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• Force spin-down of external hard-drive on linux (raspberry pi)

  - by user258346

  I'm currently setting up a home-server using a Raspberry Pi with an external hard-disk connected via usb. However, my hard-drive will never spin down when being idle. I tried already the hints provided at raspberrypi.org ... without any success. 1.) sudo hdparm -S5 /dev/sda returns /dev/sda: setting standby to 5 (25 seconds) SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 04 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 44 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.) sudo hdparm -y /dev/sda returns /dev/sda: issuing standby command SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 04 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 44 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ...and 3.) sudo sdparm --flexible --command=stop /dev/sda returns /dev/sda: HDD 1234 ... without spin-down of the drive. I use the following hardware: Inateck FDU3C-2 dual Ports USB 3.0 HDD docking station Western Digital WD10EZRX Green 1TB Is it possible, that the sent spin-down-signals are somewhere overwritten/lost/ignored?

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• Why do I get a DegradedArray event with mdadm

  - by azera

  Hello Just so we're clear on what's happening: I bought 4 new sata 2 drives, with the intent of using them in a raid5 all drive are fully recognised by both my bios and my linux box (gentoo) I created a raid5 array, fiddled a bit with it to understand how it works, how to monitor ect At some point, this triggered a degradedarray event, even though the array is brand new. I tried to stopping the array and recreating a new array with the same drive but the new array starts degraded too. here is what I used to create it mdadm --create -l5 -n4 /dev/md/md0-r5 /dev/sdb /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf here are the output from my /proc/mdstat and mdadm --detail --scan **mdstat** Personalities : [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md127 : active raid5 sdf[4] sde[2] sdd[1] sdb[0] 4395415488 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UUU_] [>....................] recovery = 2.8% (41689732/1465138496) finish=890.3min speed=26645K/sec unused devices: <none> **detail** ARRAY /dev/md/md0-r5 metadata=0.90 spares=1 UUID=453e2833:81f22a74:64188b84:66721085 As such I have a couple questions: does a raid5 array always start in degraded mode at first ? why does sdf have the number 4 between bracket instead of 3, why does it see a spare disk and why is the 4th drive marked with _ instead of U ? (bad configuration ?) How can I recreate the array from scratch, do i have to format each drive on its own before recreating it ? Thanks for any help, I'm not sure about what I should do at the moment

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• ubuntu - Best way of repartitioning a (running) production server

  - by egarcia

  I've got an (externally hosted) production server running Ubuntu LTS. It serves webpages (rails) and has an svn repository accesible through Apache, and a PostgreSQL db. I've got ssh access to the server and root privileges. Most of the "interesting" stuff is located in /var/ : svn repositories are inside /var/svn, web pages under /var/www, etc. Yesterday I was curious about how much disk space had it left, so I did the following: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 950M 402M 500M 45% / varrun 990M 64K 990M 1% /var/run varlock 990M 0 990M 0% /var/lock udev 990M 76K 989M 1% /dev devshm 990M 0 990M 0% /dev/shm /dev/md5 4.7G 668M 4.1G 15% /usr /dev/md6 4.7G 1.4G 3.4G 29% /var /dev/md7 221G 28M 221G 1% /home none 990M 4.0K 990M 1% /tmp My 'var' partition, which holds most of the interesting part, is only 4.7G big. The /home/ partition, on the other hand, is 221G, but it is mostly unused. I should have checked the disk layout before starting installing stuff. Ideally I would need /var/ and /home/ to be "switched" - /home/ should be the one with 4.7G, and /var/ the one with 221G. Is there a way to solve this without having to reinstall the whole thing?

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• Ubuntu 13.04 to 13.10: Filesystem check or mount failed [migrated]

