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  • Utility that helps in file locking - expert tips wanted

    - by maix
    I've written a subclass of file that a) provides methods to conveniently lock it (using fcntl, so it only supports unix, which is however OK for me atm) and b) when reading or writing asserts that the file is appropriately locked. Now I'm not an expert at such stuff (I've just read one paper [de] about it) and would appreciate some feedback: Is it secure, are there race conditions, are there other things that could be done better … Here is the code: from fcntl import flock, LOCK_EX, LOCK_SH, LOCK_UN, LOCK_NB class LockedFile(file): """ A wrapper around `file` providing locking. Requires a shared lock to read and a exclusive lock to write. Main differences: * Additional methods: lock_ex, lock_sh, unlock * Refuse to read when not locked, refuse to write when not locked exclusivly. * mode cannot be `w` since then the file would be truncated before it could be locked. You have to lock the file yourself, it won't be done for you implicitly. Only you know what lock you need. Example usage:: def get_config(): f = LockedFile(CONFIG_FILENAME, 'r') f.lock_sh() config = parse_ini(f.read()) f.close() def set_config(key, value): f = LockedFile(CONFIG_FILENAME, 'r+') f.lock_ex() config = parse_ini(f.read()) config[key] = value f.truncate() f.write(make_ini(config)) f.close() """ def __init__(self, name, mode='r', *args, **kwargs): if 'w' in mode: raise ValueError('Cannot open file in `w` mode') super(LockedFile, self).__init__(name, mode, *args, **kwargs) self.locked = None def lock_sh(self, **kwargs): """ Acquire a shared lock on the file. If the file is already locked exclusively, do nothing. :returns: Lock status from before the call (one of 'sh', 'ex', None). :param nonblocking: Don't wait for the lock to be available. """ if self.locked == 'ex': return # would implicitly remove the exclusive lock return self._lock(LOCK_SH, **kwargs) def lock_ex(self, **kwargs): """ Acquire an exclusive lock on the file. :returns: Lock status from before the call (one of 'sh', 'ex', None). :param nonblocking: Don't wait for the lock to be available. """ return self._lock(LOCK_EX, **kwargs) def unlock(self): """ Release all locks on the file. Flushes if there was an exclusive lock. :returns: Lock status from before the call (one of 'sh', 'ex', None). """ if self.locked == 'ex': self.flush() return self._lock(LOCK_UN) def _lock(self, mode, nonblocking=False): flock(self, mode | bool(nonblocking) * LOCK_NB) before = self.locked self.locked = {LOCK_SH: 'sh', LOCK_EX: 'ex', LOCK_UN: None}[mode] return before def _assert_read_lock(self): assert self.locked, "File is not locked" def _assert_write_lock(self): assert self.locked == 'ex', "File is not locked exclusively" def read(self, *args): self._assert_read_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).read(*args) def readline(self, *args): self._assert_read_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).readline(*args) def readlines(self, *args): self._assert_read_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).readlines(*args) def xreadlines(self, *args): self._assert_read_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).xreadlines(*args) def __iter__(self): self._assert_read_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).__iter__() def next(self): self._assert_read_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).next() def write(self, *args): self._assert_write_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).write(*args) def writelines(self, *args): self._assert_write_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).writelines(*args) def flush(self): self._assert_write_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).flush() def truncate(self, *args): self._assert_write_lock() return super(LockedFile, self).truncate(*args) def close(self): self.unlock() return super(LockedFile, self).close() (the example in the docstring is also my current use case for this) Thanks for having read until down here, and possibly even answering :)

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  • Database Design Primay Key, ID vs String

    - by LnDCobra
    Hi, I am currently planning to develop a music streaming application. And i am wondering what would be better as a primary key in my tables on the server. An ID int or a Unique String. Methods 1: Songs Table: SongID(int), Title(string), Artist*(string), Length(int), Album*(string) Genre Table Genre(string), Name(string) SongGenre: SongID*(int), Genre*(string) Method 2 Songs Table: SongID(int), Title(string), ArtistID*(int), Length(int), AlbumID*(int) Genre Table GenreID(int), Name(string) SongGenre: SongID*(int), GenreID*(int) Key: Bold = Primary Key, Field* = Foreign Key I'm currently designing using method 2 as I believe it will speed up lookup performance and use less space as an int takes a lot less space then a string. Is there any reason this isn't a good idea? Is there anything I should be aware of?

