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• Cisco 3560+ipservices -- IGMP snooping issue with TTL=1

  - by Jander

  I've got a C3560 with Enhanced (IPSERVICES) image, routing multicast between its VLANs with no external multicast router. It's serving a test environment where developers may generate multicast traffic on arbitrary addresses. Everything is working fine except when someone sends out multicast traffic with TTL=1, in which case the multicast packet suppression fails and the traffic is broadcast to all members of the VLAN. It looks to me like because the TTL is 1, the multicast routing subsystem doesn't see the packets, so it doesn't create a mroute table entry. If I send out packets with TTL=2 briefly, then switch to TTL=1 packets, they are filtered correctly until the mroute entry expires. My question: is there some trick to getting the switch to filter the TTL=1 packets, or am I out of luck? Below are the relevant parts of the config, with a representative VLAN interface. I can provide more info as needed. #show run ... ip routing ip multicast-routing distributed no ip igmp snooping report-suppression ! interface Vlan44 ip address 172.23.44.1 255.255.255.0 no ip proxy-arp ip pim passive ... #show ip igmp snooping vlan 44 Global IGMP Snooping configuration: ------------------------------------------- IGMP snooping : Enabled IGMPv3 snooping (minimal) : Enabled Report suppression : Disabled TCN solicit query : Disabled TCN flood query count : 2 Robustness variable : 2 Last member query count : 2 Last member query interval : 1000 Vlan 44: -------- IGMP snooping : Enabled IGMPv2 immediate leave : Disabled Multicast router learning mode : pim-dvmrp CGMP interoperability mode : IGMP_ONLY Robustness variable : 2 Last member query count : 2 Last member query interval : 1000

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• ddwrt client brigde acces point lost

  - by llazzaro

  Ok I have an AP with ddwrt firm (i know its not the best, but continue reading!) AP is configured to work like a wifi "transparent" brigde, also it had a virtual wifi network card to expand radius of wifi signal in that same AP. The brigde is working, computers behind AP gets ips from main routers which shares internet....BUT! I cant access webgui of the bridge AP... Main problem : AP is lost, but its working as brigde. I cant find it in the network (it didnt have any ip!) so I cant change any configuration... First solution : Reset AP, but it cannot be done. Reset button dont works due to a bug in ddwrt micro firm that mi linksys WAP54g had installed (I really hate this firmware I like more openwrt that my main router has) Second Solution : arp -a from main router , from computers behind AP...It dont appears in the list. Any more ideas, the router at some level must be there, the brigde is working. I know its possible that the AP is with an ip like 192.168.100.2 , my subnect actually is 172.16.X.X. :) thanks!

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• Seeing traffic destined for other people's servers in wireshark

  - by user350325

  I rent a dedicated server from a hosting provider. I ran wireshark on my server so that I could see incoming HTTP traffic that was destined to my server. Once I ran wireshark and filtered for HTTP I noticed a load of traffic, but most of it was not for stuff that was hosted on my server and had a destination IP address that was not mine, there were various source IP addresses. My immediate reaction was to think that somebody was tunnelling their HTTP traffic through my server somehow. However when I looked closer I noticed that all of this traffic was going to hosts on the same subnet and all of these IP addresses belonged to the same hosting provider that I was using. So it appears that wireshark was intercepting traffic destined for other customers who's servers are attached to the same part of the network as mine. Now I always assumed that on a switch based network that this should not happen as the switch will only send data to the required host and not to every box attached. I assume in this case that other customers would also be able to see data going to my server. As well as potential privacy concerns, this would surely make ARP poising easy and allow others to steal IP addresses (and therefor domains and websites)? It would seem odd that a network provider would configure the network in such a way. Is there a more rational explanation here?

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• Router intermittently failing

  - by nomen

  My old Asus router died a few weeks ago, so I thought I'd set up my Debian box to deal with routing my home network. I have a few complications, but I adapted my configuration from a previously working configuration, and I don't see why I am having intermittent problems. But I am having them! Every so often, my SSH connections to the router (and to the Xen virtual machines hosted by the router) just drop. I am unable to use the router's dns server. I can't ping the router. Etc. All of these things work most of the time, but break down intermittently, for a few minutes at a time. (I can provide more details, but I'm not sure what will be helpful) /etc/network/interfaces: # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback # Gigabit ethernet, internal network auto eth0 allow-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 inet manual # USB ethernet, internet auto eth1 allow-hotplug eth1 iface eth1 inet dhcp # Xen Bridge auto xlan0 iface xlan0 inet static bridge_ports eth0 address 10.47.94.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 As I understand it, this is sufficient to create the network interfaces, and even do some switching between Xen hosts and my eth0 interface. I installed and configured Shorewall to manage routing between the bridge and my internet-facing interface: /etc/shorewall/zones fw firewall net ipv4 lan ipv4 /etc/shorewall/interfaces net eth1 detect dhcp,tcpflags,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians lan xlan0 detect dhcp,tcpflags,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,routeback,bridge /etc/shorewall/policy net all DROP info fw net ACCEPT info all all REJECT info /etc/shorewall/rules DNS(ACCEPT) fw net DNS(ACCEPT) lan fw Ping(ACCEPT) lan fw ... and so on, these all work, when the router is accepting traffic at all. /etc/shorewall/masq eth1 10.47.94.0/24 Also, the router is currently "working", and I checked on a problematic client: arp infrastructure infrastructure.mydomain (10.47.94.1) at 0:23:54:bb:7d:ce on en0 ifscope [ethernet] I tried it when the router was down, and I (eventually) got the same response. It took about 30 seconds to return, though.