  - by SamHuckaby

  I attempted to upgrade from Ubuntu 13.04 to 13.10 today, and mid upgrade the system started flaking out, and eventually locked up entirely. I was forced to restart the computer, and am now unable to get the computer to boot up at all. When I boot currently, it takes me to the GRUB menu, and I can choose to boot normally, or boot in an older version. I have tried several things, which I list below, but no matter what, when I try to finish booting into Ubuntu, I receive the following error: Filesystem check or mount failed. A maintenance shell will now be started. CONTROL-D will terminate this shell and continue booting after re-trying filesystems. Any further errors will be ignored root@ubuntu-computername:~# I have fun fsck -f and everything appears correct, no errors are reported. and it passes all 5 checks. If I run fdisk -l then I get the following information: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00010824 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 608456703 304227328 83 Linux /dev/sda2 608458750 625141759 8341505 5 Extended Partition 2 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 608458752 625141759 8341504 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0fb4b7e8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 8192 625139711 312565760 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT I am considering just installing a new OS on the other disk, that currently has nothing on it, and then just attempting to scrape my data off the old disk (thankfully I didn't encrypt the files). Really my question is this: Can I salvage this Ubuntu install, or should I give up and just reinstall?

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• Why are SMART error rates going down?

  - by Jeff Shattock

  I have a hard drive that's part of a Linux software raid5 array. SMART has reported that its multi_zone_error_rate was 0, then 1, then 3. So I figured I better start backing up more frequently and prepare to replace the drive. Now, today, the multi_zone_error_rate of that very same drive is back down to 1. It seems that 2 errors unhappened while I wasn't looking. I've also seen simliar behaviour by inspecting the syslog on the server. Jun 7 21:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdc, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100 Jun 7 21:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sde, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100 Jun 7 21:01:18 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdg, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100 Jun 8 02:31:18 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdg, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 200 Jun 8 03:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sdc, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 200 Jun 8 03:01:17 FS1 smartd[25593]: Device: /dev/sde, SMART Usage Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 200 These are raw values, not the human-useful values that smartctl -a produces, but the behaviour is similar: error rates changing, then undoing the change. None of these are the drive that had the multi_zone weirdness. I haven't seen any problems from the RAID; its most recent scrub ( < 24 hours ago) came back totally clean. The only thing I can think of is that the SMART reporting circuitry on the drive isn't working properly all the time. The cables are in tight on the drive and board. What's going on here?

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• Bad network performance on KVM guest

  - by Devator

  I have a dedicated server connected to a 1000 Mbit port. However, the Debian guest is only getting half to a 1/4 the speeds: On the node itself (Linux node 2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Sep 25 21:43:11 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux): wget http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin -O /dev/null --2012-11-11 23:10:11-- http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin Resolving www.bbned.nl... 62.177.144.181 Connecting to www.bbned.nl|62.177.144.181|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1048576000 (1000M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: â/dev/nullâ 100%[====================================>] 1,048,576,000 100M/s in 10s 2012-11-11 23:10:21 (100 MB/s) - â/dev/nullâ On the guest (Debian 6.0.5, x64: Linux debian 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Sep 23 10:07:46 UTC 2012 x86_64 GNU/Linux): wget http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin -O /dev/null --2012-11-11 23:10:41-- http://www.bbned.nl/scripts/speedtest/download/file1000mb.bin Resolving www.bbned.nl... 62.177.144.181 Connecting to www.bbned.nl|62.177.144.181|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1048576000 (1000M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: â/dev/nullâ 100%[=================================================================================================================================================================================================>] 1,048,576,000 16.5M/s in 42s 2012-11-11 23:11:23 (23.8 MB/s) - â/dev/nullâ I use the virtio NIC. I tried some more NICs: e1000 and the Realtek 8139 but those yield even worse results. Anyone has an idea how to improve these speeds?

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• JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer

  - by Jake Mach

  Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.146942] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 267). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.146956] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 1). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.146967] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 353). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.147121] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 353). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.147133] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 1). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. Sep 25 22:19:38 host kernel: [7798806.147143] JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = loop0, blocknr = 267). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. [7817859.850517] EXT4-fs error (device loop0): ext4_mb_generate_buddy: EXT4-fs: group 1: 28618 blocks in bitmap, 29028 in gd what does this mean? how did this happen?

