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• Duplication in parallel inheritance hierarchies

  - by flamingpenguin

  Using an OO language with static typing (like Java), what are good ways to represent the following model invariant without large amounts of duplication. I have two (actually multiple) flavours of the same structure. Each flavour requires its own (unique to that flavour data) on each of the objects within that structure as well as some shared data. But within each instance of the aggregation only objects of one (the same) flavour are allowed. FooContainer can contain FooSources and FooDestinations and associations between the "Foo" objects BarContainer can contain BarSources and BarDestinations and associations between the "Bar" objects interface Container() { List<? extends Source> sources(); List<? extends Destination> destinations(); List<? extends Associations> associations(); } interface FooContainer() extends Container { List<? extends FooSource> sources(); List<? extends FooDestination> destinations(); List<? extends FooAssociations> associations(); } interface BarContainer() extends Container { List<? extends BarSource> sources(); List<? extends BarDestination> destinations(); List<? extends BarAssociations> associations(); } interface Source { String getSourceDetail1(); } interface FooSource extends Source { String getSourceDetail2(); } interface BarSource extends Source { String getSourceDetail3(); } interface Destination { String getDestinationDetail1(); } interface FooDestination extends Destination { String getDestinationDetail2(); } interface BarDestination extends Destination { String getDestinationDetail3(); } interface Association { Source getSource(); Destination getDestination(); } interface FooAssociation extends Association { FooSource getSource(); FooDestination getDestination(); String getFooAssociationDetail(); } interface BarAssociation extends Association { BarSource getSource(); BarDestination getDestination(); String getBarAssociationDetail(); }

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• How can the DataView object reference not be set?

  - by dboarman-FissureStudios

  I have the following sample where the SourceData class would represent a DataView resulting from an Sql query: class MainClass { private static SourceData Source; private static DataView View; private static DataView Destination; public static void Main (string[] args) { Source = new SourceData(); View = new DataView(Source.Table); Destination = new DataView(); Source.AddRowData("Table1", 100); Source.AddRowData("Table2", 1500); Source.AddRowData("Table3", 1300324); Source.AddRowData("Table4", 1122494); Source.AddRowData("Table5", 132545); Console.WriteLine(String.Format("Data View Records: {0}", View.Count)); foreach(DataRowView drvRow in View) { Console.WriteLine(String.Format("Source {0} has {1} records.", drvRow["table"], drvRow["records"])); DataRowView newRow = Destination.AddNew(); newRow["table"] = drvRow["table"]; newRow["records"] = drvRow["records"]; } Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine(String.Format("Destination View Records: {0}", Destination.Count)); foreach(DataRowView drvRow in Destination) { Console.WriteLine(String.Format("Destination {0} has {1} records.", drvRow["table"], drvRow["records"])); } } } class SourceData { public DataTable Table { get{return dataTable;} } private DataTable dataTable; public SourceData() { dataTable = new DataTable("TestTable"); dataTable.Columns.Add("table", typeof(string)); dataTable.Columns.Add("records", typeof(int)); } public void AddRowData(string tableName, int tableRows) { dataTable.Rows.Add(tableName, tableRows); } } My output is: Data View Records: 5 Source Table1 has 100 records. Unhandled Exception: System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an object at System.Data.DataView.AddNew () [0x0003e] in /usr/src/packages/BUILD/mono-2.4.2.3 /mcs/class/System.Data/System.Data/DataView.cs:344 at DataViewTest.MainClass.Main (System.String[] args) [0x000e8] in /home/david/Projects/DataViewTest/SourceData.cs:29 I did some reading here: DataView:AddNew Method... ...and it would appear that I am doing this the right way. How come I am getting the Object reference not set?

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• Backtracking infinite loop

  - by Greenhorn

  This is Exercise 28.1.2 from HtDP. I've successfully implemented the neighbors function and all test cases pass. (define Graph (list (list 'A (list 'B 'E)) (list 'B (list 'E 'F)) (list 'C (list 'D)) (list 'D empty) (list 'E (list 'C 'F)) (list 'F (list 'D 'G)) (list 'G empty))) (define (first-line n alist) (cond [(symbol=? (first alist) n) alist] [else empty])) ;; returns empty if node is not in graph (define (neighbors n g) (cond [(empty? g) empty] [(cons? (first g)) (cond [(symbol=? (first (first g)) n) (first-line n (first g))] [else (neighbors n (rest g))])])) ; test cases (equal? (neighbors 'A Graph) (list 'A (list 'B 'E))) (equal? (neighbors 'B Graph) (list 'B (list 'E 'F))) (equal? (neighbors 'C Graph) (list 'C (list 'D))) (equal? (neighbors 'D Graph) (list 'D empty)) (equal? (neighbors 'E Graph) (list 'E (list 'C 'F))) (equal? (neighbors 'F Graph) (list 'F (list 'D 'G))) (equal? (neighbors 'G Graph) (list 'G empty)) (equal? (neighbors 'H Graph) empty) The problem comes when I copy-paste the code from Figure 77 of the text. It is supposed to determine whether a destination node is reachable from an origin node. However it appears that the code goes into an infinite loop except for the most trivial case where the origin and destination nodes are the same. ;; find-route : node node graph -> (listof node) or false ;; to create a path from origination to destination in G ;; if there is no path, the function produces false (define (find-route origination destination G) (cond [(symbol=? origination destination) (list destination)] [else (local ((define possible-route (find-route/list (neighbors origination G) destination G))) (cond [(boolean? possible-route) false] [else (cons origination possible-route)]))])) ;; find-route/list : (listof node) node graph -> (listof node) or false ;; to create a path from some node on lo-Os to D ;; if there is no path, the function produces false (define (find-route/list lo-Os D G) (cond [(empty? lo-Os) false] [else (local ((define possible-route (find-route (first lo-Os) D G))) (cond [(boolean? possible-route) (find-route/list (rest lo-Os) D G)] [else possible-route]))])) Does the problem lie in my code? Thank you.