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  • What are the pros and cons of using an in memeory DB rather than a ThreadLocal

    - by Pangea
    we have been using ThreadLocal so far to carry some data so as to not clutter the API. However below are some of issues of using thread local that which I dont like 1) over the years the data items being carried in thread local has increased 2) Since we started using threads (for some light weight processing), we have also migrating these data to the threads in the pool and copying them back again I am thinking of using an in memory DB for these (we doesnt want to add this to the API). I wondering if this approach is good. What r the pros and cons. thx in advance.

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  • Best architecture for a social media app

    - by Sky
    Hey guys, Im working on promising project that develops a new social media app for web and mobile. We are at begin defining functionalities. Nevertheless, I'm thinking ahead on architecture. So I'm asking: 1 - Whats the best plataform to develop the core of this aplication that will have a Rest API interface. 2 - Whats the best database that will scale and grow with my application. As far as I researched, these were the answers I found most interesting: For database: Cassandra NoSQL DB, amazing scalabilty, amazing write performance, good read performance (will be improved on 0.6). I think i will choose that one. Zookeer for transactions on Cassandra. I think that 2 technologies rly good for that propose. What do you think guys? On the front end that will serve the REST API, i dont have a final candidate. For this one i have questions based on Perfomance X Scalabilty X Fast Development/Maintenance. Java or .Net As far as I researched, brings the best balance of this requisits. Python, pearl and Rail, has the best (Fast Development/Maintenance), but sux on all other. C or C++ I dont even consider, because its (Fast Development/Maintenance) sux... So what do you guy think about it?

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  • Which is the best jQuery-powered site?

    - by Reigel
    This "Top 10 JavaScript (jQuery) Powered Sites", posted about 2 years ago, was the one that invites me(after seeing the list) to use jQuery. All the sites in that list made me realize how cool it is to build sites powered by jQuery. And now more and more sites are being powered by jQuery. More and more developers are learning jQuery. Two years have past now but I still do a search to google for best sites and still got me to that link and which the link is not updated from the first time I have looked at it. Here at stackoverflow, there are lots of jQuery user. I was thinking if we can here show some of the sites that you know that is powered by jQuery which you think is best. If you can, please make it one site one answer, so that we can make a vote if it's really best jQuery powered site. We will take a look if it is really well implemented ( the way the codes are written, fast speed site, etc...) and deserves to be the best. Lot's of viewers will benefit from it. Like, we can view and have an idea of how we will make our next project cooler, faster, and powerful.

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  • What are the pros and cons of using an in memory DB rather than a ThreadLocal

    - by Pangea
    We have been using ThreadLocal so far to carry some data so as to not clutter the API. However below are some of issues of using thread local that which I don't like: 1) Over the years the data items being carried in thread local has increased 2) Since we started using threads (for some light weight processing), we have also migrating these data to the threads in the pool and copying them back again I am thinking of using an in memory DB for these (we doesn't want to add this to the API). I wondering if this approach is good. What are the pros and cons? thx in advance.

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  • Having many subdomains with SSL--best practices?

