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  • Nginx configuration leads to endless redirect loop

    - by brianthecoder
    So I've looked at every sample configuration I could find and yet every time I try and view a page that requires ssl, I end up in an redirect loop. I'm running nginx/0.8.53 and passenger 3.0.2. Here's the ssl config server { listen 443 default ssl; server_name <redacted>.com www.<redacted>.com; root /home/app/<redacted>/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; ssl_certificate /home/app/ssl/<redacted>.com.pem; ssl_certificate_key /home/app/ssl/<redacted>.key; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X_FORWARDED_PROTO https; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_set_header Host $http_host; proxy_set_header X-Url-Scheme $scheme; proxy_redirect off; proxy_max_temp_file_size 0; location /blog { rewrite ^/blog(/.*)?$ http://blog.<redacted>.com/$1 permanent; } location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$ { if (-f $request_filename) { expires max; break; } } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } Here's the non-ssl config server { listen 80; server_name <redacted>.com www.<redacted>.com; root /home/app/<redacted>/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; location /blog { rewrite ^/blog(/.*)?$ http://blog.<redacted>.com/$1 permanent; } location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$ { if (-f $request_filename) { expires max; break; } } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } Let me know if there's any additional info I can give to help diagnose the issue.

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  • Slow manipulation of netfilter rules

    - by Ole Martin Eide
    I have a script maintaining gre tunnels and firewall rules using the "ip" and "iptables" tools. Setting up hundreds of tunnels, and adresses per interface runs just fine. Takes less than 0.1 second per interface, however when I get around to do the firewall rules everything slows down spending 0.5 per insertion. Why is it running so slow? What can I do to improve the speed? It seems like I could try ipset instead, but I really feel there is something wrong with the kernel or something. The interesting thing is that the first 10 rules runs fast, then it slows down.. mybox(root) foo# iptables -V iptables v1.3.5 mybox(root) foo# uname -a Linux foo 2.6.18-164.el5 #1 SMP Tue Aug 18 15:51:48 EDT 2009 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux mybox(root) foo# cat test.sh #!/bin/sh for n in {1..100} do /sbin/iptables -A OUTPUT -s ${n} -j ACCEPT /sbin/iptables -D OUTPUT -s ${n} -j ACCEPT done mybox(root) foo# time ./test.sh real 1m38.839s user 0m0.100s sys 1m38.724s Appriciate any help. Cheers!

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  • Combining AD permissions with FTP

    - by user64204
    We're using Windows Server 2008 with Active Directory controlling access to a network share. We've setup FTP so that people can access that share from outside (we used to use the PPTP VPN but for various reasons we need to switch to FTP). So far here is what we've managed to implement on the FTP: -The network share is used as the FTP root (defined as a UNC) and that is working fine. -AD authentication is working fine (wrong password and you stay out, good password you're in, password management in AD correctly synched with the FTP). -AD permissions are failing: the AD permissions on the content of the FTP root are ignored: it's either a user only has read or write access, but this applies to the whole FTP root, which obviously isn't suitable since that FTP root is initially our network share and files/folders have different AD permissions depending on people's groups... Whether we set the permissions through the share OR the FTP management interface, AD permissions are never enforced. Q1: Is that normal? Q2: If so what solutions exist to combine AD permissions with FTP on MS server 2008? Q3: If not, where should I look to fix the configuration?

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  • how do I fix a wrong UUID in grub.cfg?

    - by mozerella
    I run Debian Wheezy alone on my PC and I recently copied the root partition to another with rsync as I found that worked well (I also know about dd and ddrescue but they leave unusable space on the new partition). I generated a new random UUID for the new partition with sudo tune2fs -U random /dev/hda9 and also updated fstab / and /home entries. Then as I know so little about GRUB I used a gui (GRUB Customizer) to probe for the new OS and add an entry to GRUB and the MBR -it makes an /etc/grub.d entry then updates GRUB. On startup, the GRUB list contains the new OS (on sda9) but it boots the first OS (which I copied from -sda5). /boot/grub/grub.cfg contains the new debian OS but it looks like this set root='(hd0,msdos9)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 64662470-0e58-4dfd-90ac-43227d773556 linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-2-amd64 root=UUID=cc3bca0d-aee4-4b9c-95c2-57212cc36d4d ro quiet initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-2-amd64 the 1st uuid is of sda9, but the 2nd uuid there is of sda5. I can change the 2nd uuid at startup (with E) and it boots sda9. So how can I get grub.cfg corrected so that the sda9 GRUB list entry boots from sda9 permanently?