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• Separated virtual networks with same subnet range with 2 interface

  - by Coolpet

  I'm having some problems with routing with the following: I have a server with 2 interfaces. It has 1-1 alias contains the same subnet. the 2 interface is connected to 2 switch, which are separated from each other. Infrastructure: Eth0 192.168.16.2/20 Eth0:eth0 192.168.1.222/20 Eth1 192.168.32.3/20 Eth1:eth1 192.168.1.223/20 I have a PC which has the IP address: 192.168.1.3/24 The problem is the next: If PC is on subnet 1, I can ping it. If PC is on subnet 2, I can't ping it. traceroute shows the route is across 192.168.1.222 ping -I 192.168.1.223 192.168.1.3 is not working on subnet 2. arp entries show the MAC address belonging to the correct interface (eth1 on subnet 2) How can I force the server to look on both interface same ranged subnet for specific IP? It searches only in the first subnet. The routing table has these 2 entries: 192.168.0.0/20 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.222 192.168.0.0/20 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.223

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• Intranet machines refuse to talk anymore

  - by ashes999

  I have two machines on the local intranet. They used to be able to talk to each other (ping, share files, etc.). Both are not successfully connected to the internet. The problem machine (lets call it test machine) can't talk to my main machine. The test machine can ping other machines on the intranet (at least one of my coworkers), but not mine. Odd. When I try to ping it from my machine, by machine name, I get Destination host unreachable. Both machines are on the intranet, with the network configured as Work Both machines have Windows Firewall disabled temporarily Both machines can talk to the internet (Google, SO, etc.) Neither machine can ping the other I need help resolving this. What I really want to achieve, is to remote into the test machine from my main machine, like I used to be able to do a few weeks ago. Some notes: Tried arp -a on both machines. I don't see the other machine's IP listed. Both machines have stable IPs; neither seems to have an IP conflict The configuration under ipconfig /all on my main machine mathces my coworker's machine. The test machine can ping his machine, but not my machine. The target machine times out trying to ping the main machine; the main machine gives me Destination host unreachable. I have rebooted both machines (several times) to no avail I have /release and /renewed both machines several times

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• iptables, forward traffic for ip not active on the host itself

  - by gucki

  I have kvm guest which's netword card is conntected to the host using a tap device. The tap device is part of a bridge on the host together with eth0 so it can access the public network. So far everything works, the guest can access the public network and it can be accessed from the public network. Now the kvm process on the host provides a vnc server for the guest which listens on 127.0.0.1:5901 on the host. Is there any way to make this vnc server accessible by the ip address which the guest is using (ex. 192.168.0.249), without interrupting the guest from using the same ip (port 5901 is not used by the guest)? It should also work when the guest is not using any ip address at all. So basically I just want to fake IP xx is on the host and only answer/ forward traffic to port 5901 to the host itself. I tried using this NAT rule on the host, but it doesn't work. Ip forwarding is enabled at the host. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dst 192.168.0.249 --dport 5901 -j DNAT --to-destination 127.0.0.1:5901 I assume this is because the IP 192.168.0.249 is not not bound to any interfaces and so no ARP requests for it get answered and so no packets for this IP arrive at the host. How can make it work? :)

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• Ping "replies" from same computer with 'Destination host unreachable' (no route to other computer)

  - by Srekel

  I've got two computers in a LAN behind a wireless router. One has XP with ip 192.168.1.2 This one has W7 with ip 192.168.1.7 If I try to ping the other one from this computer, I get this: C:\Users\Srekel>ping 192.168.1.2 Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 192.168.1.7: Destination host unreachable. Reply from 192.168.1.7: Destination host unreachable. Reply from 192.168.1.7: Destination host unreachable. Reply from 192.168.1.7: Destination host unreachable. Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Tracert gives the same result: C:\Users\Srekel>tracert 192.168.1.2 Tracing route to 192.168.1.2 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 Kakburken4 [192.168.1.7] reports: Destination host unreachable. Trace complete. Although I can ping and tracert the router without any problems. I have disabled the firewalls on both computers. The router is set to use DHCP (if that matters). Here is the output from "route". C:\Users\Srekel>route print =========================================================================== Interface List 13...00 25 86 df c6 89 ......TP-LINK Wireless N Adapter 12...e0 cb 4e 26 b9 84 ......Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller #2 11...e0 cb 4e 26 be 94 ......Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller 1...........................Software Loopback Interface 1 16...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #2 14...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface =========================================================================== IPv4 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.7 20 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 192.168.1.7 276 192.168.1.7 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.1.7 276 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.1.7 276 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 192.168.1.7 276 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.1.7 276 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: None IPv6 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: If Metric Network Destination Gateway 14 58 ::/0 On-link 1 306 ::1/128 On-link 14 58 2001::/32 On-link 14 306 2001:0:5ef5:73ba:881:20c1:3f57:fef8/128 On-link 14 306 fe80::/64 On-link 14 306 fe80::881:20c1:3f57:fef8/128 On-link 1 306 ff00::/8 On-link 14 306 ff00::/8 On-link =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: None I've set up and debugged a few networks in my life but I'm not really an advanced network user, so I'm not sure what might be wrong. Any ideas? Oh, and pinging this computer from the other computer doesn't work either. EDIT: Adding arp output: C:\Users\Srekel>arp -a Interface: 192.168.1.7 --- 0xd Internet Address Physical Address Type 192.168.1.1 00-1f-33-ef-28-01 dynamic 192.168.1.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16 static 224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc static 239.255.255.250 01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa static 255.255.255.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff static Adding ipconfig... C:\Users\Srekel>ipconfig /all Windows IP Configuration Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : Kakburken4 Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No Wireless LAN adapter Wireless Network Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : TP-LINK Wireless N Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-25-86-DF-C6-89 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.7(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : 09 April 2010 23:09:45 Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : 10 April 2010 23:09:45 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller #2 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : E0-CB-4E-26-B9-84 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : E0-CB-4E-26-BE-94 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Tunnel adapter isatap.{74D5C406-894E-4000-8DE7-6AAEBF7C8382}: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter #2 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Tunnel adapter Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:0:5ef5:73ba:881:20c1:3f57:fef8(Preferred) Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::881:20c1:3f57:fef8%14(Preferred) Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : :: NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Disabled

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• Linux router: ping doesn't route back