    - by jnunn
    I have a site that has many subdomains (one for each client). The content for each subdomain will be different, pulling different data, different layouts etc, so I don't think I can just alias one directory to many different sub domains. My question is, what's the best practice for doing this? Each subdomain will need SSL. My setup is Amazon EC2 (ubuntu) Wildcard SSL for my domain (*.mydomain.com) Apache 2 PHP (LAMP) Currently, I'm just creating a new entry into "/etc/hosts" and an appropriate spot in the web root (ie /var/www/abc.mydomain.com, /var/www/def.mydomain.com, etc). I've just discovered that I'll need a unique IP for each subdomain, and that's tricky with EC2 as they limit you to the number you can have (unless you jump through some hoops). Right now I have about 10 subdomains, which is manageable, but theoretically I could have thousands. Am I doing it the only way possible or is there a better way I should investigate?

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  • Using COALESCE to avoid dynamic SQL ?

    - by krul
    I would like to use following sql to avoid constructing sql dynamically: SELECT CommentID, Comment, FROM Comments --if Author id is not null then filter upon author id otherwise get all comments (ignore author id) WHERE AuthorID LIKE COALESCE(@AuthorId, '%') --if comment type is present filter upon it, otherwise get all comments (ignore comment type condition) AND CommentType LIKE COALESCE(@CommentType, '%') I want to know is that safe way to approach this problem? EDIT: Here is final code that satisfy my need to ignore search parameter if is null and applied it if is present: SELECT CommentID, Comment, FROM Comments --if @AuthorId is not null then filter upon @AuthorId otherwise get all comments (ignore author id) WHERE AuthorID = COALESCE(@AuthorId, AuthorID) --if @CommentType is present filter upon it, otherwise get all comments (ignore comment type condition) AND CommentType = COALESCE(@CommentType, CommentType)

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  • How do you do merges using Git, Eclipse and Egit

    - by PaulHurleyuk
    I, like many others, love Eclipse as my ide of choice, and because of the way I work (moving about, different places, different projects) want to use Git for CVS. There is a plugin for Git in Eclipse, Egit, which is now an official Eclipse project, and currently at version 0.7.1. As I've just started using it I'm interested in how others are using it, and what work arounds they are using. Currently Egit doesn't have support for merges, so these have to be done outside of Eclipse and then the workspace refreshed. So, How do you do this task ? (and any other tasks that Egit doesn't do right now)

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  • Best configuration and deployment strategies for Rails on EC2

    - by Micah
    I'm getting ready to deploy an application, and I'd like to make sure I'm using the latest and greatest tools. The plan is to host on EC2, as Heroku will be cost prohibitive for this application. In the recent past, I used Chef and the Opscode platform for building and managing the server infrastructure, then Capistrano for deploying. Is this still considered a best (or at least "good") practice? The Chef setup is great once done, but pretty laborious to set up. Likewise, Capistrano has been good to me over the past several years, but I thought I'd take some time to look around and seeing if there's been any landscape shifts that I missed.

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  • single line vs multi-line CSS formatting

    - by pixeltocode
    hi...though it's debatable, i've heard majority of CSS developers prefer multi-line because of the ease at which a property can be found within the CSS file. But doesn't this make the CSS file bigger and less readable on the whole? I think single-line lets you scan the CSS file much faster. Any thoughts?

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  • How do implement a breadth first traversal?