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• How to get robocopy running in powershell?

  - by Mark Allison

  Hi, I'm trying to use robocopy inside powershell to mirror some directories on my home machines. Here's my script: param ($configFile) $config = Import-Csv $configFile $what = "/COPYALL /B /SEC/ /MIR" $options = "/R:0 /W:0 /NFL /NDL" $logDir = "C:\Backup\" foreach ($line in $config) { $source = $($line.SourceFolder) $dest = $($line.DestFolder) $logfile = $logDIr $logfile += Split-Path $dest -Leaf $logfile += ".log" robocopy "$source $dest $what $options /LOG:MyLogfile.txt" } The script takes in a csv file with a list of source and destination directories. When I run the script I get these errors: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ROBOCOPY :: Robust File Copy for Windows ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Started : Sat Apr 03 21:26:57 2010 Source : P:\ C:\Backup\Photos \COPYALL \B \SEC\ \MIR \R:0 \W:0 \NFL \NDL \LOG:MyLogfile.txt\ Dest - Files : *.* Options : *.* /COPY:DAT /R:1000000 /W:30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERROR : No Destination Directory Specified. Simple Usage :: ROBOCOPY source destination /MIR source :: Source Directory (drive:\path or \\server\share\path). destination :: Destination Dir (drive:\path or \\server\share\path). /MIR :: Mirror a complete directory tree. For more usage information run ROBOCOPY /? **** /MIR can DELETE files as well as copy them ! Any idea what I need to do to fix? Thanks, Mark.

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• howto only tunnel specific hosts route through openvpn client on tomato

  - by kcome

  I am relatively newbie in networking world although I did coding and know some sysadmin background for a long time. and here I'm only one step from my destination. The whole picture is : at home I use one LinkSys E3000 as the gateway(don't know yet if this is it's name), wireless AP and no other routing/switching devices. It serves 1 PC and 1 Mac with LAN, 1 Mac Mini + 1 iPad + 2 smartphones with WIFI. My goal is use an openvpn client on the E3000 (with tomato firmware) and make my iPad and smartphone's all WiFi traffic through it, and other devices route remain the same non-openvpn route. So far I'm able to connect openvpn client on E3000 to an openvpn server, tunnel all my devices' all traffic through that openvpn connection. What's left is howto selectively route by source IP (at least in my guessing) to the tunnel while don't bother others. I had learned some 'iptables' and 'route' in past few days however without much luck, so here comes my question. Here are some info which will help you get the structure. ifconfig -a output, some useless lines striped, and in the web interface C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:28 is WAN, C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 is LAN, C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:29 is 2.4G wifi AP, C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:2A is 5G wifi AP. root@router:/tmp/home/root# ifconfig -a br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 inet addr:192.168.1.1 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:29 UP BROADCAST RUNNING ALLMULTI MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:2A UP BROADCAST RUNNING ALLMULTI MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol inet addr:172.200.1.43 P-t-P:172.200.0.1 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1480 Metric:1 vlan1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:27 UP BROADCAST RUNNING ALLMULTI MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 vlan2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:28 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 wl0.1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr C0:C1:C0:1A:E0:29 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 brctl show output root@router:/tmp/home/root# brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.c0c1c01ae027 no vlan1 eth1 eth2 before openvpn route-up script root@router:/tmp/home/root# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo 0.0.0.0 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0 openvpn server push PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway,dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8,route 172.20.0.1,topology net30,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig 172.20.0.6 172.20.0.5' openvpn's stock route-up script Apr 24 14:52:06 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/ifconfig tun11 172.20.0.6 pointopoint 172.20.0.5 mtu 1500 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 72.14.177.29 netmask 255.255.255.255 gw 172.200.0.1 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 netmask 128.0.0.0 gw 172.20.0.5 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 128.0.0.0 netmask 128.0.0.0 gw 172.20.0.5 Apr 24 14:52:08 router daemon.notice openvpn[1768]: /sbin/route add -net 172.20.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.255 gw 172.20.0.5 route after openvpn root@router:/tmp/home/root# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.20.0.5 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun11 72.14.177.29 172.200.0.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 ppp0 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 172.20.0.1 172.20.0.5 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun11 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo 0.0.0.0 172.20.0.5 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun11 128.0.0.0 172.20.0.5 128.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun11 0.0.0.0 172.200.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0 something I had noticed and tried: * on the web interface of openvpn client there is an option "Create NAT on tunnel", if i check this, there is the following script (probably executed after openvpn connection established) root@router:/tmp/home/root# cat /tmp/etc/openvpn/fw/client1-fw.sh #!/bin/sh iptables -I INPUT -i tun11 -j ACCEPT iptables -I FORWARD -i tun11 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 -o tun11 -j MASQUERADE if i uncheck this option, the last line will not appear. Then I guess probably the my issue will be solved by iptables and NAT related commands, I just haven't got enough knowledge to figure them out. I tried run iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.6 -o tun11 -j MASQUERADE manually after openvpn connected (192.168.1.6 is the ip address of my iPad), then my iPad get internet with openvpn tunnel, however all other devices can't reach internet. in case if needed, here is the iptables about NAT root@router:/tmp/home/root# iptables -t nat -L -n Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.0/24 WANPREROUTING all -- 0.0.0.0/0 172.200.1.43 upnp all -- 0.0.0.0/0 172.200.1.43 Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination MASQUERADE all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 SNAT all -- 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.0/24 to:192.168.1.1 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain WANPREROUTING (1 references) target prot opt source destination DNAT icmp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 to:192.168.1.1 Chain upnp (1 references) target prot opt source destination DNAT udp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:5353 to:192.168.1.3:5353 Thanks in advance for helping and read this so much, I hope i made every info you need to give a help :)