  - by El Barto

  I have a Debian box which I'm trying to set up as a router and an Ubuntu box which I'm using as a client. My problem is that when the Ubuntu client tries to ping a server on the Internet, all the packets are lost (though, as you can see below, they seem to go to the server and back without problem). I'm doing this in the Ubuntu Box: # ping -I eth1 my.remote-server.com PING my.remote-server.com (X.X.X.X) from 10.1.1.12 eth1: 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- my.remote-server.com ping statistics --- 13 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 12094ms (I changed the name and IP of the remote server for privacy). From the Debian Router I see this: # tcpdump -i eth1 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 7, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 8, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 8, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 9, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 9, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 10, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 10, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 11, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 11, length 64 ^C 9 packets captured 9 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel # tcpdump -i eth2 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth2, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 213, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 213, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 214, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 214, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 215, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 215, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 216, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 216, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 217, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 217, length 64 ^C 10 packets captured 10 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel And at the remote server I see this: # tcpdump -i eth0 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 1, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 1, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 2, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 2, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 3, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 3, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 4, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 4, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 5, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 5, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 6, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 6, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 7, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 7, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 8, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 8, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 9, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 9, length 64 18 packets captured 228 packets received by filter 92 packets dropped by kernel Here "X.X.X.X" is my remote server's IP and "Y.Y.Y.Y" is my local network's public IP. So, what I understand is that the ping packets are coming out of the Ubuntu box (10.1.1.12), to the router (10.1.1.1), from there to the next router (192.168.1.1) and reaching the remote server (X.X.X.X). Then they come back all the way to the Debian router, but they never reach the Ubuntu box back. What am I missing? Here's the Debian router setup: # ifconfig eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 94:0c:6d:82:0d:98 inet addr:10.1.1.1 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::960c:6dff:fe82:d98/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:105761 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:48944 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:40298768 (38.4 MiB) TX bytes:44831595 (42.7 MiB) Interrupt:19 Base address:0x6000 eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6c:f0:49:a4:47:38 inet addr:192.168.1.10 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::6ef0:49ff:fea4:4738/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:38335992 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:37097705 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:1 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:4260680226 (3.9 GiB) TX bytes:3759806551 (3.5 GiB) Interrupt:27 eth3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 94:0c:6d:82:c8:72 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) Interrupt:20 Base address:0x2000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:3408 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3408 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:358445 (350.0 KiB) TX bytes:358445 (350.0 KiB) tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:10.8.0.1 P-t-P:10.8.0.2 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:2767779 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1569477 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:3609469393 (3.3 GiB) TX bytes:96113978 (91.6 MiB) # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.8.0.2 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 lo 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth2 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth2 # arp -n # Note: Here I have changed all the different MACs except the ones corresponding to the Ubuntu box (on 10.1.1.12 and 192.168.1.12) Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.1.118 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.72 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.94 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.102 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 10.1.1.12 ether 00:1e:67:15:2b:f0 C eth1 192.168.1.86 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.2 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.61 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.64 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.116 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.91 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.52 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.93 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.87 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.92 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.100 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.40 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.53 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.1 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.83 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.89 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.12 ether 00:1e:67:15:2b:f1 C eth2 192.168.1.77 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.66 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.90 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.65 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.41 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.78 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.123 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 # iptables -L -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination # iptables -L -n -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination MASQUERADE all -- 10.1.1.0/24 !10.1.1.0/24 MASQUERADE all -- !10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination And here's the Ubuntu box: # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:67:15:2b:f1 inet addr:192.168.1.12 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21e:67ff:fe15:2bf1/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:28785139 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:19050735 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:32068182803 (32.0 GB) TX bytes:6061333280 (6.0 GB) Interrupt:16 Memory:b1a00000-b1a20000 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:67:15:2b:f0 inet addr:10.1.1.12 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21e:67ff:fe15:2bf0/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:285086 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:12719 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:30817249 (30.8 MB) TX bytes:2153228 (2.1 MB) Interrupt:16 Memory:b1900000-b1920000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:86048 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:86048 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:11426538 (11.4 MB) TX bytes:11426538 (11.4 MB) # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth1 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 10.8.0.0 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 eth0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 # arp -n # Note: Here I have changed all the different MACs except the ones corresponding to the Debian box (on 10.1.1.1 and 192.168.1.10) Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.1.70 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.90 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.97 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.103 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.13 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.120 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.111 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.118 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.51 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.102 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.64 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.52 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.74 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.94 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.121 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.72 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.87 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.91 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.71 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.78 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.83 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.88 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.82 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.98 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.100 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.93 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.73 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.11 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.85 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.112 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.89 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.65 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.81 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 10.1.1.1 ether 94:0c:6d:82:0d:98 C eth1 192.168.1.53 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.116 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.61 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.10 ether 6c:f0:49:a4:47:38 C eth0 192.168.1.86 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.119 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.66 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.1 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.1 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth1 192.168.1.92 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 # iptables -L -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination # iptables -L -n -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Edit: Following Patrick's suggestion, I did a tcpdump con the Ubuntu box and I see this: # tcpdump -i eth1 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 1, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 1, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 2, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 2, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 3, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 3, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 4, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 4, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 5, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 5, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 6, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 6, length 64 ^C 12 packets captured 12 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel So the question is: if all packets seem to be coming and going, why does ping report 100% packet loss?

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• ASP.NET MVC 1 and 2 on Mono 2.4 with Fluent NHibernate

  - by SztupY

  Hi! I'd like to create an application using ASP.NET MVC, that should run under mono 2.4 (compiling will be done on a Windows box). Has anyone getting luck with this? Here is what I've already tried: ASP.NET MVC on mono without any persistence model support, and using nhaml as the view engine S#aml architecture, which is a quite good framework imho, but it depends too much on stuff, that are not working good under mono (like windsor) The first part worked fine, I didn't encounter any major problems. But I couldn't get the second part working. It seems it's dependency on Castle.Windsor breaks the whole mono support (but there might be other parts too). Therefore I decided to create an alternative framework, that borrows some of the ideas of s#arp-architecture, but designed to be working under mono (and if I'm able to do this I'll release it for the community of course). The controller and view part is working fine (not much magic here though, they have been always working), but I have some questions before I start job on the persistence part: What NHibernate versions are working under mono? I've heard 1.2 is working fine. Does 2.0.1/2.1 beta work under mono? Does Fluent.NHibernate and NHibernate.Linq work under mono? (for the latter it seems it needs some dependcies that aren't avaialable in mono) Are there any good alternatives for persistence support to NHibernate under mono? Alternative questions: Are there any frameworks that have mono+persistence+asp.net mvc support already or am I the first one to think about this? If you have already done this: what are your opinions on stability/usability? Thanks for the answers EDIT: Updated the framework to support ASP.NET MVC 2: http://shaml.sztupy.hu/

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• How can I implement NHibernate session per request without a dependency on NHibernate?