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  • SSD suddenly full

    - by Daniel
    Today the hard drive of our server was suddenly full. The disk usage always stayed around 50 % in the weeks and months before (old data is regularly expunged from the server). I deleted 10 GB of files in /tmp, which strangely freed 51 GB. Here is what I did: root@***:~# df -h Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf /dev/sda3 139G 137G 0 100% / tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 3,9G 116K 3,9G 1% /dev tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 985M 25M 910M 3% /boot root@***:/var# du -hs * 3,3M backups 438M cache 9,4G lib 4,0K local 12K lock 76M log 24K mail 4,0K opt 88K run 184K spool 10G tmp 12K www root@***:/var/tmp# find -type f -print0 | xargs -0 rm root@***:/var/tmp# df -h Dateisystem Size Used Avail Use% Eingehängt auf /dev/sda3 139G 81G 51G 62% / tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 3,9G 116K 3,9G 1% /dev tmpfs 3,9G 0 3,9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 985M 25M 910M 3% /boot Any explanation as to why deleting 10 GB in /tmp gave me back 51 GB on the disk? Could this point to an SSD failure? Are there any tools for Debian to test SSD health? I already have checked syslog. The first entry relating to this incidient is a mysql message: 1:22:02 [ERROR] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Disk is full writing... So I have absolutely no idea what caused this.

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  • Installing sphinx on a web hosting server

    - by fiftyeight
    I want to install sphinx search on a web-hosting server. I'm on a Linux VPS with hostgator, but I never actually installed anything on a remote server so this will be a first time for me. If there's anyone here who installed sphinx it's really help me I had some problems when using sphinx on my PC with the permissions and the MySQL files, eventually I got it working on my PC. Anyway, I'd me really grateful if anyone can help me with some questions Do i need root access to install sphinx? I have root access to the server but I'd connect to it as a normal user since doing stuff as root is always less secure. can anyone tell me by what user I need to execute the indexer and the search daemon? Should I use root access in order to this? when I did it as a normal user on my PC it gave me some trouble with the PID file and the log files. last time I executed the search deamon I executed it as a normal user and it gave me some trouble, I created the folder /var/log/ for log files and did chmod 777 on it, but still when I executed the search daemon it created the PID file "searchd.pid" file but with no permissions for some reason, any idea why? Thanx in advance. fiftyeight

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  • Linux security: The dangers of executing malignant code as a standard user

    - by AndreasT
    Slipping some (non-root) user a piece of malignant code that he or she executes might be considered as one of the highest security breaches possible. (The only higher I can see is actually accessing the root user) What can an attacker effectively do when he/she gets a standard, (let's say a normal Ubuntu user) to execute code? Where would an attacker go from there? What would that piece of code do? Let's say that the user is not stupid enough to be lured into entering the root/sudo password into a form/program she doesn't know. Only software from trusted sources is installed. The way I see it there is not really much one could do, is there? Addition: I partially ask this because I am thinking of granting some people shell (non-root) access to my server. They should be able to have normal access to programs. I want them to be able to compile programs with gcc. So there will definitely be arbitrary code run in user-space...

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  • Nginx configuration leads to endless redirect loop

    - by brianthecoder
    So I've looked at every sample configuration I could find and yet every time I try and view a page that requires ssl, I end up in an redirect loop. I'm running nginx/0.8.53 and passenger 3.0.2. Here's the ssl config server { listen 443 default ssl; server_name <redacted>.com www.<redacted>.com; root /home/app/<redacted>/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; ssl_certificate /home/app/ssl/<redacted>.com.pem; ssl_certificate_key /home/app/ssl/<redacted>.key; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X_FORWARDED_PROTO https; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_set_header Host $http_host; proxy_set_header X-Url-Scheme $scheme; proxy_redirect off; proxy_max_temp_file_size 0; location /blog { rewrite ^/blog(/.*)?$ http://blog.<redacted>.com/$1 permanent; } location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$ { if (-f $request_filename) { expires max; break; } } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } Here's the non-ssl config server { listen 80; server_name <redacted>.com www.<redacted>.com; root /home/app/<redacted>/public; passenger_enabled on; rails_env production; location /blog { rewrite ^/blog(/.*)?$ http://blog.<redacted>.com/$1 permanent; } location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$ { if (-f $request_filename) { expires max; break; } } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } Let me know if there's any additional info I can give to help diagnose the issue.