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• OpenVPN on ec2 bridged mode connects but no Ping, DNS or forwarding

  - by michael

  I am trying to use OpenVPN to access the internet over a secure connection. I have openVPN configured and running on Amazon EC2 in bridge mode with client certs. I can successfully connect from the client, but I cannot get access to the internet or ping anything from the client I checked the following and everything seems to shows a successful connection between the vpn client/server and UDP traffic on 1194 [server] sudo tcpdump -i eth0 udp port 1194 (shows UDP traffic after establishing connection) [server] sudo iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination [server] sudo iptables -L -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination MASQUERADE all -- ip-W-X-Y-0.us-west-1.compute.internal/24 anywhere Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination [server] openvpn.log Wed Oct 19 03:11:26 2011 localhost/a.b.c.d:61905 [localhost] Inactivity timeout (--ping-restart), restarting Wed Oct 19 03:11:26 2011 localhost/a.b.c.d:61905 SIGUSR1[soft,ping-restart] received, client-instance restarting Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 MULTI: multi_create_instance called Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Re-using SSL/TLS context Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 LZO compression initialized Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Control Channel MTU parms [ L:1574 D:166 EF:66 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ] Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1574 D:1450 EF:42 EB:135 ET:32 EL:0 AF:3/1 ] Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Local Options hash (VER=V4): '360696c5' Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Expected Remote Options hash (VER=V4): '13a273ba' Wed Oct 19 03:41:31 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 TLS: Initial packet from [AF_INET]a.b.c.d:57889, sid=dd886604 ab6ebb38 Wed Oct 19 03:41:35 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 VERIFY OK: depth=1, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=EXAMPLE/CN=EXAMPLE_CA/[email protected] Wed Oct 19 03:41:35 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 VERIFY OK: depth=0, /C=US/ST=CA/L=SanFrancisco/O=EXAMPLE/CN=localhost/[email protected] Wed Oct 19 03:41:37 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Oct 19 03:41:37 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Oct 19 03:41:37 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Wed Oct 19 03:41:37 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Wed Oct 19 03:41:37 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 1024 bit RSA Wed Oct 19 03:41:37 2011 a.b.c.d:57889 [localhost] Peer Connection Initiated with [AF_INET]a.b.c.d:57889 Wed Oct 19 03:41:39 2011 localhost/a.b.c.d:57889 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REQUEST' Wed Oct 19 03:41:39 2011 localhost/a.b.c.d:57889 SENT CONTROL [localhost]: 'PUSH_REPLY,redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp,route-gateway W.X.Y.Z,ping 10,ping-restart 120,ifconfig W.X.Y.Z 255.255.255.0' (status=1) Wed Oct 19 03:41:40 2011 localhost/a.b.c.d:57889 MULTI: Learn: (IPV6) -> localhost/a.b.c.d:57889 [client] tracert google.com Tracing route to google.com [74.125.71.104] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 347 ms 349 ms 348 ms PC [w.X.Y.Z] 2 * * * Request timed out. I can also successfully ping the server IP address from the client, and ping google.com from an SSH shell on the server. What am I doing wrong? Here is my config (Note: W.X.Y.Z == amazon EC2 private ipaddress) bridge config on br0 ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 promisc up brctl addbr br0 brctl addif br0 eth0 ifconfig br0 W.X.Y.X netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast W.X.Y.255 up route add default gw W.X.Y.1 br0 /etc/openvpn/server.conf (from https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/openvpn.html) local W.X.Y.Z dev tap0 up "/etc/openvpn/up.sh br0" down "/etc/openvpn/down.sh br0" ;server W.X.Y.0 255.255.255.0 server-bridge W.X.Y.Z 255.255.255.0 W.X.Y.105 W.X.Y.200 ;push "route W.X.Y.0 255.255.255.0" push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222" push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220" tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret user nobody group nogroup log-append openvpn.log iptables config sudo iptables -A INPUT -i tap0 -j ACCEPT sudo iptables -A INPUT -i br0 -j ACCEPT sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i br0 -j ACCEPT sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s W.X.Y.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward Routing Tables added route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface W.X.Y.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 0.0.0.0 W.X.Y.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 br0 C:>route print =========================================================================== Interface List 32...00 ff ac d6 f7 04 ......TAP-Win32 Adapter V9 15...00 14 d1 e9 57 49 ......Microsoft Virtual WiFi Miniport Adapter #2 14...00 14 d1 e9 57 49 ......Realtek RTL8191SU Wireless LAN 802.11n USB 2.0 Net work Adapter 10...00 1f d0 50 1b ca ......Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller 1...........................Software Loopback Interface 1 11...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface 16...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter 17...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #2 18...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #3 36...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #5 =========================================================================== IPv4 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.2.1 10.1.2.201 25 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 10.1.2.201 281 10.1.2.201 255.255.255.255 On-link 10.1.2.201 281 10.1.2.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 10.1.2.201 281 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 10.1.2.201 281 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 10.1.2.201 281 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: Network Address Netmask Gateway Address Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.2.1 Default =========================================================================== C:>tracert google.com Tracing route to google.com [74.125.71.147] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 344 ms 345 ms 343 ms PC [W.X.Y.221] 2 * * * Request timed out.