  - by Ben

  I've raised this question before but am still struggling to find an example that I can get my head around (please don't just tell me to look at the S#arp Architecture project without at least some directions). So far I have achieved near persistance ignorance in my web project. My repository classes (in my data project) take an ISession in the constructor: public class ProductRepository : IProductRepository { private ISession _session; public ProductRepository(ISession session) { _session = session; } In my global.asax I expose the current session and am creating and disposing session on beginrequest and endrequest (this is where I have the dependency on NHibernate): public static ISessionFactory SessionFactory = CreateSessionFactory(); private static ISessionFactory CreateSessionFactory() { return new Configuration() .Configure() .BuildSessionFactory(); } protected MvcApplication() { BeginRequest += delegate { CurrentSessionContext.Bind(SessionFactory.OpenSession()); }; EndRequest += delegate { CurrentSessionContext.Unbind(SessionFactory).Dispose(); }; } And finally my StructureMap registry: public AppRegistry() { For<ISession>().TheDefault .Is.ConstructedBy(x => MvcApplication.SessionFactory.GetCurrentSession()); For<IProductRepository>().Use<ProductRepository>(); } It would seem I need my own generic implementations of ISession and ISessionFactory that I can use in my web project and inject into my repositories? I'm a little stuck so any help would be appreciated. Thanks, Ben

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• Fluent NHibernate auto mapping: map property from another table's column

  - by queen3

  I'm trying to use S#arp architecture... which includes Fluent NHibernate I'm newbie with (and with NHibernate too, frankly speaking). Auto mapping is used. So I have this: public class UserAction : Entity { public UserAction() { } [DomainSignature] [NotNull, NotEmpty] public virtual string Name { get; set; } [NotNull, NotEmpty] public virtual string TypeName { get; private set; } } public class UserActionMap : IAutoMappingOverride<UserAction> { public void Override(AutoMap<UserAction> mapping) { mapping.WithTable("ProgramComponents", m => m.Map(x => x.TypeName)); } } Now, table UserActions references table ProgramComponents (many to one) and I want property UserAction.TypeName to have value from db field ProgramComponents.TypeName. However, the above code fails with NHibernate.MappingException: Duplicate property mapping of TypeName found in OrderEntry3.Core.UserAction As far as I understand the problem is that TypeName is already auto-mapped... but I haven't found a way to remove the automatic mapping. Actually I think that my WithTable/Map mapping has to replace the automatic TypeName mapping, but seems like it does not. I also tried different mapping (names are different but that's all the same): mapping.WithTable("ProgramComponents", m => m.References<ProgramComponent>( x => x.Selector, "ProductSelectorID" ) and still get the same error. I can overcome this with mapping.HasOne<ProgramComponent>(x => x.Selector); but that's not what I exactly wants to do. And I still wonder why the first two methods do not work. I suspect this is because of WithTable.

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• Do you use an architectural framework for Flex/AIR development?

  - by Christophe Herreman

  Given that Flex is still a relatively young technology, there are already a bunch of architectural frameworks available for Flex/AIR (and Flash) development, the main ones being Cairngorm and PureMVC. The amount of architectural frameworks is remarkable compared to other technologies. I was wondering how many of you use an architectural framework for Flex development. If so, why, or why not if you don't use any? To share my own experience and point of view: I have used Cairngorm (and ARP for Flash development) on a variety of projects and found that at times, we needed to write extra code just to fit into the framework, which obviously didn't feel right. Although I haven't used PureMVC on many occasions, I have the same gut feeling after looking at the examples applications. Architectural frameworks equal religion in some way. Most followers are convinced that their framework is THE framework and are not open or very skeptical when it comes to using other frameworks. (I also find myself hesitant and skeptical to check out new frameworks, but that is mainly because I would rather wait until the hype is over.) In conclusion, I'm thinking that it is better to have a sound knowledge of patterns and practices that you can apply in your application instead of choosing a framework and sticking to it. There is simply no right or wrong and I don't believe that there will ever be a framework that is considered the holy grail.

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• How to convert from hex-encoded string to a "human readable" string?

  - by John Jensen

  I'm using the Net-SNMP bindings for python and I'm attempting to grab an ARP cache from a Brocade switch. Here's what my code looks like: #!/usr/bin/env python import netsnmp def get_arp(): oid = netsnmp.VarList(netsnmp.Varbind('ipNetToMediaPhysAddress')) res = netsnmp.snmpwalk(oid, Version=2, DestHost='10.0.1.243', Community='public') return res arp_table = get_arp() print arp_table The SNMP code itself is working fine. Output from snmpwalk looks like this: <snip> IP-MIB::ipNetToMediaPhysAddress.128.10.200.6.158 = STRING: 0:1b:ed:a3:ec:c1 IP-MIB::ipNetToMediaPhysAddress.129.10.200.6.162 = STRING: 0:1b:ed:a4:ac:c1 IP-MIB::ipNetToMediaPhysAddress.130.10.200.6.166 = STRING: 0:1b:ed:38:24:1 IP-MIB::ipNetToMediaPhysAddress.131.10.200.6.170 = STRING: 74:8e:f8:62:84:1 </snip> But my output from the python script yields a tuple of hex-encoded strings that looks like this: ('\x00$8C\x98\xc1', '\x00\x1b\xed;_A', '\x00\x1b\xed\xb4\x8f\x81', '\x00$86\x15\x81', '\x00$8C\x98\x81', '\x00\x1b\xed\x9f\xadA', ...etc) I've spent some time googling and came across the struct module and the .decode("hex") string method, but the .decode("hex") method doesn't seem to work: Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 10 2013, 06:20:15) [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> hexstring = '\x00$8C\x98\xc1' >>> newstring = hexstring.decode("hex") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.7/encodings/hex_codec.py", line 42, in hex_decode output = binascii.a2b_hex(input) TypeError: Non-hexadecimal digit found >>> And the documentation for struct is a bit over my head.