    - by not looking for answer
    //This is what I have. I thought pre-order was the same and mixed it up with depth first! import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.Queue; public class Exercise25_1 { public static void main(String[] args) { BinaryTree tree = new BinaryTree(new Integer[] {10, 5, 15, 12, 4, 8 }); System.out.print("\nInorder: "); tree.inorder(); System.out.print("\nPreorder: "); tree.preorder(); System.out.print("\nPostorder: "); tree.postorder(); //call the breadth method to test it System.out.print("\nBreadthFirst:"); tree.breadth(); } } class BinaryTree { private TreeNode root; /** Create a default binary tree */ public BinaryTree() { } /** Create a binary tree from an array of objects */ public BinaryTree(Object[] objects) { for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) { insert(objects[i]); } } /** Search element o in this binary tree */ public boolean search(Object o) { return search(o, root); } public boolean search(Object o, TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return false; } if (root.element.equals(o)) { return true; } else { return search(o, root.left) || search(o, root.right); } } /** Return the number of nodes in this binary tree */ public int size() { return size(root); } public int size(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return 0; } else { return 1 + size(root.left) + size(root.right); } } /** Return the depth of this binary tree. Depth is the * number of the nodes in the longest path of the tree */ public int depth() { return depth(root); } public int depth(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return 0; } else { return 1 + Math.max(depth(root.left), depth(root.right)); } } /** Insert element o into the binary tree * Return true if the element is inserted successfully */ public boolean insert(Object o) { if (root == null) { root = new TreeNode(o); // Create a new root } else { // Locate the parent node TreeNode parent = null; TreeNode current = root; while (current != null) { if (((Comparable)o).compareTo(current.element) < 0) { parent = current; current = current.left; } else if (((Comparable)o).compareTo(current.element) > 0) { parent = current; current = current.right; } else { return false; // Duplicate node not inserted } } // Create the new node and attach it to the parent node if (((Comparable)o).compareTo(parent.element) < 0) { parent.left = new TreeNode(o); } else { parent.right = new TreeNode(o); } } return true; // Element inserted } public void breadth() { breadth(root); } // Implement this method to produce a breadth first // search traversal public void breadth(TreeNode root){ if (root == null) return; System.out.print(root.element + " "); breadth(root.left); breadth(root.right); } /** Inorder traversal */ public void inorder() { inorder(root); } /** Inorder traversal from a subtree */ private void inorder(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return; } inorder(root.left); System.out.print(root.element + " "); inorder(root.right); } /** Postorder traversal */ public void postorder() { postorder(root); } /** Postorder traversal from a subtree */ private void postorder(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return; } postorder(root.left); postorder(root.right); System.out.print(root.element + " "); } /** Preorder traversal */ public void preorder() { preorder(root); } /** Preorder traversal from a subtree */ private void preorder(TreeNode root) { if (root == null) { return; } System.out.print(root.element + " "); preorder(root.left); preorder(root.right); } /** Inner class tree node */ private class TreeNode { Object element; TreeNode left; TreeNode right; public TreeNode(Object o) { element = o; } } }

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  • How does an interpreter switch scope?

    - by Dox
    I'm asking this because I'm relatively new to interpreter development and I wanted to know some basic concepts before reinventing the wheel. I thought of the values of all variables stored in an array which makes the current scope, upon entering a function the array is swapped and the original array put on some sort of stack. When leaving the function the top element of the "scope stack" is popped of and used again. Is this basically right? Isn't swapping arrays (which means moving around a lot of data) not very slow and therefore not used by modern interpreters?

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  • When should we use private variables and when should we use properties.

    - by Shantanu Gupta
    In most of the cases we usually creates a private variable and its corresponding public properties and uses them for performing our functionalities. Everyone has different approach like some ppl uses properties every where and some uses private variables within a same class as they are private and opens it to be used by external environment by using properties. Suppose I takes a scenario say insertion in a database. I creates some parameters that need to be initialized. I creates 10 private variables and their corresp public properties which are given as private string name; public string Name { get{return name;} set{name=value;} } and so on. In these cases what should be used internally variables or properties. And in those cases like public string Name { get{return name;} set{name=value>5?5:0;} //or any action can be done. this is just an eg. } In such cases what should be done.

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  • im counting the number of characters in a file but i want to count the number of words that are less

    - by user320950
    i want to do this: reads the words in the file one at a time. (Use a string to do this) Counts three things: how many single-character words are in the file, how many short (2 to 5 characters) words are in the file, and how many long (6 or more characters) words are in the file. HELP HERE im not sure on how about reading file into a string. i know i have to something like this but i dont understand the rest. HELP HERE ifstream infile; //char mystring[6]; //char mystring[20]; int main() { infile.open("file.txt"); if(infile.fail()) { cout << " Error " << endl; } int numb_char=0; char letter; while(!infile.eof()) { infile.get(letter); cout << letter; numb_char++; break; } cout << " the number of characters is :" << numb_char << endl; infile.close(); return 0;