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• Fritz!Box IPv6-Address different than IPv6-Prefix

  - by kmindi

  In my Fritzbox it states the following: IPv6-Adresse: 2a02:8070:600::14b6:c7******, Gültigkeit: 100465/86065s IPv6-Präfix: 2a02:8070:62c:3200::/56, Gültigkeit: 100464/86064s I am not able to connect to IPv6 Addresses from computers configured by the fritzbox, because they get an address with prefix 2a02:8070:62c:3200::/56 but somehow the fritzbox does not route those addresses. Is this because the IPv6-Address is not in the prefix range? The address of the Fritzbox responds to pings, but my computers reached via various addresses from the prefix range do not (: PING 2a02:8070:62c:3200:28d****(2a02:8070:62c:3200:28d****) 32 data bytes From 2a02:8070:600:0:14b6*** icmp_seq=0 Destination unreachable: Administratively prohibited From 2a02:8070:600:0:14b6*** icmp_seq=1 Destination unreachable: Administratively prohibited From 2a02:8070:600:0:14b6*** icmp_seq=2 Destination unreachable: Administratively prohibited From 2a02:8070:600:0:14b6*** icmp_seq=3 Destination unreachable: Administratively prohibited blocked ping this is "view" from outside From inside the ping6 looks like this: traceroute -6 heise.de traceroute to heise.de (2a02:2e0:3fe:100::8), 30 hops max, 80 byte packets 1 fritz.box (2a02:8070:62c:3200:****) 0.787 ms 1.424 ms 1.702 ms 2 * * * ...... 30 * * *

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• OpenVPN Clients using server's connection (with no default gateway)

  - by Branden Martin

  I wanted an OpenVPN server so that I could create a private VPN network for staff to connect to the server. However, not as planned, when clients connect to the VPN, it's using the VPN's internet connection (ex: when going to whatsmyip.com, it's that of the server and not the clients home connection). server.conf local <serverip> port 1194 proto udp dev tun ca ca.crt cert x.crt key x.key dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt client-to-client keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 9 client.conf client dev tun proto udp remote <srever> 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert x.crt key x.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3 Server's route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.8.0.2 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 69.64.48.0 * 255.255.252.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 default static-ip-69-64 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 default static-ip-69-64 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 default static-ip-69-64 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 Server's IP Tables Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination fail2ban-proftpd tcp -- anywhere anywhere multiport dports ftp,ftp-data,ftps,ftps-data fail2ban-ssh tcp -- anywhere anywhere multiport dports ssh ACCEPT udp -- anywhere anywhere udp dpt:domain ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:20000 ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:webmin ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:https ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:www ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:imaps ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:imap2 ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:pop3s ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:pop3 ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ftp-data ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ftp ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:domain ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:smtp ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT all -- 10.8.0.0/24 anywhere REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain fail2ban-proftpd (1 references) target prot opt source destination RETURN all -- anywhere anywhere Chain fail2ban-ssh (1 references) target prot opt source destination RETURN all -- anywhere anywhere My goal is that clients can only talk to the server and other clients that are connected. Hope I made sense. Thanks for the help!

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• How to get robocopy running in powershell?

  - by Moo MinTroll

  I'm trying to use robocopy inside powershell to mirror some directories on my home machines. Here's my script: param ($configFile) $config = Import-Csv $configFile $what = "/COPYALL /B /SEC/ /MIR" $options = "/R:0 /W:0 /NFL /NDL" $logDir = "C:\Backup\" foreach ($line in $config) { $source = $($line.SourceFolder) $dest = $($line.DestFolder) $logfile = $logDIr $logfile += Split-Path $dest -Leaf $logfile += ".log" robocopy "$source $dest $what $options /LOG:MyLogfile.txt" } The script takes in a csv file with a list of source and destination directories. When I run the script I get these errors: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ROBOCOPY :: Robust File Copy for Windows ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Started : Sat Apr 03 21:26:57 2010 Source : P:\ C:\Backup\Photos \COPYALL \B \SEC\ \MIR \R:0 \W:0 \NFL \NDL \LOG:MyLogfile.txt\ Dest - Files : *.* Options : *.* /COPY:DAT /R:1000000 /W:30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERROR : No Destination Directory Specified. Simple Usage :: ROBOCOPY source destination /MIR source :: Source Directory (drive:\path or \\server\share\path). destination :: Destination Dir (drive:\path or \\server\share\path). /MIR :: Mirror a complete directory tree. For more usage information run ROBOCOPY /? **** /MIR can DELETE files as well as copy them ! Any idea what I need to do to fix? Thanks, Mark.