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• This is a great job opportunity!!! [closed]

  - by Stuart Gordon

  ASP.NET MVC Web Developer / London / £450pd / £25-£50,000pa / Interested contact [email protected] ! As a web developer within the engineering department, you will work with a team of enthusiastic developers building a new ASP.NET MVC platform for online products utilising exciting cutting edge technologies and methodologies (elements of Agile, Scrum, Lean, Kanban and XP) as well as developing new stand-alone web products that conform to W3C standards. Key Responsibilities and Objectives: Develop ASP.NET MVC websites utilising Frameworks and enterprise search technology. Develop and expand content management and delivery solutions. Help maintain and extend existing products. Formulate ideas and visions for new products and services. Be a proactive part of the development team and provide support and assistance to others when required. Qualification/Experience Required: The ideal candidate will have a web development background and be educated to degree level in a Computer Science/IT related course plus ASP.NET MVC experience. The successful candidate needs to be able to demonstrate commercial experience in all or most of the following skills: Essential: ASP.NET MVC with C# (Visual Studio), Castle, nHibernate, XHTML and JavaScript. Experience of Test Driven Development (TDD) using tools such as NUnit. Preferable: Experience of Continuous Integration (TeamCity and MSBuild), SQL Server (T-SQL), experience of source control such as Subversion (plus TortioseSVN), JQuery. Learn: Fluent NHibernate, S#arp Architecture, Spark (View engine), Behaviour Driven Design (BDD) using MSpec. Furthermore, you will possess good working knowledge of W3C web standards, web usability, web accessibility and understand the basics of search engine optimisation (SEO). You will also be a quick learner, have good communication skills and be a self-motivated and organised individual.

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• Forwarding HTTP Request with Direct Server Return

  - by Daniel Crabtree

  I have servers spread across several data centers, each storing different files. I want users to be able to access the files on all servers through a single domain and have the individual servers return the files directly to the users. The following shows a simple example: 1) The user's browser requests http://www.example.com/files/file1.zip 2) Request goes to server A, based on the DNS A record for example.com. 3) Server A analyzes the request and works out that /files/file1.zip is stored on server B. 4) Server A forwards the request to server B. 5) Server B returns file1.zip directly to the user without going through server A. Note: steps 4 and 5 must be transparent to the user and cannot involve sending a redirect to the user as that would violate the requirement of a single domain. From my research, what I want to achieve is called "Direct Server Return" and it is a common setup for load balancing. It is also sometimes called a half reverse proxy. For step 4, it sounds like I need to do MAC Address Translation and then pass the request back onto the network and for servers outside the network of server A tunneling will be required. For step 5, I simply need to configure server B, as per the real servers in a load balancing setup. Namely, server B should have server A's IP address on the loopback interface and it should not answer any ARP requests for that IP address. My problem is how to actually achieve step 4? I have found plenty of hardware and software that can do this for simple load balancing at layer 4, but these solutions fall short and cannot handle the kind of custom routing I require. It seems like I will need to roll my own solution. Ideally, I would like to do the routing / forwarding at the web server level, i.e. in PHP or C# / ASP.net. However, I am open to doing it at a lower level such as Apache or IIS, or at an even lower level, i.e. a custom proxy service in front of everything.

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• PXE-E32 TFTP Open Timeout While Attempting to PXE Boot from Windows Deployment Services

  - by bschafer

  I'm running Windows Deployment Services on Windows Server 2008 R2 on top of an ESX 4.0 box. This is the only function of this VM instance, although it had previously functioned as an AD Domain Controller. My DHCP server is running on our primary Domain Controller, which is also Server 2008 R2, but running on metal. Everything was working perfectly until we recently had our backup generator fail during a power outage, causing all of our servers and networking equipment to lose power for a period of time. When we brought all of our equipment back up, everything was working as expected except for WDS. Our network is split up into several different vlans. Now, depending on which vlan the client computer is on, it's behaving differently when attempting to PXE boot into WDS. Our servers are located on the 10.55.x.x vlan, which, due to the nature of it, has no DHCP server active in it. The first computer we plugged in happened to be in the 10.99.x.x vlan, which is supposed to be reserved for network management devices (i.e. switches), but we've been using it occasionally otherwise. That computer gave us PXE-E11 ARP Timeout errors. When we moved to a different computer on the 10.19.x.x vlan (for general purpose use), it finally gets an IP from DHCP, but it presents us with a very stumping PXE-E32 TFTP Open Timeout error. Before the power outage, it didn't matter which vlan a device was on; it would PXE boot and image just fine. I've made no changes to anything server-side. Everything is configured exactly the same way it was on my WDS and DHCP servers as before the power outage. I've tried several different computers, including different models. All of this, combined with the quirky behavior depending on the vlan, makes me think something went wrong in one or more of our switches, probably because of the power outage. Unfortunately, I'm no network guy, and I know very little about how to configure our switches properly. Is this an issue with switches, etc? If so, how can I fix it? Is there some magical option I'm not aware of? Does anybody out there have any hunches? I've pretty much exhausted my ideas. Our main switch is an HP Procurve 5406. We also have 3x HP Procurve 4208 switches. The ESX Server is an HP ProLiant DL380 G6. The WDS VM is currently using the VMXNET3 network adaptor, but we've also tried the E1000 adaptor.

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• tproxy squid bridge very slow when cache is full

  - by Roberto

  I have installed a bridge tproxy proxy in a fast server with 8GB ram. The traffic is around 60Mb/s. When I start for first time the proxy (with the cache empty) the proxy works very well but when the cache becomes full (few hours later) the bridge goes very slow, the traffic goes below 10Mb/s and the proxy server becomes unusable. Any hints of what may be happening? I'm using: linux-2.6.30.10 iptables-1.4.3.2 squid-3.1.1 compiled with these options: ./configure --prefix=/usr --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --datadir=/usr/share --localstatedir=/var/lib --sysconfdir=/etc/squid --libexecdir=/usr/libexec/squid --localstatedir=/var --datadir=/usr/share/squid --enable-removal-policies=lru,heap --enable-icmp --disable-ident-lookups --enable-cache-digests --enable-delay-pools --enable-arp-acl --with-pthreads --with-large-files --enable-htcp --enable-carp --enable-follow-x-forwarded-for --enable-snmp --enable-ssl --enable-async-io=32 --enable-linux-netfilter --enable-epoll --disable-poll --with-maxfd=16384 --enable-err-languages=Spanish --enable-default-err-language=Spanish My squid.conf: cache_mem 100 MB memory_pools off acl manager proto cache_object acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/32 acl localhost src ::1/128 acl to_localhost dst 127.0.0.0/8 0.0.0.0/32 acl to_localhost dst ::1/128 acl localnet src 10.0.0.0/8 # RFC1918 possible internal network acl localnet src 172.16.0.0/12 # RFC1918 possible internal network acl localnet src 192.168.0.0/16 # RFC1918 possible internal network acl localnet src fc00::/7 # RFC 4193 local private network range acl localnet src fe80::/10 # RFC 4291 link-local (directly plugged) machines acl net-g1 src xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/24 acl SSL_ports port 443 acl Safe_ports port 80 # http acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp acl Safe_ports port 443 # https acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http acl CONNECT method CONNECT http_access allow manager localhost http_access deny manager http_access deny !Safe_ports http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports http_access allow net-g1 from where browsing should be allowed http_access allow localnet http_access allow localhost http_access deny all http_port 3128 http_port 3129 tproxy hierarchy_stoplist cgi-bin ? cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 8000 16 256 access_log none cache_log /var/log/squid/cache.log coredump_dir /var/spool/squid refresh_pattern ^ftp: 1440 20% 10080 refresh_pattern ^gopher: 1440 0% 1440 refresh_pattern -i (/cgi-bin/|\?) 0 0% 0 refresh_pattern . I have this issue when the cache is full, but do not really know if it is because of that. Thanks in advance and sorry my english. roberto