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  • When should we use private variables and when should we use properties. Do Backing Fields should be

    - by Shantanu Gupta
    In most of the cases we usually creates a private variable and its corresponding public properties and uses them for performing our functionalities. Everyone has different approach like some people uses properties every where and some uses private variables within a same class as they are private and opens it to be used by external environment by using properties. Suppose I takes a scenario say insertion in a database. I creates some parameters that need to be initialized. I creates 10 private variables and their corresp public properties which are given as private string name; public string Name { get{return name;} set{name=value;} } and so on. In these cases mentioned above, what should be used internal variables or properties. And in those cases like public string Name { get{return name;} set{name=value>5?5:0;} //or any action can be done. this is just an eg. } In such cases what should be done.

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  • numbers aren't right when reading text file, have to tally up number of 5 letter words and 6 or more

    - by user320950
    i want to do this: reads the words in the file one at a time. (Use a string to do this) Counts three things: how many single-character words are in the file, how many short (2 to 5 characters) words are in the file, and how many long (6 or more characters) words are in the file. HELP HERE im not sure on how about reading file into a string. i know i have to something like this but i dont understand the rest. HELP HERE ifstream infile; //char mystring[6]; //char mystring[20]; int main() { infile.open("file.txt"); if(infile.fail()) { cout << " Error " << endl; } int numb_char=0; char letter; while(!infile.eof()) { infile.get(letter); cout << letter; numb_char++; break; } cout << " the number of characters is :" << numb_char << endl; infile.close(); return 0;

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  • [PHP] Making a good singleton registry class structure which hold your objects

    - by Saif Bechan
    I am working on a web application in PHP. I have a singleton class called registry. This class will hold all the objects i need throughout my application, such as loader classes, template classes, database, classes, etc. When an object of the registry class is created I send it an array with the classes it need to load: // Create the registry $registry = registry::singleton(); // Store those core objects $registry->storeObjects(Array('session','db','page','template','errors')); In this example I only put some of the classes, to get the basic idea. Now I have some classes in the registry that use each other. For example the 'errors' object uses the 'page' object. Now I was wondering if it is a good practice to make an instance of the registry object in the errors object. Like this; class errors{ private $registry; public function __construct(){ $this->registry = registry::singleton(); } } So there is an instance of the registry object, inside an object of the registry object. This does not sound like a good idea to me. Anyone have a suggestion how to model such a thing?

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  • SQL Server Management Studio – tips for improving the TSQL coding process

    - by kristof
    I used to work in a place where a common practice was to use Pair Programming. I remember how many small things we could learn from each other when working together on the code. Picking up new shortcuts, code snippets etc. with time significantly improved our efficiency of writing code. Since I started working with SQL Server I have been left on my own. The best habits I would normally pick from working together with other people which I cannot do now. So here is the question: What are you tips on efficiently writing TSQL code using SQL Server Management Studio? Please keep the tips to 2 – 3 things/shortcuts that you think improve you speed of coding Please stay within the scope of TSQL and SQL Server Management Studio 2005/2008 If the feature is specific to the version of Management Studio please indicate: e.g. “Works with SQL Server 2008 only" Thanks EDIT: I am afraid that I could have been misunderstood by some of you. I am not looking for tips for writing efficient TSQL code but rather for advice on how to efficiently use Management Studio to speed up the coding process itself. The type of answers that I am looking for are: use of templates, keyboard-shortcuts, use of IntelliSense plugins etc. Basically those little things that make the coding experience a bit more efficient and pleasant. Thanks again

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  • Metaprogramming - self explanatory code - tutorials, articles, books