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• How to unblock outgoing HTTP and HTTPS traffic in iptables?

  - by EApubs

  With the following iptable rules, I was unable to do an apt update and ping a website. Whats wrong with the rules? How to fix it? What is the exact rule to fix it? Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:325 DROP all -- anywhere anywhere Chain FORWARD (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination

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• KVM + Cloudmin + IpTables

  - by Alex

  I have a KVM virtualization on a machine. I use Ubuntu Server + Cloudmin (in order to manage virtual machine instances). On a host system I have four network interfaces: ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ ifconfig br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 10:78:d2:ec:16:38 inet addr:192.168.0.253 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1278:d2ff:feec:1638/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:589337 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:334357 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:753652448 (753.6 MB) TX bytes:43385198 (43.3 MB) br1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6e:a4:06:39:26:60 inet addr:192.168.10.1 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::6ca4:6ff:fe39:2660/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:16995 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13309 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2059264 (2.0 MB) TX bytes:1763980 (1.7 MB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 10:78:d2:ec:16:38 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:610558 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:332382 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:769477564 (769.4 MB) TX bytes:44360402 (44.3 MB) Interrupt:20 Memory:fe400000-fe420000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:239632 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:239632 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:50738052 (50.7 MB) TX bytes:50738052 (50.7 MB) tap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6e:a4:06:39:26:60 inet6 addr: fe80::6ca4:6ff:fe39:2660/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:17821 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13703 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:2370468 (2.3 MB) TX bytes:1782356 (1.7 MB) br0 is connected to a real network, br1 is used to create a private network shared between guest systems. Now I need to configure iptables for network access. First of all I allow ssh sessions on port 8022 on the host system, then I allow all connections in state RELATED, ESTABLISHED. This is working ok. I install another system as guest, it's IP address is 192.168.10.2, and now I have two problems: I want to allow the access from this host to the outside world, cannot accomplish this. I can ssh from the host. I want to be able to ssh to the guest from the outside world using 8023 port. Cannot accomplish this. Full iptables configuration is following: ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ sudo iptables --list [sudo] password for ebadmin: Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:8022 ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination LOG all -- anywhere anywhere LOG level warning ebadmin@saturn:/var/log$ sudo iptables -t nat --list Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DNAT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp spt:8023 to:192.168.10.2:22 Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination The worst of all is that I don't know how to interpret iptables logs. I don't see the final decision of the firewall. Need help urgently.

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• iptables not writing rules.

  - by Darkmage

  im running these two rules as root, but when doing a iptables -L it dosent show any rules, any one have an idea of what the problem can be? iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 --source 84.244.145.135 -j REDIRECT --to-port 1222 iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 --source 243.134.97.194 -j REDIRECT --to-port 1222 duno@Virtual-Box:/home/glennwiz# iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination

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• Vyatta internet connection + hosted site on same IP

  - by boburob

  Having a small issue setting up a vyatta. The company internet and two different websites are both on the same IP. Server 1 - Has websites hosted on ports 1000 and 3000 and also has a proxy server installed to provide internet connection to the domain Server 2 - Has a website hosted on ports 80 and 433 The vyatta is correctly natting the appropriate traffic to each server, and allowing the proxy to get internet traffic, however I have a problem getting to the websites hosted on these two servers inside the domain. I believe the problem is that the HTTP request is being sent with an IP, eg: 12.34.56.78. The request will reach the website and the server will attempt to send the request back to the IP, however this is the IP of the Vyatta, so it has nowhere else to go. I thought the solution would be something like this: rule 50 { destination { address 12.34.56.78 port 1000 } inbound-interface eth1 inside-address { address 10.19.2.3 } protocol tcp type destination } But this doesnt seem to do it! UPDATE I changed the rules to the following: rule 50 { destination { address 12.34.56.78 port 443 } outbound-interface eth1 protocol tcp source { address 10.19.2.3 } type masquerade } rule 51 { destination { address 12.34.56.78 port 443 } inbound-interface eth1 inside-address { address 10.19.2.2 } protocol tcp type destination } I am now seeing traffic going between the two with Wireshark, but the website will still fail to load.