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• Static IPv6 address in Windows unused for outgoing connections

  - by Luc

  I'm running a Windows server and trying to get it to use a static IPv6 address for outgoing connections to other IPv6 hosts (such as Gmail). I need this because Gmail requires a ptr record, and I can't set one for random addresses. The static address is configured on the host, but it also has a temporary privacy address as well as a random address from the router it seems. By default Windows uses the privacy address; it seems this is the expected behavior (and it makes perfect sense for people/users that did not set a static address, but I did!). I've tried disabling the privacy address with: netsh int ipv6 set privacy disabled This indeed gets rid of the privacy address, but I still have the random address that the router assigned. To disable this, it was said I needed to disable "router discovery" using this command: net interface ipv6 set interface 14 routerdiscovery=disabled Upon doing this, all IPv6 connectivity is lost. If I do this while pinging Gmail, it will report "Destination host unreachable" as soon as I enter the command. In the static IPv6 configuration, I did configure the default gateway and prefix length, so I don't see why it's unable to connect. Probably has something to do with the lack of ARP in IPv6 and somehow being unable to resolve the router's MAC, but I wouldn't know how to fix this. Finally I've tried disabling the DHCPv6 lease with these commands: netsh interface ipv6 set interface "IDMZ Team" managedaddress=disabled netsh interface ipv6 set interface "IDMZ Team" otherstateful=disabled Which was to no avail; the host continues to obtain and use the router-assigned IPv6 address. The router is a FritzBox 7340, which shows me all the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses that the host (identified by MAC) utilizes, but I'm unable to change the assigned address. Maybe this could be done over the telnet interface of the router somehow, but again, I wouldn't know how to do this even if it's the way to go. In short, any of the following would probably solve my problem: Change Windows' source address selection behavior. Have Windows not get an address from the router and not generate a privacy address; Have the router hand out a static address and make Windows use that as source address. Recover connectivity after disabling router discovery on Windows. Alternatively I might use some (batch, perl, ...) script to throw away all IPv6 addresses except the desired one, but this feels rather hacky. If it's the only way (or less hacky than another hacky solution), it might be an option though. Thanks!

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• Mikrotik and NAT/Routing issue

  - by arul

  I have basic NAT/Routing problem with Mikrotik RB750 that I've been unable to solve over the past days. From our ISP we have 26 IP addresses: 10.10.10.192/27, with 10.10.10.193 being the gateway and 10.10.10.194 the first available IP. What I need is that everything connected to ether2 gets a public IP from the DHCP server, and everything connected to ether3 gets a local IP from another DHCP (192.168.100.0/24). All clients should have internet access (I'll figure out bandwidth throttling later) and optimally just 'see' each other (all boxes are Win7, I guess this can ultimately be handled with VPN). Here is my setup: ether1 (10.10.10.194) is connected directly to ISP. 20 clients connected to ether2(10.10.10.195), and another 20 to ether3(10.10.10.196) (both through same 24 port switches). This is my setup, which doesn't work, all 20 clients from ether2 can access the internet, though all comm. seems to come from 10.10.10.194 (is this due to the masquerade on ether1?), and ether3 can't access the internet at all. I think that I need to masquerade ether3, and SNAT/DNAT or NETMAP ether2, but that doesn't work either, I guess that I need to somehow 'wire' both ether2+3 to ether1. Address list: # ADDRESS NETWORK INTERFACE 0 ;;; public 10.10.10.194/32 10.10.10.192 ether1-gateway 1 ;;; inner DHCP 192.168.100.0/24 192.168.100.0 ether3-private 2 ;;; public 10.10.10.195/32 10.10.10.192 ether2-pub 3 ;;; public 10.10.10.196/32 10.10.10.192 ether3-private NAT 0 ;;; ether3 nat chain=srcnat action=src-nat to-addresses=10.10.10.196 src-address=192.168.100.0/24 out-interface=ether3-private 1 ;;; ether3 nat chain=dstnat action=dst-nat to-addresses=192.168.100.0/24 in-interface=ether3-private 2 ;;; ether1 masquerade chain=srcnat action=masquerade to-addresses=10.10.10.194 out-interface=ether1-gateway Routes: # DST-ADDRESS PREF-SRC GATEWAY DISTANCE 0 A S 0.0.0.0/0 ether1-gateway 1 2 A S 10.10.10.192/27 10.10.10.195 ether2-pub 1 3 ADC 10.10.10.192/32 10.10.10.195 ether2-pub 0 ether1-gateway ether3-private 4 ADC 192.168.100.0/24 192.168.100.0 ether3-private 0 IP Pools: # NAME RANGES 0 public-pool 10.10.10.201-10.10.10.220 1 private-pool 192.168.100.2-192.168.100.254 DHCP configs: # NAME INTERFACE RELAY ADDRESS-POOL LEASE-TIME ADD-ARP 0 public-dhcp ether2-pub public-pool 3d 1 private-dhcp ether3-private private-pool 3d Thanks!