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• CentOS - mdadm raid1 drive won't mount to default location

  - by danny

  I'm running CentOS 5.5, the system, boot, swap, etc. is all on /dev/sda and I have two identical single-partition drives /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 that are configured in RAID1 (using mdadm). It was working fine (configured to mount to /mnt/data in the fstab file) and I recently let yum install a couple of automatic updates without paying attention to what they were, and now it doesn't work. Raid is working fine (dmesg shows it gets loaded correctly). mdstat shows: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid1] md0 : active raid1 sdc1[1] sdb1[0] XXXX blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> Additionally, I can mount it anywhere other than its default directory (i.e. the following works, and I can read data off the drives). # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/data2 EXT3-fs warning: mounting fs with errors, running e2fsck is recommended But when I run the following I get: # mount -a mount: /dev/sdb1 already mounted or /mnt/data busy It says nothing is mounted when I try to umount /dev/sdb1 or umount /mnt/data, so I assume it's the second of those errors. However, lsof | grep mnt shows nothing. The weird thing is that I can save files in /mnt/data. So something is obviously mounted there, but when I try to umount it I get the error that nothing is mounted. /etc/mtab doesn't mention any of the partitions or files I am trying to work with, and fstab just has that one line I mentioned above that is supposed to mount my raid partition. Again, it was all working fine until I On Google I've found a few things about dmraid interfering with mdadm after an update, but I yum remove'd dmraid and rebooted and it didn't help. I'm really confused and need to get this working to get on with my work!

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• cloning a kvm guest os to a vmdk file

  - by Bond

  I have a production environment where I am having 4 Guest OS running on a Ubuntu server which uses kvm. These OS are in an LVM based setup.I want these Virtual Machines to be in a vmdk format also.Where people would do experiments with these Virtual Machines so this in a vmware environment (or it can be Xen too) would be different from the kvm server.I would not have any control on that other environment so I want to give people vmdk images of these virtual machines. The production Virtual Machines will still keep running on kvm server but the VMs on which experiments would be done would be of type vmdk.(vmdk is a constraint) Here is output of lvscan ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm1' [100.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm2' [150.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm3' [50.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm4' [100.00 GiB] inherit I was reading man page of qemu-img and what I understand is I need to first create a qcow image file which I need to populate and then convert that to a vmdk file. Is that understanding correct? Now suppose /dev/abcd/lvm4 is the virtual machine with which I am going to start this experiment.I can shutdown the production VMs for some time to do this. So is the following way correct to go on server 1 (where kvm is running) qemu-img convert -c -f raw -O vmdk /dev/abcd/lvm4 /backup/lvm4.img or it will affect the lvm4 on kvm server 1. I do not want the VM running on original server to at all loose its any of the content but also have a vmdk file for each of the Guest OS on kvm. Before I proceed with any of the above things on the production machine I just want to make sure that I am doing the correct thing so I asking here.

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• Traffic shaping on Linux with HTB: weird results

  - by DADGAD

  I'm trying to have some simple bandwidth throttling set up on a Linux server and I'm running into what seems to be very weird stuff despite a seemingly trivial config. I want to shape traffic coming to a specific client IP (10.41.240.240) to a hard maximum of 75Kbit/s. Here's how I set up the shaping: # tc qdisc add dev eth1 root handle 1: htb default 1 r2q 1 # tc class add dev eth1 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 75Kbit # tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 75kbit # tc filter add dev eth1 parent 1:0 protocol ip prio 1 u32 match ip dst 10.41.240.240 flowid 1:10 To test, I start a file download over HTTP from the said client machine and measure the resulting speed by looking at Kb/s in Firefox. Now, the behaviour is rather puzzling: the DL starts at about 10Kbyte/s and proceeds to pick up speed until it stabilizes at about 75Kbytes/s (Kilobytes, not Kilobits as configured!). Then, If I start several parallel downloads of that very same file, each download stabilizes at about 45Kbytes/s; the combined speed of those downloads thus greatly exceeds the configured maximum. Here's what I get when probing tc for debug info [root@kup-gw-02 /]# tc -s qdisc show dev eth1 qdisc htb 1: r2q 1 default 1 direct_packets_stat 1 Sent 17475717 bytes 1334 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 2782 requeues 0) rate 0bit 0pps backlog 0b 12p requeues 0 [root@kup-gw-02 /]# tc -s class show dev eth1 class htb 1:1 root rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit burst 1608b cburst 1608b Sent 14369397 bytes 1124 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) rate 577896bit 5pps backlog 0b 0p requeues 0 lended: 1 borrowed: 0 giants: 1938 tokens: -205561 ctokens: -205561 class htb 1:10 parent 1:1 prio 0 **rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit** burst 1608b cburst 1608b Sent 14529077 bytes 1134 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0) **rate 589888bit** 5pps backlog 0b 11p requeues 0 lended: 1123 borrowed: 0 giants: 1938 tokens: -205561 ctokens: -205561 What I can't for the life of me understand is this: how come I get a "rate 589888bit 5pps" with a config of "rate 75000bit ceil 75000bit"? Why does the effective rate get so much higher than the configured rate? What am I doing wrong? Why is it behaving the way it is? Please help, I'm stumped. Thanks guys.

