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  • Good real-world uses of metaclasses (e.g. in Python)

    - by Carles Barrobés
    I'm learning about metaclasses in Python. I think it is a very powerful technique, and I'm looking for good uses for them. I'd like some feedback of good useful real-world examples of using metaclasses. I'm not looking for example code on how to write a metaclass (there are plenty examples of useless metaclasses out there), but real examples where you have applied the technique and it was really the appropriate solution. The rule is: no theoretical possibilities, but metaclasses at work in a real application. I'll start with the one example I know: Django models, for declarative programming, where the base class Model uses a metaclass to fill the model objects of useful ORM functionality from the attribute definitions. Looking forward to your contributions.

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  • Is it better to return NULL or empty values from functions/methods where the return value is not present?

    - by P B
    I am looking for a recommendation here. I am struggling with whether it is better to return NULL or an empty value from a method when the return value is not present or cannot be determined. Take the following two methods as an examples: string ReverseString(string stringToReverse) // takes a string and reverses it. Person FindPerson(int personID) // finds a Person with a matching personID. In ReverseString(), I would say return an empty string because the return type is string, so the caller is expecting that. Also, this way, the caller would not have to check to see if a NULL was returned. In FindPerson(), returning NULL seems like a better fit. Regardless of whether or not NULL or an empty Person Object (new Person()) is returned the caller is going to have to check to see if the Person Object is NULL or empty before doing anything to it (like calling UpdateName()). So why not just return NULL here and then the caller only has to check for NULL. Does anyone else struggle with this? Any help or insight is appreciated.

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  • is it a good idea to write tests for environments other than development?

    - by jcollum
    Let's say I have a (fairly typical) set of environments: PROD, UAT, QA, DEV. Is it a good idea to run your tests across all environments? Here's what I'm thinking of. I have a proc in SQL that my code depends on, I'll call it proc_getActiveCustomers. If that proc isn't present my app will go south real fast. So I write a test that checks for the existence of this proc in the database. Nothing new here. But when I then deploy my app to the QA environment, would I also want to have a test that checks that environment for the existence of proc_getActiveCustomers? I think this is a good idea but I've never heard much about testing in environments outside of development. Makes me wonder if there's some downside I'm not aware of. The direction that I'm going is to have a list of environments in code and then passing that environment into my unit test.

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  • Python: What's a correct and good way to implement __hash__()?

    - by random-name
    What's a correct and good way to implement hash()? I am talking about the function that returns a hashcode that is then used to insert objects into hashtables aka dictionaries. As hash() returns an integer and is used for "binning" objects into hashtables I assume that the values of the returned integer should be uniformly distributed for common data (to minimize collisions). What's a good practice to get such values? Are collisions a problem? In my case I have a small class which acts as a container class holding some ints, some floats and a string.

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  • What are some good practice assignments for learning Java?

    - by HW
    Hello, I am a computer science in my Student Second year. I already know a good deal about C++, Data Structures, File Structures, OOP, etc. I decided to learn Java. I have read couple of books but I know that it takes practice to master any Programming language. I was wondering if anyone knew of some assignments or problems that helped them become good at programming. I am looking for something more challenging than "hello world"s and "3+2=5"s exercises. Thanks, ~HW

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  • What is a good layout for a somewhat advanced home network and storage solution?