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• StrongSwan + xl2tpd client timeout between 2-5 minutes

  - by Howard Guo

  I run CentOS 6.4 on Amazon EC2, using xl2tpd-1.3.1 from EPEL repository together with StrongSwan 5.0.4. I setup a simple IPSec connection: conn l2tp type=transport keyexchange=ikev1 rekey=no authby=psk leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0 rightsubnet=0.0.0.0/0 compress=yes auto=add And here is xl2tpd.conf: [global] ipsec saref = yes [lns default] ip range = 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.250 local ip = 192.168.0.1 ppp debug = yes pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd length bit = yes Here is options.xl2tpd: ms-dns 8.8.4.4 auth lock debug proxyarp There is only one client - Android 4.2 Android connects successfully: Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 xl2tpd[2706]: Connection established to x.x.x.x, 59578. Local: 18934, Remote: 29291 (ref=0/0). LNS session is 'default' Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 xl2tpd[2706]: Call established with x.x.x.x, Local: 36452, Remote: 29845, Serial: -1369754322 Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: pppd 2.4.5 started by howard, uid 0 Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: Using interface ppp0 Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/0 Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: peer from calling number x.x.x.x authorized Oct 27 19:45:02 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: Deflate (15) compression enabled Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: Cannot determine ethernet address for proxy ARP Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: local IP address 192.168.0.1 Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 pppd[2709]: remote IP address 192.168.0.2 Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 charon: 06[KNL] 192.168.0.1 appeared on ppp0 Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 charon: 06[KNL] 192.168.0.1 disappeared from ppp0 Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 charon: 06[KNL] 192.168.0.1 appeared on ppp0 Oct 27 19:45:03 ip-172-31-17-30 charon: 06[KNL] interface ppp0 activated In the meanwhile, Internet works perfectly on the Android client, the VPN connection is stable and fast. However, it always happens that within 2-5 minutes after the connection is established: Oct 27 19:47:07 ip-172-31-17-30 xl2tpd[2706]: Maximum retries exceeded for tunnel 18934. Closing. Oct 27 19:47:07 ip-172-31-17-30 xl2tpd[2706]: Connection 29291 closed to 95.91.227.224, port 59578 (Timeout) Oct 27 19:47:07 ip-172-31-17-30 charon: 06[KNL] interface ppp0 deactivated Oct 27 19:47:07 ip-172-31-17-30 charon: 06[KNL] interface ppp0 deleted Then the VPN connection is broken. So what might have gone wrong? The same L2TP service works flawlessly on iOS 7, MacOS 10.8, and Windows 7, there is no disconnection issue on those OSes. Thank you!

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• VirtualBox Port Forward not working when Guest IP *IS* specified (while doc says opposite)

  - by Patrick

  Trying to port forward from host (Mac OS X) 127.0.0.1:8282 - guest (CentOS)'s 10.10.10.10:8080. Existing port forwards include 127.0.0.1:8181 and 9191 to guest without any IP specified (so whatever it gets through DHCP, as explained in the documentation). Here is how the non-working binding was added: VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natpf1 "rule3,tcp,127.0.0.1,8282,10.10.10.10,8080" Here is how the working ones were added: VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natpf1 "rule1,tcp,127.0.0.1,8181,,80" VBoxManage modifyvm "VM name" --natpf1 "rule2,tcp,127.0.0.1,9191,,9090" And by "non-working", I of course mean not listening (as a prerequisite to forwarding): $ lsof -Pi -n|grep Virtual|grep LISTEN VirtualBo 27050 user 21u IPv4 0x2bbdc68fd363175d 0t0 TCP 127.0.0.1:9191 (LISTEN) VirtualBo 27050 user 22u IPv4 0x2bbdc68fd0e0af75 0t0 TCP 127.0.0.1:8181 (LISTEN) There should be a similar line above but with 127.0.0.1:8282. Just to be clear, this port is listening perfectly fine on the guest itself. And when I remove the guest IP (i.e., clear the 10.10.10.10) the forward works fine, albeit to eth0 (not eth1 where I need it). I can tcpdump and watch the traffic flow back and forth. And yes, I've disabled iptables entirely while testing -- it's not getting blocked anywhere on the guest. As VirtualBox writes in their documentation, you are required to specify the guest IP if it's static (makes sense, no DHCP record it keeps): "If for some reason the guest uses a static assigned IP address not leased from the built-in DHCP server, it is required to specify the guest IP when registering the forwarding rule:". However, doing so (as I need to), seems to break the port forward with nary a report in any log file I can find. (I've reviewed everything in ~/Library/VirtualBox/). Other notes: While I used the above command to add the third rule, I've also verified it showed up correctly in GUI and then removed/re-added from there just to make sure). This forum link -- while very dated -- looks somewhat related in that a port forward to a static IP was not appearing (perhaps they think due to lack of gratuitous arp being sent for host to know IP is there/avail?). Anyway, what gives? Is this still buggy? Any suggestions? If not, easy enough workarounds? What's interesting is that this works perfectly fine on another user's Mac, however he's running a slightly older version (4.3.6 v. 4.3.12).

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• What Keeps You from Changing Your Public IP Address and Wreaking Havoc on the Internet?

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  What exactly is preventing you (or anyone else) from changing their IP address and causing all sorts of headaches for ISPs and other Internet users? Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-driven grouping of Q&A web sites. The Question SuperUser reader Whitemage is curious about what’s preventing him from wantonly changing his IP address and causing trouble: An interesting question was asked of me and I did not know what to answer. So I’ll ask here. Let’s say I subscribed to an ISP and I’m using cable internet access. The ISP gives me a public IP address of 60.61.62.63. What keeps me from changing this IP address to, let’s say, 60.61.62.75, and messing with another consumer’s internet access? For the sake of this argument, let’s say that this other IP address is also owned by the same ISP. Also, let’s assume that it’s possible for me to go into the cable modem settings and manually change the IP address. Under a business contract where you are allocated static addresses, you are also assigned a default gateway, a network address and a broadcast address. So that’s 3 addresses the ISP “loses” to you. That seems very wasteful for dynamically assigned IP addresses, which the majority of customers are. Could they simply be using static arps? ACLs? Other simple mechanisms? Two things to investigate here, why can’t we just go around changing our addresses, and is the assignment process as wasteful as it seems? The Answer SuperUser contributor Moses offers some insight: Cable modems aren’t like your home router (ie. they don’t have a web interface with simple point-and-click buttons that any kid can “hack” into). Cable modems are “looked up” and located by their MAC address by the ISP, and are typically accessed by technicians using proprietary software that only they have access to, that only runs on their servers, and therefore can’t really be stolen. Cable modems also authenticate and cross-check settings with the ISPs servers. The server has to tell the modem whether it’s settings (and location on the cable network) are valid, and simply sets it to what the ISP has it set it for (bandwidth, DHCP allocations, etc). For instance, when you tell your ISP “I would like a static IP, please.”, they allocate one to the modem through their servers, and the modem allows you to use that IP. Same with bandwidth changes, for instance. To do what you are suggesting, you would likely have to break into the servers at the ISP and change what it has set up for your modem. Could they simply be using static arps? ACLs? Other simple mechanisms? Every ISP is different, both in practice and how close they are with the larger network that is providing service to them. Depending on those factors, they could be using a combination of ACL and static ARP. It also depends on the technology in the cable network itself. The ISP I worked for used some form of ACL, but that knowledge was a little beyond my paygrade. I only got to work with the technician’s interface and do routine maintenance and service changes. What keeps me from changing this IP address to, let’s say, 60.61.62.75 and mess with another consumer’s internet access? Given the above, what keeps you from changing your IP to one that your ISP hasn’t specifically given to you is a server that is instructing your modem what it can and can’t do. Even if you somehow broke into the modem, if 60.61.62.75 is already allocated to another customer, then the server will simply tell your modem that it can’t have it. David Schwartz offers some additional insight with a link to a white paper for the really curious: Most modern ISPs (last 13 years or so) will not accept traffic from a customer connection with a source IP address they would not route to that customer were it the destination IP address. This is called “reverse path forwarding”. See BCP 38. Have something to add to the explanation? Sound off in the the comments. Want to read more answers from other tech-savvy Stack Exchange users? Check out the full discussion thread here.     