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  • Size of modules within initrd

    - by LiKao
    I am currently trying to manually replace the kernel within ubuntu-core on an embedded device with a custom kernel. However when I try to update the initrd my initrd becomes much bigger. Here is what I did: Extract the initrd that was shipped with ubuntu Make a list of all modules within the old initrd get the same modules from the new module director at /lib/modules/new_kernel_version add these modules to the initrd and remove the old ones If I do this my initrd becomes quite bigger than the original one, so I checked the individual modules. I picked the btrfs.ko filesystem driver as an example. So by comparing these two modules I noticed the one I just picked into the initrd was much bigger, which caused the difference in size. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 999K Nov 14 15:06 btrfs.ko For the btrfs.ko within the shipped initrd. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.2M Nov 14 15:08 btrfs.ko For the new btrfs.ko. What is different between these two modules? Could this be caused by some faulty setting for the new kernel? When producing the kernel I copied /proc/config.gz and used make oldconfig to update it, so all optimisations should be the same for both kernels. Or is there something else which is being done to the modules before they are put into the initrd? Maybe is there even some better way to build a new initrd for the new kernel in ubuntu altogether. Update: I just also tested with an initrd which I created from scratch using the mkinitrfs command within ubuntu, and it has the same size difference that I found for the initrd I manually updated.

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  • LDAP groups not applying to filesystem permissions

    - by BeepDog
    System is ArchLinux, and I'm using nss-pam-ldapd (0.8.13-4) to connect myself to ldap. I've got my users and some groups in LDAP: [root@kain tmp]# getent group <localgroups snipped> dkowis:*:10000: mp3s:*:15000:rkowis,dkowis music:*:15002:rkowis,dkowis video:*:15003:transmission,rkowis,dkowis,sickbeard software:*:15004:rkowis,dkowis pictures:*:15005:rkowis,dkowis budget:*:15006:rkowis,dkowis rkowis:*:10001: And I have some directories that are setgid video so that the video group stays, and they're configured g=rwx so that members of the video group can write to them: [root@kain video]# ls -ld /srv/video drwxrwxr-x 8 root video 208 Oct 19 20:49 /srv/video However, members of that group, say dkowis cannot write into that directory: [root@kain video]# groups dkowis mp3s music video software pictures dkowis Total number of groups that dkowis is in is like 7, I redacted a few here. [dkowis@kain wat]$ cd /srv/video [dkowis@kain video]$ touch something touch: cannot touch 'something': Permission denied [dkowis@kain video]$ groups dkowis mp3s music video software pictures I'm at a loss as to why my groups show up in getent groups, but my filesystem permissions are not being respected. I've tried making a new directory in /tmp and setting it's group permissions to rwx, and then trying to write a file in there, it doesn't work. The only time it does work is if I open it wide up allowing o=rwx. That's obviously not what I want, and I'm not able to figure out what my missing piece is. Thanks in advance.

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  • Can sendmail be configured to discard routed email that has been rejected by the next hop?

    - by Guy Bolton King
    Background: We have a handful of hosts (running sendmail) acting as the MXs for a few domains each. Each domain is handled via the sendmail/cf /etc/mail/virtusertable, with a set of known recipients and a catch-all reject rule. Mail to postmaster on each host is aliased to root, and root is aliased to root+<host>@ourdomain.com. The MX for ourdomain.com is Google Apps, and [email protected] is a simple group that forwards to the admins. Google Apps will reject some emails at the SMTP stage, usually because of illegal attachments (instead of accepting them and filing them as spam). Problem: Given a particular spam email sent to a domain in a virtusertable entry: If the recipient address rejects the mail, then sendmail will try and send a DSN to the sender. If that sender also rejects the mail (because it's a falsified sender, and the MX for the sender rejects the mail as spam), then sendmail sends a DSN to the postmaster. The routing detailed above takes place, and...Google Apps rejects the mail as well. sendmail now gives up with a "savemail panic", and leaves the mail in the queue forever. Our mail queue fills up with garbage Is there any way I can get sendmail to discard messages that have been rejected by the next virtusertable hop (i.e. after step 1 in the Problem description)? Or does anyone have any other solutions to this?