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• IPv6 Routing / Subnetting

  - by nappo

  Recently I have installed Citrix Xen Server 6.2 on a machine. My Provider (Hetzner) gave me the IPv6 Subnet 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::/64. Followed an article in the providers wiki (1) i got it working and can assign IPs to my guests (CentOS). However i can't assign a second IP to a single guest - it will result in a timeout. I'm not very familiar with IPv6 routing / subnetting - any help or tips for further troubleshooting is welcome! My Setup: XenServer 6.2 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::2/112 ip -6 route: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::/112 dev xenbr0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 0 fe80::1 dev xenbr0 metric 1024 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 0 default via fe80::1 dev xenbr0 metric 1024 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 0 Guest 1 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::3/64 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::4/64 ip -6 route: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 default via fe80::1 dev eth0 metric 1 mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295 Guest 2 IPv6: 2a01:4f8:200:xxxx::5/64 Guest 1 IPv6 is working fine, Guest 2 too. As suggested by the wiki article (1) i split my /64 network into a /112. Is it right to set the host /112 and the guests /64? Why is that?

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• sudo fdisk in a live session does not show all hard drives

  - by cornbread

  I am having Grub2 issues in my Ubuntu 10.04 dual boot, 2 hard drive system. So I am attempting to follow the standard grub2 reinstallation guide (cant post link because of spam filters allowing only one... ?_?) Don't know if this is the root of my problem, but my speedy internal HD with my OS on it is not showing up anywhere in a live session. Not in nautilus, behind fdisk.... no where. When I can get the main system to boot, there is no issue seeing all available partitions. But the live session sees only the 1TB internal media/backup hard drive. I need access to the other hard drive and it's partitions to finish the grub2 re-installation but I am not sure anymore that is the underlying issue. Anyone have experience with this? The issue I have identified as a grub2 issue is fully described here. SandPvvr describes it exactly. Some notes: I do not see the grub2 menu for my os's holding down the shift key after my bios screen works maybe 10% of the time Not related to reinstalling a windows os. havent been touched in a year do some web development. issue may have started when I was playing with ruby and django. not sure on this. Could a dev environment do this? fdisk in live session ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001d518 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb2 1 121601 976759939 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 487 110765 885816036 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 110766 121601 87040138+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sdb7 1 486 3903700+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order

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• Why dd finishes instantly when pipelining to cat?

  - by agsamek

  I start bash on Cygwin and type: dd if=/dev/zero | cat /dev/null It finishes instantly. When I type: dd if=/dev/zero > /dev/null it runs as expected and I can issue killall -USR1 dd to see the progress. Why does the former invocation finishes instantly? Is it the same on a Linux box? * Explanation why I asked such stupid question and possibly not so stupid question I was compressing hdd images and some were compressed incorrectly. I ended up with the following script showing the problem: while sleep 1 ; do killall -v -USR1 dd ; done & dd if=/dev/zero bs=5000000 count=200 | gzip -c | gzip -cd | wc -c Wc should write 1000000000 at the end. The problem is that it does not on my machine: bash-3.2$ dd if=/dev/zero bs=5000000 count=200 | gzip -c | gzip -cd | wc -c 13+0 records in 12+0 records out 60000000 bytes (60 MB) copied, 0.834 s, 71.9 MB/s 27+0 records in 26+0 records out 130000000 bytes (130 MB) copied, 1.822 s, 71.4 MB/s 200+0 records in 200+0 records out 1000000000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 13.231 s, 75.6 MB/s 1005856128 Is it a bug or am I doing something wrong once again?