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• Usage of IcmpSendEcho2 with an asynchronous callback

  - by Ben Voigt

  I've been reading the MSDN documentation for IcmpSendEcho2 and it raises more questions than it answers. I'm familiar with asynchronous callbacks from other Win32 APIs such as ReadFileEx... I provide a buffer which I guarantee will be reserved for the driver's use until the operation completes with any result other than IO_PENDING, I get my callback in case of either success or failure (and call GetCompletionStatus to find out which). Timeouts are my responsibility and I can call CancelIo to abort processing, but the buffer is still reserved until the driver cancels the operation and calls my completion routine with a status of CANCELLED. And there's an OVERLAPPED structure which uniquely identifies the request through all of this. IcmpSendEcho2 doesn't use an OVERLAPPED context structure for asynchronous requests. And the documentation is unclear excessively minimalist about what happens if the ping times out or fails (failure would be lack of a network connection, a missing ARP entry for local peers, ICMP destination unreachable response from an intervening router for remote peers, etc). Does anyone know whether the callback occurs on timeout and/or failure? And especially, if no response comes, can I reuse the buffer for another call to IcmpSendEcho2 or is it forever reserved in case a reply comes in late? I'm wanting to use this function from a Win32 service, which means I have to get the error-handling cases right and I can't just leak buffers (or if the API does leak buffers, I have to use a helper process so I have a way to abandon requests). There's also an ugly incompatibility in the way the callback is made. It looks like the first parameter is consistent between the two signatures, so I should be able to use the newer PIO_APC_ROUTINE as long as I only use the second parameter if an OS version check returns Vista or newer? Although MSDN says "don't do a Windows version check", it seems like I need to, because the set of versions with the new argument aren't the same as the set of versions where the function exists in iphlpapi.dll. Pointers to additional documentation or working code which uses this function and an APC would be much appreciated. Please also let me know if this is completely the wrong approach -- i.e. if either using raw sockets or some combination of IcmpCreateFile+WriteFileEx+ReadFileEx would be more robust.

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• Huawei b153 limit of devices

  - by bdecaf

  I set up my home network all through this 3G wifi router. Problem is it only allows 5 devices to connect. That's not much especially if a wifi printer and gaming consoles keep hogging these slots. On the other hand I don't see the point on blocking these devices. They are (should) not doing anything online just intern in my network. The documentation I can find is surpirisingly unhelpful and focuses how to plug the device in a power socket. So what would be my options. Notes: I have already been able to get a shell on the device using ssh. It's running some Busybox. But I fail to find the how and where this limit is enforced/created. Notes 2: Specifically my device is a 3WebCube - unfortunately not specifically marked with the Huawei Model number. Successes so far After enabling ssh in the options I can login: ssh -T [email protected] [email protected]'s password: ------------------------------- -----Welcome to ATP Cli------ ------------------------------- unfortunately because of this -T - the tab key does not work for autocomplete and all inputted commands will be echoed. Also no history with arrow keys. ATP interface this custom interface is not very useful: ATP>help help Welcome to ATP command line tool. If any question, please input "?" at the end of command. ATP>? ? cls debug help save ? exit ATP>save? save? Command failed. ATP>save ? save ? ATP>debug ? debug ? display set trace ? Shell BUT undocumented - I somehow found on a auto translated chinese website - all you need to do is input sh ATP>sh sh BusyBox vv1.9.1 (2011-03-27 11:59:11 CST) built-in shell (ash) Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands. # builtin commands # help Built-in commands: ------------------- . : alias bg break cd chdir command continue eval exec exit export false fg getopts hash help jobs kill let local pwd read readonly return set shift source times trap true type ulimit umask unalias unset wait shows standard unix structure: # ls / var tmp proc linuxrc init etc bin usr sbin mnt lib html dev in /bin # ls /bin zebra strace ppps ln echo cat wscd startbsp pppc klog ebtables busybox wlancmd sshd ping kill dns brctl web sntp netstat iwpriv dhcps auth usbdiagd sms mount iwcontrol dhcpc atserver upnp sleep mknod iptables date atcmd upg siproxd mkdir ipcheck cp at umount sh mini_upnpd ip console ash test_at rm mic igmpproxy cms telnetd ripd ls ethcmd cmgr swapdev ps log equipcmd cli in /sbin # ls /sbin vconfig reboot insmod ifconfig arp route poweroff init halt using tftp after installing tftp on my desktop I was able to send files with tftp -s -l curcfg.xml 192.168.1.103 and to download onto the huawei with tftp -g -r curcfg.xml 192.168.1.103 I think I'll need that - because I don't see any editor installed. readout stuff (still playing around where I would get interesting info) For confirmation of hardware: # cat /var/log/modem_hardware_name ^HWVER:"WL1B153M001"# # cat /var/log/modem_software_name 1096.11.03.02.107 # cat /var/log/product_name B153

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