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  • OpenVPN bridge network from routed clients

    - by gphilip
    I have the following setup: subnet 1 - 10.0.1.0/24 with a machine used as NAT and also running an OpenVPN client subnet 2 - 192.168.1/24 with an OpenVPN server (the server in subnet 1 connect here) subnet 3 - 10.0.2.0/24 that uses the NAT machine (subnet 1) to access the internet, so all non-local traffic is routed there to the eth0 interface The OpenVPN client creates the tun0 interface and appropriate routing so that I can access machines from 192.168.1/24 [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# telnet 192.168.1.186 8081 Trying 192.168.1.186... Connected to 192.168.1.186. Escape character is '^]'. [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 10.0.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.5 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 tun0 10.8.0.5 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 169.254.169.254 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 10.8.0.5 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 However, when I try the same from subnet 3, it can't reach that machine. [root@ip-10-0-2-61 ~]# telnet 192.168.1.186 8081 Trying 192.168.1.186... I suspect that it's because subnet 3 is routed to eth0 on the NAT machine in subnet 1 and it cannot jump to tun0. What's the easiest way to resolve it? I don't want to use iptables. I can't change the routing from machines in subnet 1 because it's done in AWS and so it works only with specific interfaces. Also, the NAT machine gets its IP with DHCP and so bridging is a bit complicated. IP forwarding is set on the NAT machine [root@ip-10-0-1-208 ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 1 Thank you!

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  • Set primary group of file or directory on Samba share from Windows

    - by Hubert Kario
    Short version: I have such situation on a Samba share: $ ls -lha total 12K drwxr-xr-x 3 hka Domain Users 4.0K Jan 11 17:07 . drwxrwxrwt 19 root root 4.0K Jan 11 17:06 .. drwxr-xr-x 2 hka Domain Users 4.0K Jan 11 17:07 dir A -rw-r--r-- 1 hka Domain Users 0 Jan 11 17:07 file A How am I able to change this to following using only Windows SMB/CIFS client (using 3rd party applications is OK) $ ls -lha total 12K drwxr-xr-x 3 hka Domain Users 4.0K Jan 11 17:07 . drwxrwxrwt 19 root root 4.0K Jan 11 17:06 .. drwxr-xr-x 2 hka ntpoweruser 4.0K Jan 11 17:07 dir A -rw-r--r-- 1 hka ntpoweruser 0 Jan 11 17:07 file A Rationale and background info I'm using POSIX ACLs on Samba shares. Together with acl group control for Samba, it allows me to delegate management of permissions to different users based on group membership. Thing is, when I create a new file on a Samba share, I'm unable to set its primary group (the one that grants permission to change its permissions). It's being set to my primary group (Domain Users) or group set using force group option in smb.conf share definition. Removing all groups in windows except the one I want to become the new primary group doesn't work. I can change it using chgrp group folder/ as regular user though shell, but it's suboptimal (not all users are *nix users). Trying to set new owner to group from Windows file permission window makes the Samba to return permission denied with following log entry: [2012/01/05 21:13:03.349734, 3] smbd/nttrans.c:1899(call_nt_transact_set_security_desc) call_nt_transact_set_security_desc: file = projects/project A/New folder, sent 0x1 [2012/01/05 21:13:03.349774, 3] smbd/posix_acls.c:1208(unpack_nt_owners) unpack_nt_owners: unable to validate owner sid for S-1-5-21-4526631811-884521863-452487935-11025 [2012/01/05 21:13:03.349804, 3] smbd/error.c:80(error_packet_set) error packet at smbd/nttrans.c(1909) cmd=160 (SMBnttrans) NT_STATUS_INVALID_OWNER The SID is correct and belongs to group I specified in GUI.