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• OpenVPN and PPTP on XEN VPS

  - by amiv

  I have Debian based system (Ubuntu 11.10) on XEN VPS. I've installed OpenVPN and works great. I need to install PPTP too, so did it and clients can connect, but they have no internet on client side. If I connect to VPN over PPTP I can ping and access to only my VPS by its IP, but ony that. There's no "internet" on client side. It looks it's not DNS problems (I'm using 8.8.8.8) because I can't ping known IPs. I bet the solution is simple, but don't have any idea. Any guess? /etc/pptpd.conf option /etc/ppp/pptpd-options logwtmp localip 46.38.xx.xx remoteip 10.1.0.1-10 /etc/ppp/pptpd-options name pptpd refuse-pap refuse-chap refuse-mschap require-mschap-v2 require-mppe-128 ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4 proxyarp nodefaultroute lock nobsdcomp /etc/ppp/ip-up [...] ifconfig ppp0 mtu 1400 /etc/sysctl.conf [...] net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 Command which I run: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j SNAT --to-source 46.38.xx.xx (IP of my VPS) The client can connect, first one gets IP 10.1.0.1 and DNS from Google. I bet it's iptables problem, am I right? I'm iptables noob and I don't have idea what's wrong. And here's the ifconfig and route command before client connect via PPTP: root@vps3780:~# route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default xx.xx.tel.ru 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.2 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 46.38.xx.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 root@vps3780:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3e:56:xx:xx inet addr:46.38.xx.xx Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::216:xx:xx:dfb6/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:22671 errors:0 dropped:81 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1813358 (1.8 MB) TX bytes:667626 (667.6 KB) Interrupt:24 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:100 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:100 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:10778 (10.7 KB) TX bytes:10778 (10.7 KB) tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:10.8.0.1 P-t-P:10.8.0.2 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:602 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:612 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:90850 (90.8 KB) TX bytes:418904 (418.9 KB) And here's the ifconfig and route command after client connect via PPTP: root@vps3780:~# route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default xx.xx.tel.ru 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 10.1.0.1 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.2 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 46.38.xx.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 root@vps3780:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3e:56:xx:xx inet addr:46.38.xx.xx Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::216:xx:xx:dfb6/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:22989 errors:0 dropped:82 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2352 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1841310 (1.8 MB) TX bytes:678456 (678.4 KB) Interrupt:24 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:112 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:112 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:12102 (12.1 KB) TX bytes:12102 (12.1 KB) ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol inet addr:46.38.xx.xx P-t-P:10.1.0.1 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1400 Metric:1 RX packets:66 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:15 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:3 RX bytes:10028 (10.0 KB) TX bytes:660 (660.0 B) tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:10.8.0.1 P-t-P:10.8.0.2 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:602 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:612 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:90850 (90.8 KB) TX bytes:418904 (418.9 KB) And ugly iptables --list output: root@vps3780:~# iptables --list Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT all -- 10.8.0.0/24 anywhere REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable ACCEPT all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT all -- 10.8.0.0/24 anywhere REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable And ugly iptables -t nat -L output: root@vps3780:~# iptables -t nat -L Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination SNAT all -- 10.8.0.0/24 anywhere to:46.38.xx.xx MASQUERADE all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere SNAT all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere to:46.38.xx.xx SNAT all -- 10.8.0.0/24 anywhere to:46.38.xx.xx SNAT all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere to:46.38.xx.xx MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere SNAT all -- anywhere anywhere to:46.38.xx.xx SNAT all -- 10.8.0.0/24 anywhere to:46.38.xx.xx MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere MASQUERADE all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere MASQUERADE all -- 10.1.0.0/24 anywhere As I said - OpenVPN works very good. 10.8.0.0/24 for OpenVPN (on tun0). PPTP won't work. 10.1.0.0/24 for PPTP (on ppp0). Clients can connect, but they haven't "internet". Any suggestions will be appreciated. Second whole day fighting with no results. EDIT: iptables -t filter -F - it resolved my problem :-)

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• How to forward OpenVPN Port to NAT'd XEN domU

  - by John

  I want to install a OpenVPN domU on XEN. Dom0 and domU are running Debian Squeeze, all domU are on a NAT'd privat network 10.0.0.1/24 My VPN-Gate is von 10.0.0.1 and running. How can I make it accessible under the dom0 public IP? I tried forwarding the port using iptables, but without any success. Here is what i did: ~ # iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 1397 packets, 118K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 930 packets, 133K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED PHYSDEV match --physdev-out vif5.0 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 PHYSDEV match --physdev-in vif5.0 udp spt:68 dpt:67 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED PHYSDEV match --physdev-out vif5.0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0/0 PHYSDEV match --physdev-in vif5.0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED PHYSDEV match --physdev-out vif3.0 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 PHYSDEV match --physdev-in vif3.0 udp spt:68 dpt:67 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED PHYSDEV match --physdev-out vif3.0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 10.0.0.5 0.0.0.0/0 PHYSDEV match --physdev-in vif3.0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED PHYSDEV match --physdev-out vif2.0 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 PHYSDEV match --physdev-in vif2.0 udp spt:68 dpt:67 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED PHYSDEV match --physdev-out vif2.0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 PHYSDEV match --physdev-in vif2.0 147 8236 ACCEPT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80 13 546 ACCEPT udp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:1194 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1000 packets, 99240 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination ~ # iptables -L -t nat -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 324 packets, 23925 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 139 7824 DNAT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80 to:10.0.0.5:80 1 42 DNAT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:1194 to:10.0.0.1:1194 Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 92 packets, 5030 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 863 64983 MASQUERADE all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 MASQUERADE all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 MASQUERADE all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 180 packets, 13953 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

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• Robocopy, do not overwrite existing files, but copy the changed / new ones

  - by I don't know.