    - by elena
    Hello everybody, I am looking into improving my programming skils (actually I try to do my best to suck less each year, as our Jeff Atwood put it), so I was thinking into reading stuff about metaprogramming and self explanatory code. I am looking for something like an idiot's guide to this (free books for download, online resources). Also I want more than your average wiki page and also something language agnostic or preferably with Java examples. Do you know of such resources that will allow to efficiently put all of it into practice (I know experience has a lot to say in all of this but i kind of want to build experience avoiding the flow bad decisions - experience - good decisions)? EDIT: Something of the likes of this example from the Pragmatic Programmer: ...implement a mini-language to control a simple drawing package... The language consists of single-letter commands. Some commands are followed by a single number. For example, the following input would draw a rectangle: P 2 # select pen 2 D # pen down W 2 # draw west 2cm N 1 # then north 1 E 2 # then east 2 S 1 # then back south U # pen up Thank you!

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  • Cast then check or check then cast?

    - by jamesrom
    Which method is regarded as best practice? Cast first? public string Describe(ICola cola) { var coke = cola as CocaCola; if (coke != null) { string result; // some unique coca-cola only code here. return result; } var pepsi = cola as Pepsi; if (pepsi != null) { string result; // some unique pepsi only code here. return result; } } Or should I check first, cast later? public string Describe(ICola cola) { if (cola is CocaCola) { coke = (CocaCola) cola; string result; // some unique coca-cola only code here. return result; } if (cola is Pepsi) { pepsi = (Pepsi) cola; string result; // some unique pepsi only code here. return result; } } Can you see any other way to do this?

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  • When to use custom exceptions vs. existing exceptions vs. generic exceptions

    - by Ryan Elkins
    I'm trying to figure out what the correct form of exceptions to throw would be for a library I am writing. One example of what I need to handle is logging a user in to a station. They do this by scanning a badge. Possible things that could go wrong include: Their badge is deactivated They don't have permission to work at this station The badge scanned does not exist in the system They are already logged in to another station elsewhere The database is down Internal DB error (happens sometimes if the badge didn't get set up correctly) An application using this library will have to handle these exceptions one way or another. It's possible they may decide to just say "Error" or they may want to give the user more useful information. What's the best practice in this situation? Create a custom exception for each possibility? Use existing exceptions? Use Exception and pass in the reason (throw new Exception("Badge is deactivated.");)? I'm thinking it's some sort of mix of the first two, using existing exceptions where applicable, and creating new ones where needed (and grouping exceptions where it makes sense).

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  • Worse is better. Is there an example?

    - by J.F. Sebastian
    Is there a widely-used algorithm that has time complexity worse than that of another known algorithm but it is a better choice in all practical situations (worse complexity but better otherwise)? An acceptable answer might be in a form: There are algorithms A and B that have O(N**2) and O(N) time complexity correspondingly, but B has such a big constant that it has no advantages over A for inputs less then a number of atoms in the Universe. Examples highlights from the answers: Simplex algorithm -- worst-case is exponential time -- vs. known polynomial-time algorithms for convex optimization problems. A naive median of medians algorithm -- worst-case O(N**2) vs. known O(N) algorithm. Backtracking regex engines -- worst-case exponential vs. O(N) Thompson NFA -based engines. All these examples exploit worst-case vs. average scenarios. Are there examples that do not rely on the difference between the worst case vs. average case scenario? Related: The Rise of ``Worse is Better''. (For the purpose of this question the "Worse is Better" phrase is used in a narrower (namely -- algorithmic time-complexity) sense than in the article) Python's Design Philosophy: The ABC group strived for perfection. For example, they used tree-based data structure algorithms that were proven to be optimal for asymptotically large collections (but were not so great for small collections). This example would be the answer if there were no computers capable of storing these large collections (in other words large is not large enough in this case). Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm for square matrix multiplication is a good example (it is the fastest (2008) but it is inferior to worse algorithms). Any others? From the wikipedia article: "It is not used in practice because it only provides an advantage for matrices so large that they cannot be processed by modern hardware (Robinson 2005)."

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