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  • Debian grub2 update removed Windows boot option.

    - by Wrikken
    Since I updated grub to grub 2 I no longer get the option to boot to Windows (which is unfortunately sometimes necessary for proprietary MSIE browser plugins I need to use for work). Relevant /boot/grub/menu.lst portion: ### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST # This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian # ones. title Other operating systems: root # This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS # on /dev/hda1 title Windows NT/2000/XP root (hd0,0) savedefault makeactive chainloader +1 This however does not appear anymore. I do have some entries in /boot/grub/grub.cfg with entries like these: menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd1,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set e638c434-4884-412f-a141-2c194f881fae echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=e638c434-4884-412f-a141-2c194f881fae ro quiet echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64 } Do I have to alter that file? If so, what is the correct syntax for a Windows boot? If not, what could be the problem?

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  • Update Grub on Squeeze - Kernel downgrade due VMware Server

    - by vodoo_boot
    I happen to run into various problems regarding grub and kernels. I don't really care about the kernel internas. All I want is VMware server in that dedicated root-server. 1.) What is a bzImage vs. vmlinuz? kaze:~# ls /boot/ System.map-2.6.32-5-amd64 bzImage-2.6.33.2 config-2.6.33.2 initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64 System.map-2.6.33.2 bzImage-2.6.35.6 config-2.6.35.6 vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 System.map-2.6.35.6 config-2.6.32-5-amd64 grub I updated my menu.lst (grub2): timeout 5 default 0 fallback 1 title 2.6.32.5 kernel (hd0,1)/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=/dev/sda2 panic=60 noapic acpi=off title 2.6.35.6 kernel (hd0,1)/boot//bzImage-2.6.35.6 root=/dev/sda2 panic=60 noapic acpi=off title 2.6.32.3 kernel (hd0,1)/boot//bzImage-2.6.33.2 root=/dev/sda2 panic=60 noapic acpi=off That doesn't do well... I think the vmlinuz file is missing initrd or so. Dunno. In fact I don't give too much about kernel boot voodoo as long as it works. update-grub(2) does not work. Does anybody know what magical trick there is to get the 2.6.32-5 booting? 2.) I thought t follow the Deban wiki.. I cannot get header-files for the installed 35.6 or 33.2 kernel in the repositories. I cannot build foreign headers because they will not match the running kernel. So how does one deal with that situtation? I'd prefer not to have to downgrade the kernel. Thanks for any answers!

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  • allow spoofing when using tun

    - by Johnny
    I have a working openvpn setup with a server and a number of clients. How would i go around allowing IP spoofing through the openvpn server? (to demonstrate security concepts)? A normal ping from client to server goes through all right: root@client: hping3 10.8.0.1 HPING 10.8.0.1 (tun0 10.8.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes len=40 ip=10.8.0.1 ttl=64 DF id=0 sport=0 flags=RA seq=0 win=0 rtt=124.7 ms root@server:/etc/openvpn# tcpdump -n -i tun0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tun0, link-type RAW (Raw IP), capture size 65535 bytes 10:17:51.734167 IP 10.8.0.6.2146 > 10.8.0.1.0: Flags [], win 512, length 0 But when spoofing a packet, it does not arrive at the openvpn server: root@client: hping3 -a 10.0.8.120 10.8.0.1 HPING 10.8.0.1 (tun0 10.8.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes root@server:/etc/openvpn# tcpdump -n -i tun0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on tun0, link-type RAW (Raw IP), capture size 65535 bytes My current config files server.conf local X.Y.Z.P port 80 proto tcp dev tun ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" keepalive 10 120 comp-lzo persist-key persist-tun persist-local-ip status openvpn-status.log verb 3 client.conf client dev tun proto tcp remote MYHOST..amazonaws.com 80 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca ca.crt cert client.crt key client.key ns-cert-type server comp-lzo verb 3

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  • apache segmentation error