  Is it possible to mirror the two directories without overwritting the files in destination directory with new/changed/deleted files. Something like snapshots. Example: Copy the source directory with all files and sub-directories to destination directory, but if destination directory contains, for example, file A.xls and A.xls has been changed in source directory then copy A.xls but keep the previous A in destination directory as well. To preserve the previous file a datestamp, or counter can be added to the file name. Example after copy: SomeDirectory |--A.xls |--A_20120701.xls |--A_20120920.xls Thank you.

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• Bandwidth monitoring with iptables for non-router machine

  - by user1591276

  I came across this tutorial here that describes how to monitor bandwidth using iptables. I wanted to adapt it for a non-router machine, so I want to know how much data is going in/coming out and not passing through. Here are the rules I added: iptables -N ETH0_IN iptables -N ETH0_OUT iptables -I INPUT -i eth0 -j ETH0_IN iptables -I OUTPUT -o eth0 -j ETH0_OUT And here is a sample of the output: user@host:/tmp$ sudo iptables -x -vL -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 1549 packets, 225723 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 199 54168 ETH0_IN all -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1417 packets, 178128 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 201 19597 ETH0_OUT all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain ETH0_IN (1 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain ETH0_OUT (1 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination As seen above, there are no packet and byte values for ETH0_IN and ETH0_OUT, which is not the same result in the tutorial I referenced. Is there a mistake that I made somewhere? Thanks for your time.

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• Port mirroring on multiple switches

  - by Matt

  So here is the deal, I have a server on switch A where port 3 is monitoring traffic for most of the ports on switch A. However I have other users on switch B that needs to have port 3 on switch A monitor as well. Is this possible? I have been reading about rspan but doesnt seem to work. Switch A: monitor session 1 source interface fast0/1 - 2 monitor session 1 source interface fast0/4 - 46 monitor session 1 destination interface fast0/3 (this works great for switch A, I need a solution to get switch B to also have some ports sent to port 3 on switch A for monitoring.) Onxx, All the traffic on switch A is fine, there will be about 10-15 ports on switch B that I need to send to fa0/3 on switch A as the destination. I have the switches connected with a ethernet cable with a trunk port on both switches on port 48 on switch B and A and port 47 on A connects to our sonicwall. So I am assuming they are daisy chained? What if I did the following: Switch A monitor session 1 source interface fast0/1 - 2 monitor session 1 source interface fast0/4 - 46 monitor session 1 destination interface fast0/3 Put all of the ports on vlan 10 because I made an rspan vlan 10 On switch B monitor the ports I need will say 1-10 monitor session 1 source interface fast0/1 - 10 monitor session 1 destination remote vlan 10 as a prerequisite I would have created vlan 10 as a rspan vlan on switch B. Switch A Monitor session 1 destination remote vlan 10 Would this work? By the way I am working with cisco catalyst 3560 switches.

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• Linux service --status-all shows "Firewall is stopped." what service does firewall refer to?

  - by codewaggle

  I have a development server with the lamp stack running CentOS: [Prompt]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 5.8 (Final) [Prompt]# cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.18-308.16.1.el5xen ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-52)) #1 SMP Tue Oct 2 22:50:05 EDT 2012 [Prompt]# yum info iptables Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.anl.gov * extras: centos.mirrors.tds.net * rpmfusion-free-updates: mirror.us.leaseweb.net * rpmfusion-nonfree-updates: mirror.us.leaseweb.net * updates: mirror.steadfast.net Installed Packages Name : iptables Arch : x86_64 Version : 1.3.5 Release : 9.1.el5 Size : 661 k Repo : installed .... Snip.... When I run: service --status-all Part of the output looks like this: .... Snip.... httpd (pid xxxxx) is running... Firewall is stopped. Table: filter Chain INPUT (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination Chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT (2 references) ....Snip.... iptables has been loaded to the kernel and is active as represented by the rules being displayed. Checking just the iptables returns the rules just like status all does: [Prompt]# service iptables status Table: filter Chain INPUT (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy DROP) num target prot opt source destination 1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination Chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT (2 references) .... Snip.... Starting or restarting iptables indicates that the iptables have been loaded to the kernel successfully: [Prompt]# service iptables restart Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ] Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: filter [ OK ] Unloading iptables modules: [ OK ] Applying iptables firewall rules: [ OK ] Loading additional iptables modules: ip_conntrack_netbios_n[ OK ] [Prompt]# service iptables start Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ] Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: filter [ OK ] Unloading iptables modules: [ OK ] Applying iptables firewall rules: [ OK ] Loading additional iptables modules: ip_conntrack_netbios_n[ OK ] I've googled "Firewall is stopped." and read a number of iptables guides as well as the RHEL documentation, but no luck. As far as I can tell, there isn't a "Firewall" service, so what is the line "Firewall is stopped." referring to?

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• Can't login to Debian (OpenVZ guest) server after setting up IPTables. How to Fix it?