    - by Shaun
    My home network/storage needs are changing and I am searching for some opinions and starting points on what a good network/storage layout would be that can serve my needs for a few years into the future. I think I have a decent starting point for equipment, but I am also willing to invest fairly heavily in a solution that can last me for a while. I am a bit of a tech nerd and I have a moderate tolerance for setup of the solution. I would prefer if maintenance of the system is somewhat low once it is setup, but I am willing to accept some tradeoffs. Existing equipment: Router - Netgear WNDR3700 (gigabit) Router - DLink Gamerlounge DGL-4300 (gigabit) Switch - 16 port Trendnet green switch (gigabit) Switch - 5 port Trendnet green (gigabit) Computer - i7-950 office computer (gigabit ethernet) Computer - Q6600 quad core media center, hooked up to TV, records shows (gigabit ethernet) Computer - Acer 1810T ultraportable laptop (gigabit and N ethernet) NAS - Intel SS4200-E (gigabit) External hard drive - 2TB WD Green drive (esata) All kinds of miscellaneous network connected TV, Bluray, Verizon network extender, HDhomerun TV tuners, etc. Requirements: -Robust backup solution for a growing collection of huge family picture files and personal files, around 1.5TB. (Including offsite backup) -Central location for all user's files, while also keeping them secure from each other. -Storage for terabytes of movie backups and recorded TV, and access to them from all computers (maybe around 4TB eventually) -Possibility to host files to friends and family easily Nice to have: -Backup of terabytes of movie backups Intriguing possibilities: -Capability to have users' Windows desktops and files look the same from all network computers I am not sure if the new Windows Home Server 2011 would fit into this well, if I need a domain server, how best to organize my backups, or how to most effectively use RAID. Currently I am simply backing up all computers to a RAID 1 on the NAS box, which I was thinking could prevent a situation where I reach for a backup and find that the disk is corrupt. One possibility that I am thinking about now is simply using my media center PC with a huge RAID of hard drives on which all files are stored. Pseudo-backup of all files would be present because of the RAID, but important files would also be backed up off site via carrying hard drives to work. But what if corruption seeps into the files and the corrupted data is then backed up? Does RAID protect against this? I really want to take next to zero risks with the irreplaceable files. I can handle some degree of risk with the movies and other files. I'm looking for critiques on this idea as well as other possibilities. To summarize, my goal is high functionality, media capable, and robust backup of irreplaceable files.

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  • What Apache/PHP configurations do you know and how good are they?

    - by FractalizeR
    Hello. I wanted to ask you about PHP/Apache configuration methods you know, their pros and cons. I will start myself: ---------------- PHP as Apache module---------------- Pros: good speed since you don't need to start exe every time especially in mpm-worker mode. You can also use various PHP accelerators in this mode like APC or eAccelerator. Cons: if you are running apache in mpm-worker mode, you may face stability issues because every glitch in any php script will lead to unstability to the whole thread pool of that apache process. Also in this mode all scripts are executed on behalf of apache user. This is bad for security. mpm-worker configuration requires PHP compiled in thread-safe mode. At least CentOS and RedHat default repositories doesn't have thread-safe PHP version so on these OSes you need to compile at least PHP yourself (there is a way to activate worker mpm on Apache). The use of thread-safe PHP binaries is considered experimental and unstable. Plus, many PHP extensions does not support thread-safe mode or were not well-tested in thread-safe mode. ---------------- PHP as CGI ---------------- This seems to be the slowest default configuration which seems to be a "con" itself ;) ---------------- PHP as CGI via mod_suphp ---------------- Pros: suphp allows you to execute php scipts on behalf of the script file owner. This way you can securely separate different sites on the same machine. Also, suphp allows to use different php.ini files per virtual host. Cons: PHP in CGI mode means less performance. In this mode you can't use php accelerators like APC because each time new process is spawned to handle script rendering the cache of previous process useless. BTW, do you know the way to apply some accelerator in this config? I heard something about using shm for php bytecode cache. Also, you cannot configure PHP via .htaccess files in this mode. You will need to install PECL htscanner for this if you need to set various per-script options via .htaccess (php_value / php_flag directives) ---------------- PHP as CGI via suexec ---------------- This configuration looks the same as with suphp, but I heard, that it's slower and less safe. Almost same pros and cons apply. ---------------- PHP as FastCGI ---------------- Pros: FastCGI standard allows single php process to handle several scripts before php process is killed. This way you gain performance since no need to spin up new php process for each script. You can also use PHP accelerators in this configuration (see cons section for comment). Also, FCGI almost like suphp also allows php processes to be executed on behalf of some user. mod_fcgid seems to have the most complete fcgi support and flexibility for apache. Cons: The use of php accelerator in fastcgi mode will lead to high memory consumption because each PHP process will have his own bytecode cache (unless there is some accelerator that can use shared memory for bytecode cache. Is there such?). FastCGI is also a little bit complex to configure. You need to create various configuration files and make some configuration modifications. It seems, that fastcgi is the most stable, secure, fast and flexible PHP configuration, however, a bit difficult to be configured. But, may be, I missed something? Comments are welcome!

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  • How do you marshall a parameterized type with JAX-WS / JAXB?