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• Issue with kernel boot [OVH SERVER]

  - by Conner Stephen McCabe

  Trying to install OpenVZ kernel on Centos 6.3, Yes my kernel is installed i can see it in the /boot folder, yes it is Rhel6 and yes it is all up to date, i checked this with yum update. My issue comes when i reboot my server with that kernel set as the default, it doesn't load, below i shall put a copy of my grub.conf file and my menu.lst file. Grub.conf: default=0 timeout=5 title vzkernel (2.6.32-042stab057.1) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1 ro root=/dev/sda1 initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-042stab057.1.img title linux centos6_64 kernel /boot/bzImage-3.2.13-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 root=/dev/sda1 ro root (hd0,0) Now i shall paste in Menu.lst; # grub.conf generated by anaconda # # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file # NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that # all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg. # root (hd0,0) # kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_stock-lv_root # initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img #boot=/dev/sda default=0 timeout=5 splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz hiddenmenu title Linux OpenVZ (vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-042stab057.1 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_stock-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=l$ initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-042stab057.1.img title CentOS (2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/bzImage-3.2.13-xxxx-grs-ipv6-64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_stock-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=vg_stock/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFO$ initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img # dummy text Somebody mentioned something about OVH having added a script which changes the kernel settings or something, and suggested that we either remove the script or reinstall using a VNC, but we don't know how to go about doing either of these? Really would be great if you guys could help. Thanks in advance.

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• Ubuntu 9.04: Ripping CDs with grip?

  - by chris

  I tried to rip a CD tonight, and couldn't figure out how to configure grip - /dev/cdrom doesn't seem to be the mount point for music CDs any more. How can I configure grip to find CDs? Update: /etc/fstab has /dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 But there's nothing visible in /media/cdrom0 (or /media/cdrom, which is a symlink to cdrom0) There's an icon on the desktop labeled "Audio Disk" and opening it shows the .wav files on the CD. The location is cdda://sr0/, but grip doesn't like that either. Trying to manually mount /dev/sr0, I get $ sudo mount -t auto /dev/sr0 foo/ mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only mount: you must specify the filesystem type Update 2: Tried to change the media handling preferences (From a file browser, Edit-Preferences, Media, CD Audio) to "Do Nothing". CD Still doesn't mount. Update 3: With an audio CD in the drive: $ ls -l /dev/ | grep cd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 cdrom1 -> sr0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 cdrw1 -> sr0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 2009-09-15 22:13 pktcdvd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2009-09-15 22:13 scd0 -> sr0 crw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 21, 2 2009-09-15 22:13 sg2 brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 2009-09-15 22:13 sr0

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• Problem with running a script at startup as root?

  - by Usman Ajmal

  Hi The main question: Is there a way I can run 'completely' one of my script when ubuntu's desktop appears no matter if root , administrator, desktop user or an unprivileged user logged in? What does the script do? The script mounts a partition, looks for a file in that partition and finally on the basis of that file a decision of copying a partition to another partition is made. That copying is done via dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/dev/sda5 When does the script run finely? Script runs smoothly when I run it from the terminal by sudo ./my_copying_script This command asks me for the password of currently logged in user. I enter the password and the script starts working. When does the script NOT run finely? I want to run the script at startup. I set it a startup program by using the Startup Applications utility of Ubuntu. Script ran at startup but exited at the dd command returing following error: dd: opening '/dev/sda2': Permission denied On edk's suggestion I set the owner of my_copying_script as root and set the SUID. Now the permissions of my_copying_script are (-rwsr-sr-x). edk's point of view was that once I set the suid, the startup program will run with the permissions of its owner. I did that but the same /dev/sda2 permission denied error came up. I then prefixed the dd with sudo as mentioned below sudo dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/dev/sda5 but this returned following error: sudo: no tty present and no askpass program specified In other words the mounting failed. If I run the script using sudo ./myProgram i don't face this problem and the drive gets mounted successfully.

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• Messed up partitions... system will not boot!