  - by EApubs

  I have an OpenVZ VPS server with Debian. I just setup IPTables to allow the SSH port rebooted it. (Also set the rules to auto load on startup). Now I can't login to the server! How to fix this? Here are the rules : Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT tcp -- anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:325 DROP all -- anywhere anywhere Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination

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• How to copy directory from one Linux server to another with a minimum in-between period?

  - by yegor256

  I have a rather big directory on one server (over 4000 files), which I'd like to copy to another server (which contains a previous version of this directory). rsync is the first option, but it will put the destination folder into waiting status for a rather long period of time (more than a minute). I'd like to do it a bit differently: gzip the source folder scp the archive to the destination server gunzip the file there delete the archive at the source and the destination What is the best way to accomplish all this?

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• Accessing mySQL from two ports: Problems with iptables

  - by marekventur

  Hi! I'm trying to make my mySQL-server (running on Ubuntu) listen on port 3306 and 110, because I would like to access it from a network with very few open ports. So far I've found this answer telling me to do iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 110 -j REDIRECT --to-port 3306 but all I got is: # mysql -h mydomain.com -P 3306 -u username --password=xyz Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 68863 Server version: 5.0.75-0ubuntu10.5 (Ubuntu) Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer. mysql> exit Bye # mysql -h mydomain.com -P 110 -u username --password=xyz ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on 'mydomain.com' (111) I'm not an expert with iptables, so I not sure where to look for the problem. I'm googling around for quite some time, but haven't found anything to help me yet. This is what iptable tells me: # iptables -t nat -L -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 32M packets, 1674M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 REDIRECT tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:110 redir ports 3306 Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 855K packets, 55M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 837K packets, 54M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination # iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy DROP 7 packets, 340 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 107K 5390K LOG all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `INPUT INVALID ' 131K 6614K DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x3F/0x00 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x03/0x03 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x06/0x06 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x05/0x05 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x11/0x01 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x18/0x08 0 0 MY_DROP tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x30/0x20 6948K 12G ACCEPT all -- lo * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 151M 34G ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 32M 1666M ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80 1833 106K ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:443 603 29392 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25 1 60 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:465 24 1180 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:110 1 60 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:995 7919 400K ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:143 1 60 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:993 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:119 1 60 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:53 7 517 ACCEPT udp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW udp dpt:53 1110 65364 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21 139K 8313K ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22 10176 499K ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:3306 2 80 ACCEPT udp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW udp dpt:123 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:6060 4 176 ACCEPT tcp -- venet0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:6667 20987 1179K MY_REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 2159 284K LOG all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `OUTPUT INVALID ' 2630 304K DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID 6948K 12G ACCEPT all -- * lo 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 181M 34G ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW,RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 MY_REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain MY_DROP (7 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 LOG all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `PORTSCAN DROP ' 0 0 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain MY_REJECT (2 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 13806 652K LOG tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `REJECT TCP ' 18171 830K REJECT tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with tcp-reset 912 242K LOG udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `REJECT UDP ' 912 242K REJECT udp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable 1904 107K LOG icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `DROP ICMP ' 1904 107K DROP icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 LOG all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 limit: avg 2/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `REJECT OTHER ' 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-proto-unreachable Is there anyone who can give ma a hint where to look for the problem? Thank you!

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• Install multiport module on iptables

  - by tarteauxfraises

  I'am trying to install "fail2ban" on Cubidebian, a Debian port for Cubieboard (A raspberry like board). The following rule failed due to "-m multiport --dports ssh" options (It works, when i run manually the command without multiple options). $ iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports ssh -j fail2ban-ssh" iptables: No chain/target/match by that name. When i make a cat on "/proc/net/ip_tables_matches", i see that multiport module is not loaded: $ cat /proc/net/ip_tables_matches u32 time string statistic state owner pkttype mac limit helper connmark mark ah icmp socket socket quota2 policy length iprange ttl hashlimit ecn udplite udp tcp The result of iptables -L -n -v command : $ iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 6 packets, 456 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 396 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain fail2ban-apache (0 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 RETURN all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain fail2ban-ssh (0 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 RETURN all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 What can i do to compile or to enable the multiport module? Thanks in advance for your help

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• Does a receiving mail server (the ultimate destination) see emails delivered directly to it vs. to an external relay which then forwards them to it?

  - by Matt

  Let's say my users have accounts on some mail server mail.example.com. I currently have my mx record set to mail.example.com and all is good. Now let's say I want to have mails initially delivered to an external service (e.g. Postini. Note that this is not a postini-specific question though). In the normal situation where my mx is set directly to my mail server mail.example.com, sending MTAs will of course look up my MX and send to mail.example.com. In my new situation I'd have my mx set to mx.othermailservice.com and emails would be received there. OtherEmailService.com will then relay the emails (while keeping the return-path header the same) to mail.example.com. Do the emails that are received at mail.example.com after be relayed from the other service "look" any different than emails that go directly to it as would be the case where the mx was set to mail.example.com?

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• Need to open port 10000 for webmin and 21 for FTP in Centos?

  - by Abir Sepahvand

  Hi hwo can I open these two ports in CentOS. I have used webmin with Ubuntu before but I never had to manually open any port. When I enter iptables -L I get a output like this. Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination [root@sachinvasudev test]#

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