    - by LES2
    Consider the following classes (please assume public getter and setter methods for the private fields). // contains a bunch of properties public abstract class Person { private String name; } // adds some properties specific to teachers public class Teacher extends Person { private int salary; } // adds some properties specific to students public class Student extends Person { private String course; } // adds some properties that apply to an entire group of people public class Result<T extends Person> { private List<T> group; private String city; // ... } We might have the following web service implementation annotated as follows: @WebService public class PersonService { @WebMethod public Result<Teacher> getTeachers() { ... } @WebMethod public Result<Student> getStudents() { ... } } The problem is that JAXB appears to marshall the Result object as a Result<Person> instead of the concrete type. So the Result returned by getTeachers() is serialized as containing a List<Person> instead of List<Teacher>, and the same for getStudents(), mutatis mutandis. Is this the expected behavior? Do I need to use @XmlSeeAlso on Person? Thanks! LES

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  • Getting Vars to bind properly across multiple files

    - by Alex Baranosky
    I am just learning Clojure and am having trouble moving my code into different files. I keep detting this error from the appnrunner.clj - Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Unable to resolve symbol: -run-application in this context It seems to be finding the namespaces fine, but then not seeing the Vars as being bound... Any idea how to fix this? Here's my code: APPLICATION RUNNER - (ns src/apprunner (:use src/functions)) (def input-files [(resource-path "a.txt") (resource-path "b.txt") (resource-path "c.txt")]) (def output-file (resource-path "output.txt")) (defn run-application [] (sort-files input-files output-file)) (-run-application) APPLICATION FUNCTIONS - (ns src/functions (:use clojure.contrib.duck-streams)) (defn flatten [x] (let [s? #(instance? clojure.lang.Sequential %)] (filter (complement s?) (tree-seq s? seq x)))) (defn resource-path [file] (str "C:/Users/Alex and Paula/Documents/SoftwareProjects/MyClojureApp/resources/" file)) (defn split2 [str delim] (seq (.split str delim))) (defstruct person :first-name :last-name) (defn read-file-content [file] (apply str (interpose "\n" (read-lines file)))) (defn person-from-line [line] (let [sections (split2 line " ")] (struct person (first sections) (second sections)))) (defn formatted-for-display [person] (str (:first-name person) (.toUpperCase " ") (:last-name person))) (defn sort-by-keys [struct-map keys] (sort-by #(vec (map % [keys])) struct-map)) (defn formatted-output [persons output-number] (let [heading (str "Output #" output-number "\n") sorted-persons-for-output (apply str (interpose "\n" (map formatted-for-display (sort-by-keys persons (:first-name :last-name)))))] (str heading sorted-persons-for-output))) (defn read-persons-from [file] (let [lines (read-lines file)] (map person-from-line lines))) (defn write-persons-to [file persons] (dotimes [i 3] (append-spit file (formatted-output persons (+ 1 i))))) (defn sort-files [input-files output-file] (let [persons (flatten (map read-persons-from input-files))] (write-persons-to output-file persons)))

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  • Zend: How to populate data to checkboxes?

    - by NAVEED
    I am working on zend. I have a form with some checkboxes. I want to get data from database and populate this data to this form. If '1' is stored in table field then tick the check box otherwise leave it alone. In textboxes and dropdowns, data is easily populated but how to check a checkbox in action. I am creating checkboxes and textboxes elements like this in form.php: // Person name $person = $this->CreateElement('text', 'name'); $person->setLabel('Name'); $elements[] = $person; // Organization name $person = $this->CreateElement('text', 'organization'); $person->setLabel('Organization'); $elements[] = $person; // isAdmin Checkbox $isAdmin = $this->CreateElement('checkbox', 'isAdmin'); $isAdmin->setLabel('Admin'); $elements[] = $isAdmin; $this->addElements($elements); $this->setElementDecorators(array('ViewHelper')); // set form decorator (what script will render the form) $this->setDecorators(array(array('ViewScript' , array('viewScript' => 'organization/accessroles-form.phtml')))); And populating data like this (for example): // Prepare data to populate $data['name'] = 'Naveed'; $data['organization'] = 'ABC'; $data['isAdmin'] = '1'; // Populate editable data $this->view->form->populate( $data ); It is populating data in textboxes but not checking the checkbox? Any idea that how to check a checkbox from action? Thanks

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  • Which LINQ expression is faster