    - by lush
    I can't start Apache with the following errors: [root@web]# /etc/init.d/httpd start Starting httpd: /bin/bash: line 1: 19232 Segmentation fault /usr/sbin/httpd [root@web]# /usr/sbin/apachectl -k start /usr/sbin/apachectl: line 102: 19919 Segmentation fault $HTTPD $OPTIONS $ARGV I use webmin control panel and I've already tried re-installing Apache from scratch. Can someone advise what else I should try to do? Many thanks. UPDATE: The only line is always written in the error logs which seems not to be very important: [Mon Nov 14 19:00:09 2011] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/sbin/suexec) UPDATE 2: I've recently had the error below in the logs. Looks like some modules are incompatible, so I've just disabled these extensions: fileinfo and mcrypt in my php.ini. I should be able to start the web server without them. PHP Warning: PHP Startup: fileinfo: Unable to initialize module\nModule compiled with module API=20050922, debug=0, thread-safety=0\nPHP compiled with module API=20060613, debug=0, thread-safety=0\nThese options need to match\n in Unknown on line 0 PHP Warning: Module 'mcrypt' already loaded in Unknown on line 0 UPDATE 3: [root@web]# file /usr/sbin/httpd /usr/sbin/httpd: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, AMD x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, stripped [root@web]# uname -m x86_64

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  • Some doubts about the use of usermod and groupmod command

    - by AndreaNobili
    I am not yet a true "Linux guy" and I have the following doubts about how exactly do the following shell procedure (a list of commands steps) founded in a tutorial that I am following (I want deeply understand what I am doing before do it): sudo passwd root then login again as root usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner groupmod -n miner pi exit So at the beginning it enable the root account and I have to login again in the system as root...this is perfectly clear for me. And now I have the followings doubts: 1) The usermod command: usermod -l miner pi usermod -m -d /home/miner miner Reading the official documentation of the usermod command I understand that this command modify the informations related to an existing account Reading the documentation it seems to me that the -l parmether modify the name of the user pi in miner and then the -m -d paramether move the contents of the old home directory to the new one (named miner) and use this new directory as home directory My doubt is: what exactly do the executions of these operation? I think that: Rename the existing pi user in miner Then move the content of the old home directory (the pi home directory? or what?) into a new directory (/home/miner) that now is the home directory for the miner user. Is it right? The the second doubt is related to this command groupmod -n miner pi It seems to me that change the group name from pi in miner But what exactly is a group in Linux and why is it used? Tnx

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  • How can I make my Super keys (Windows Key) behave more like Ctrl/Alt/Shift in Linux

    - by deltaray
    After using the Ctrl + "arrow keys" for 13 years to switch virtual desktops in X windows, I've been convinced recently to change to using the Super keys instead (the windows key and the context menu key, which I've remapped). This all works fine for the most part. However, something is still picking up the key events that these keys are sending as if they are a normal alphanumeric like key. For example, I first noticed this in Google Docs spreadsheet that if I press the windows key alone over top of a cell, that it starts editing that cell. It doesn't insert anything, it just sends a key event that Firefox sees and starts editing the cell. This caused problems on a collaborative document I was working on as the way Google docs works, it led to me accidentally erasing the data in a few fields before I realised what was going on. I like using the super keys, but I want them to behave more like a Ctrl or Alt key does in that its a modifier key and doesn't send anything until a second key is pressed. My setup is the following: Ubuntu 10.10 XFCE 4 Microsoft Natural Ergo 4000 keyboard (with the logo scratched out) The following is my .Xmodmap file: remove Lock = Caps_Lock keycode 66 = Escape ! The below maps my other windows context menu key. keycode 135 = Super_R Edit: As requested, here is the relevant output from xev for a keypress and keyrelease of my Super_L (left windows key) KeyPress event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x8200001, root 0x15d, subw 0x0, time 2428849342, (177,174), root:(182,228), state 0x10, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES, XLookupString gives 0 bytes: XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: XFilterEvent returns: False KeyRelease event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x8200001, root 0x15d, subw 0x0, time 2428849430, (177,174), root:(182,228), state 0x50, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES, XLookupString gives 0 bytes: XFilterEvent returns: False

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  • Facter - custom fact, returns empty data set when invoked by Puppet agent

