both native IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity, the client has only IPv4. I can ping6 to and from my server over OpenVPN, but not to other machines (for example, ipv6.google.com). Using tcpdump on both the server and client, I can see that packets are actually transferred over tap0 to eth0. The router (2001:db8::1) send a neighbor solicitation for the client (2001:db8::100:abc:2) to eth0 after it receives the ICMP6 echo-request. The server does not respond to that solicitation, which causes the ICMP6 echo-request not be routed to the destination. How can I make this IPv6 connection work?

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• How can I setup OpenVPN with IPv4 and IPv6 using a tap device?

  - by Lekensteyn

  I've managed to setup OpenVPN for full IPv4 connectivity using tap0. Now I want to do the same for IPv6. Addresses and network setup (note that my real prefix is replaced by 2001:db8): 2001:db8::100:0:0/96 my assigned IPv6 range 2001:db8::100:abc:0/112 OpenVPN IPv6 range 2001:db8::100:abc:1 tap0 (on server) (set as gateway on client) 2001:db8::100:abc:2 tap0 (on client) 2001:db8::1:2:3:4 gateway for server Home laptop (tap0: 2001:db8::100:abc:2/112 gateway 2001:db8::100:abc:1/112) | | | (running Kubuntu 10.10; OpenVPN 2.1.0-3ubuntu1) | wifi | | router | | OpenVPN INTERNET | eth0 | /tap0 VPS (eth0:2001:db8::1:2:3:4/64 gateway 2001:db8::1) (tap0: 2001:db8::100:abc:1/112) (running Debian 6; OpenVPN 2.1.3-2) The server has both native IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity, the client has only IPv4. I can ping6 to and from my server over OpenVPN, but not to other machines (for example, ipv6.google.com). net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding is set to 1, I've tried disabling net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra as well, without luck. Using tcpdump on both the server and client, I can see that packets are actually transferred over tap0 to eth0. The router (2001:db8::1) send a neighbor solicitation for the client (2001:db8::100:abc:2) to eth0 after it receives the ICMP6 echo-request. The server does not respond to that solicitation, which causes the ICMP6 echo-request not be routed to the destination. How can I make this IPv6 connection work?

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• Changes made to cli's php.ini not taking effect

  - by Sandeepan Nath

  I have two php.ini files - /etc/php.ini which loads in case of cli /opt/lampp/etc/php.ini which loads in case of browser. I am able to use PHP's Mailparse extension after adding the line extension=mailparse.so in the /opt/lampp/etc/php.ini and restarting lampp. But I am not able to load the same in case of command line - getting PHP Fatal error: Call to undefined function mailparse_msg_create() in ... mailparse_msg_create() is a part of the Mailparse extension. I tried by relogging with the user after making the change and even restarting the system. What needs to be done so that the change takes effect. Update I checked that php -i | grep 'Configuration File' gives PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so' - /usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory in Unknown on line 0 Configuration File (php.ini) Path => /etc Loaded Configuration File => /etc/php.ini Update 2 I copied the mailparse.so from /opt/lampp/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626 and put it in /usr/lib/php/modules. I added extension=mailparse.so to /etc/php.ini as well. But it still showed this warning PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library ... As told by Lekensteyn, I did ldd /usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so and got ldd: warning: you do not have execution permission for /usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so' So I gave execute permission. Then ldd /usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so showed linux-gate.so.1 => (0x00110000) libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x0011d000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x003aa000) which looks normal. BUt now, running php command says PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so' - /usr/lib/php/modules/mailparse.so: undefined symbol: mbfl_name2no_encoding in Unknown on line 0

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