    - by Vlad Bezden
    Hi All In following code public class Person { public string Name { get; set; } public uint Age { get; set; } public Person(string name, uint age) { Name = name; Age = age; } } void Main() { var data = new List<Person>{ new Person("Bill Gates", 55), new Person("Steve Ballmer", 54), new Person("Steve Jobs", 55), new Person("Scott Gu", 35)}; // 1st approach data.Where (x => x.Age > 40).ToList().ForEach(x => x.Age++); // 2nd approach data.ForEach(x => { if (x.Age > 40) x.Age++; }); data.ForEach(x => Console.WriteLine(x)); } in my understanding 2nd approach should be faster since it iterates through each item once and first approach is running 2 times: Where clause ForEach on subset of items from where clause. However internally it might be that compiler translates 1st approach to the 2nd approach anyway and they will have the same performance. Any suggestions or ideas? I could do profiling like suggested, but I want to understand what is going on compiler level if those to lines of code are the same to the compiler, or compiler will treat it literally. Thanks in advance for your help.

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  • Mapping self-table one-to-many using non-PK clolumns

    - by Harel Moshe
    Hey, i have a legacy DB to which a Person object is mapped, having a collection of family-members, like this: class Person { ... string Id; /* 9-digits string */ IList<Person> Family; ... } The PERSON table seems like: Id: CHAR(9), PK FamilyId: INT, NOT NULL and several other non-relevant columns. I'm trying to map the Family collection to the PERSON table using the FamilyId column, which is not the PK as mentioned above. So, i actually have a one-to-many which is self-table-referential. I'm getting an error saying 'Cast is not valid' when my mapping looks like this: ... <set name="Family" table="Person" lazy="false"> <key column="FamilyId" /> <one-to-many class="Person" /> </set> ... because obviously, the join NHibernate is trying to make is between the PK column, Id, and the 'secondary' column, FamilyId, instead of joining the FamilyId column to itself. Any ideas please?

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  • Uninitialized array offset

    - by kimmothy16
    Hey everyone, I am using PHP to create a form with an array of fields. Basically you can add an unlimited number of 'people' to the form and each person has a first name, last name, and phone number. The form requires that you add a phone number for the first person only. If you leave the phone number field blank on any others, the handler file is supposed to be programmed to use the phone number from the first person. So, my fields are: person[] - a hidden field with a value that is this person's primary key. fname[] - an input field lname[] - an input field phone[] - an input field My form handler looks like this: $people = $_POST['person'] $counter = 0; foreach($people as $person): if($phone[$counter] == '') { // use $phone[0]'s phone number } else { // use $phone[$counter] number } $counter = $counter + 1; endforeach; PHP doesn't like this though, it is throwing me an Notice: Uninitialized string offset error. I debugged it by running the is_array function on people, fname, lname, and phone and it returns true to being an array. I can also manually echo out $phone[2], etc. and get the correct value. I've also ran is_int on the $counter variable and it returned true, so I'm unsure why this isn't working as intended? Any help would be great!

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  • How do I get save (no exclamation point) semantics in an ActiveRecord transaction?

    - by James A. Rosen
    I have two models: Person and Address which I'd like to create in a transaction. That is, I want to try to create the Person and, if that succeeds, create the related Address. I would like to use save semantics (return true or false) rather than save! semantics (raise an ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid or not). This doesn't work because the user.save doesn't trigger a rollback on the transaction: class Person def save_with_address(address_options = {}) transaction do self.save address = Address.build(address_options) address.person = self address.save end end end (Changing the self.save call to an if self.save block around the rest doesn't help, because the Person save still succeeds even when the Address one fails.) And this doesn't work because it raises the ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid exception out of the transaction block without triggering an ActiveRecord::Rollback: class Person def save_with_address(address_options = {}) transaction do save! address = Address.build(address_options) address.person = self address.save! end end end The Rails documentation specifically warns against catching the ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid inside the transaction block. I guess my first question is: why isn't this transaction block... transacting on both saves?