    - by user3684494
    According to this puppet labs article, I can create custom facts from shell scripts. I have created a bash script that returns a single fact, it is packaged in a modules facts.d directory. The module is included on the target system via an ENC class. When invoked by the puppet agent on the target it returns an empty set, when run by hand on the agent it correctly returns the fact. The script has execute permission on the master, but does not have it on the agent. I saw a bug report related to permissions and file types, but that was windows and supposed to be fixed in puppet version 3. What am I doing wrong? ENC definition: --- classes: facttest: Shell script: #!/bin/bash echo "test_fact1=$(hostname)" Permissions: master: -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root ... modules/facttest/facts.d/testfact.sh agent: -rw-r--r-- 1 root root ... /var/lib/puppet/facts.d/testfact.sh Agent message: Fact file /var/lib/puppet/facts.d/testfact.sh was parsed but returned an empty data set Version information: Puppet master: 3.5.1 (Debian) Facter master: 2.0.1 Puppet agent: 3.6.1 (OpenSUSE) Facter agent: 2.0.1

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  • Setting up logging for a remote backup script

    - by Brian Dainis
    So I wrote up a short script that I am planning to run via a cron job daily to package up my site files and send them to a remote location. I also plan to incorporate DB dumps, but I have not gotten that far yet. My issue today however is that Im am uncertain how to log the output of each command for errors, warnings, or other pertinent information the command may output. I would also like to install sometype of fail safe so if something goes horribly wrong the script will stop dead in its tracks and notify me via email or something. Ok the email thing is not as critical, but would be nice. Does anybody have any ideas for that? Here is what I have so far. By the way, both servers are CentOS 6.2 running standard LAMP. #!/bin/sh ################################# ### Set Vars ################################# THEDATE=`date +%m%d%y%H%M` ################################# ### Create Archives ################################# tar -cf /root/backups/files/server_BAK_${THEDATE}.tar -C / var/www/vhosts gzip /root/backups/files/server_BAK_${THEDATE}.tar ################################# ### Send Data to Remote Server ################################# scp /root/backups/files/server_BAK_${THEDATE}.tar.gz user@host:/home/bak1/ftp/backups/ ################################# ### Remove Data from this Server ################################# rm -rf /root/backups/files/server_BAK_${THEDATE}.tar.gz

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  • Input/output error reading USB backup drive on CentOS 6.4

    - by Kev
    I'm suddenly seeing some strange behaviour on our USB backup drive that doesn't make sense to me: (2013-10-21 14:58:23 [root@newdc /]$ cd /mnt/backup/ (2013-10-21 14:59:03 [root@newdc backup]$ ls -la ls: reading directory .: Input/output error total 0 (2013-10-21 14:59:05 [root@newdc backup]$ df -h /mnt/backup Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 917G 843G 28G 97% /mnt/backup How is it possible for the OS to know how much is in use, but I can't ls any of it as root? Or more to the point, what problem does this indicate? /var/log/messages said this: Oct 21 14:57:54 g5 kernel: EXT4-fs error (device sda1): ext4_journal_start_sb: Detected aborted journal Oct 21 14:57:54 g5 kernel: EXT4-fs (sda1): Remounting filesystem read-only But...read-only is something different than 'throw an io error'... After unmounting to try fsck on it, I had someone on-site look at it, and the drive was not spun up, and had a slow-flashing light, which I believe means it was in a power-suspend mode. So I had them unplug and replug the USB cable, and now (before remounting) it says: fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) /dev/sda1: clean, 2805106/61046784 files, 181934167/244182016 blocks I then mount it and now ls works and df reports: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 917G 680G 191G 79% /mnt/backup What would cause it to go into such a state without being asked to? Why all the weird behaviour, and now it appears to not be corrupt?

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  • trouble executing php scripts with nginx

    - by lovesh
    My nginx config looks like this server { listen 80; server_name localhost; location / { root /var/www; index index.php index.html; autoindex on; } location /folder1 { root /var/www/folder1; index index.php index.html index.htm; try_files $uri $uri/ index.php?$query_string; } location /folder2 { root /var/www/folder2; index index.php index.html index.htm; try_files $uri $uri/ index.php?$query_string; } location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; } } The problem with the above setup is that i am not able to execute php files. Now as per my understanding of nginx config rules, when i am in my webroot(/) which is /var/www the value of $document_root becomes /var/www so when i request for localhost/hi.php the fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME becomes /var/www/hi.php and that is the actual path of the php script. Similarly when i request for localhost/folder1/hi.php the $document_root becomes /var/www/folder1 because this is specified as the root in folder1's location block so again the fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME becomes /var/www/folder1/hi.php. But because the above configuration does not work so there is something wrong with my understanding. Please help?