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  • Hibernate: Check if object exists/changed

    - by swalkner
    Assuming I have an object Person with long id String firstName String lastName String address Then I'm generating a Person-object somewhere in my application. Now I'd like to check if the person exists in the database (= firstname/lastname-combination is in the database). If not = insert it. If yes, check, if the address is the same. If not = update the address. Of course, I can do some requests (first, try to load object with firstname/lastname), then (if existing), compare the address. But isn't there a simpler, cleaner approach? If got several different classes and do not like to have so many queries. I'd like to use annotations as if to say: firstname/lastname = they're the primary key. Check for them if the object exists. address is the parameter you have to compare if it stayed the same or not. Does Hibernate/JPA (or another framework) support something like that? pseude-code: if (database.containsObject(person)) { //containing according to compound keys if (database.containsChangedObject(person)) { database.updateObject(person); } } else { database.insertObject(person); }

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  • accepts_nested_attributes with Model.update for multiple models

    - by Ohad
    Hi, I'm trying to follow http://railscasts.com/episodes/198-edit-multiple-individually but I would like to save objects which are nested (accepts_nested_attributes_for). I've added the following in my controller: def edit_multiple @people = Person.find(params[:person_ids], :include => [:parameters]) end def update_multiple keys = params[:people].keys if keys.empty? flash[:error] = "Please select at least one person" redirect_to :back and return end values = keys.map {|k| params[:people][k]} @people = Person.update(keys,values).reject { |h| h.errors.empty? } if @people.empty? flash[:notice] = 'Updated people!' redirect_to person_path else redirect_to edit_multiple_path end end and in the view: <% form_tag update_multiple_people_path, :method => :post do %> <% for person in @people %> <% fields_for "people[]", host do |f| %> <%= f.error_messages :object_name => "person" %> <h3><%= h person.name %></h3> <% for parameter in person.parameters %> <% f.fields_for "person_parameters[]", parameter do |builder| -%> <%= render "common/parameters", :f => builder %> <% end -%> <% end -%> <p><%= link_to_add_fields "Add a parameter", f, :person_parameters, "common/parameters" %></p> <% end %> <% end %> <p><%= submit_tag "Edit these Parameter(s)" %></p> <% end %> but I'm always getting a mistmatch - e.g. ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch and Parameter(#70341811965140) expected, got Array(#70341874300460) Thanks!

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  • [hibernate - jpa] @OneToOne annotoation problem (i think...)

    - by blow
    Hi all, im new in hibernate and JPA and i have some problems with annotations. My target is to create this table in db (PERSON_TABLE with personal-details) ID ADDRESS NAME SURNAME MUNICIPALITY_ID First of all, i have a MUNICIPALITY table in db containing all municipality of my country. I mapped this table in this ENTITY: @Entity public class Municipality implements Serializable { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String country; private String province; private String name; @Column(name="cod_catasto") private String codCatastale; private String cap; public Municipality() { } ... Then i make an EMBEDDABLE class Address containing fields that realize a simple address... @Embeddable public class Address implements Serializable { @OneToOne(cascade=CascadeType.ALL) @JoinColumn(name="id_municipality") private Municipality municipality; @Column(length=45) private String address; public Address() { } ... Finally i embedded this class into Person ENTITY @Entity public class Person implements Serializable { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id; private String name; private String surname; @Embedded private Address address; public Person() { } ... All works good when i have to save a new Person record, in fact hibernate creates a PERSON_TABLE as i want, but if i try to retrieve a Person record i have an exception. HQL is simply "from Person" The excpetion is (Entities is the package containing all classes above-mentioned): org.hibernate.AnnotationException: @OneToOne or @ManyToOne on Entities.Person.address.municipality references an unknown entity: Entities.Municipality Is the @OneToOne annotation the problem? Thanks.

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  • Jquery Find an XML element based on the value of one of it's children

    - by NateD
    I'm working on a simple XML phonebook app to learn JQuery, and I can't figure out how to do something like this: When the user enters the first name of a contact in a textbox I want to find the entire record of that person. The XML looks like this: <phonebook> <person> <number> 555-5555</number> <first_name>Evelyn</first_name> <last_name>Remington</last_name> <address>Edge of the Abyss</address> <image>path/to/image</image> </person> <person> <number>+34 1 6444 333 2223230</number> <first_name>Max</first_name> <last_name>Muscle</last_name> <address>Mining Belt</address> <image>path/to/image</image> </person> </phonebook> and the best I've been able to do with the jQuery is something like this: var myXML; function searchXML(){ $.ajax({ type:"GET", url: "phonebook.xml", dataType: "xml", success: function(xml){myXML = $("xml").find("#firstNameBox").val())} }); } What I want it to do is return the entire <person> element so I can iterate through and display all that person's information. Any help would be appreciated.

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