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  • Symlink path can be followed manually, but `cd` returns Permission denied

    - by Ricket
    I am trying to access the directory /usr/software/test/agnostic. There are several symlinks involved in this path. As you can see by the below transcript, I am unable to cd directly to the path, but I can check each step of the way and cd to the symlinked directories until I reach the destination. Why is this? (and how do I fix it?) Ubuntu 12.10, bash > ls /usr/software/test/agnostic ls: cannot access /usr/software/test/agnostic: Permission denied > cd /usr/software/test > cd agnostic bash: cd: agnostic: Permission denied > pwd -P /x/eng/localtest/arch/x86_64-redhat-rhel5 > ls -al | grep agnostic lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Oct 23 2007 agnostic -> noarch/agnostic > ls -al | grep noarch ... lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Oct 23 2007 noarch -> /x/eng/localtest/noarch > cd noarch > cd agnostic bash: cd: agnostic: Permission denied > ls -al | grep agnostic lrwxrwxrwx 1 5808 dip 4 Oct 5 2010 agnostic -> main > cd main > ls (correct output of `ls`) > pwd /usr/software/test/noarch/main > pwd -P /x/eng/localtest/noarch/main

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  • cpusets not working - threads aren't running in the cpuset I specified?

    - by lori
    I have used cpuset to shield some cpus for exclusive use by some realtime threads. Displaying the cpuset config with the test app RealtimeTest1 running and its tasks moved into the cpusets: $ cset set --list -r cset: Name CPUs-X MEMs-X Tasks Subs Path ------------ ---------- - ------- - ----- ---- ---------- root 0-23 y 0-1 y 279 2 / system 0,2,4,6,8,10 n 0 n 202 0 /system shield 1,3,5,7,9,11 n 1 n 0 2 /shield RealtimeTest1 1,3,5,7 n 1 n 0 4 /shield/RealtimeTest1 thread1 3 n 1 n 1 0 /shield/RealtimeTest1/thread1 thread2 5 n 1 n 1 0 /shield/RealtimeTest1/thread2 main 1 n 1 n 1 0 /shield/RealtimeTest1/main I can interrogate the cpuset filesystem to show that my tasks are supposedly pinned to the cpus I requested: /cpusets/shield/RealtimeTest1 $ for i in `find -name tasks`; do echo $i; cat $i; echo "------------"; done ./thread1/tasks 17651 ------------ ./main/tasks 17649 ------------ ./thread2/tasks 17654 ------------ Further, if I use sched_getaffinity, it reports what cpuset does - that thread1 is on cpu 3 and thread2 is on cpu 5. However, if I run top -p 17649 -H with f,j to bring up the last used cpu, it shows that thread 1 is running on thread 2's cpu, and main thread is running on a cpu in the system cpuset (Note that thread 17654 is running FIFO, hence thread 17651 is blocked) PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ P COMMAND 17654 root -2 0 54080 35m 7064 R 100 0.4 5:00.77 3 RealtimeTest 17649 root 20 0 54080 35m 7064 S 0 0.4 0:00.05 2 RealtimeTest 17651 root 20 0 54080 35m 7064 R 0 0.4 0:00.00 3 RealtimeTest Also, looking at /proc/17649/task to find the last_cpu each of its tasks ran on: /proc/17649/task $ for i in `ls -1`; do cat $i/stat | awk '{print $1 " is on " $(NF - 5)}'; done 17649 is on 2 17651 is on 3 17654 is on 3 So cpuset and sched_getaffinity reports one thing, but reality is another I would say that cpuset is not working? My machine configuration is: $ cat /etc/SuSE-release SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 (x86_64) VERSION = 11 PATCHLEVEL = 1 $ uname -a Linux foobar 2.6.32.12-0.7-default #1 SMP 2010-05-20 11:14:20 +0200 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

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