  - by someguy

  I did a really dumb thing. cfdisk threw an error at me saying "FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 3: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder", so I installed Partition Table Doctor to see if I could fix the problem. When the program started up, it told me there were problems with my partitions, and asked if I wanted them fixed (cannot remember real message, but I believe it had something to do with the cylinder boundaries), so, blindly, without thinking of the consequences, I did. Now, my system will not boot. I tried booting from the Windows 7 installation CD. I went to install a fresh copy, but it said that "No drives were found". I then opened up diskpart. According to diskpart, there is only one partition, containing one volume, assigned the letter "C". Before, I had four partitions! It is also saying that the file system is RAW. Is there any way I can fix this? I have important data that I do not want to lose. Later on... I tried fdisk with the option -l, which lists the partition table(s), and this is what I got: Ignoring extra extended partition 4 Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 64 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x163df116 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 6 18 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 18 7851 62918572+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30403 139203193 7 HPFS/NTFS I don't know if this will help, but it's extra information, at least. Also, this is how I had my partitions: 40MB (Unallocated) 100MB (System Reserved) 60GB (Windows, C:) 40GB (Was reserved for secondary OS) ~132GB (Home, E:)

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• grub2 error : out of disk

  - by Nostradamnit

  Hi everyone, I recently install ArchBang on a machine with Ubuntu and XP. I ran update-grub from Ubuntu and it found the new install and created an entry. However, when I try to boot it, I get: error: out of disk error: you need to load kernel first I've tried several things, including adding a new entry in 40_custom, but nothing changes. Here are the entries I have: default found by update-grub ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### menuentry "ArchBang Linux (on /dev/sda4)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos4)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 75f96b44-3a8f-4727-9959-d669b9244f2a linux /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/sda4 rootfstype=ext4 ro xorg=vesa quiet nomodeset swapon initrd /boot/kernel26.img } menuentry "ArchBang Linux Fallback (on /dev/sda4)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos4)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 75f96b44-3a8f-4727-9959-d669b9244f2a linux /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/sda4 rootfstype=ext4 ro xorg=vesa quiet nomodeset swapon initrd /boot/kernel26-fallback.img } ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ### custom entry in 40_custom based on various ideas found on the internets menuentry "ArchBang Linux (on /dev/sda4)" { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,msdos4)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 75f96b44-3a8f-4727-9959-d669b9244f2a linux /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/75f96b44-3a8f-4727-9959-d669b9244f2a rootfstype=ext4 ro xorg=vesa quiet nomodeset swapon initrd /boot/kernel26.img } I think the problem has something to do with the sda4 not being mounted at boot-time... Thanks in advance for you help, Sam

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• Debian Wheezy IPv6 isn't configured with ifup post-up hook

  - by aef

  We recently set up a server on Debian Wheezy Beta 3 (x86_64) which has a native IPv6 connection. We configured the eth0 interface to get the IPv6 configuration through some post-up hook commands in /etc/network/interfaces. The result is, that after the booting the system up, there is only IPv4 and an auto-configured link-local IPv6 address configured on the interface, as if the command has never been executed. When we additionally place the commands after the call to ifup -a inside the /etc/init.d/networking init script, everything works as expected and we have a fully configured interface after booting up. This is quite an ugly way to configure the interface. What are we doing wrong with the ifup post-up hooks? Or is this a bug? The section from /etc/network/interfaces looks like this (IP-addresses changed): allow-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 1.2.3.1 netmask 255.255.255.192 network 1.2.3.0 broadcast 1.2.3.63 gateway 1.2.3.62 dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 dns-search mydomain.tld post-up ip -6 addr add 2001:db8:100:3022::2 dev eth0 post-up ip -6 route add fe80::1 dev eth0 post-up ip -6 route add default via fe80::1 dev eth0 I also tried it in this alternative way: auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 1.2.3.1 netmask 255.255.255.192 network 1.2.3.0 broadcast 1.2.3.63 gateway 1.2.3.62 dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 dns-search mydomain.tld iface eth0 inet6 static address 2001:db8:100:3022::2 netmask 64 gateway fe80::1 What we added to /etc/init.d/networking: … case "$1" in start) process_options check_ifstate if [ "$CONFIGURE_INTERFACES" = no ] then log_action_msg "Not configuring network interfaces, see /etc/default/networking" exit 0 fi set -f exclusions=$(process_exclusions) log_action_begin_msg "Configuring network interfaces" if ifup -a $exclusions $verbose && ifup_hotplug $exclusions $verbose # Our additions ip -6 addr add 2001:db8:100:3022::2 dev eth0 ip -6 route add fe80::1 dev eth0 ip -6 route add default via fe80::1 dev eth0 then log_action_end_msg $? else log_action_end_msg $? fi ;; …

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• Extending ext4 partition on debian7.0 on vsphere

  - by VoidPointer

  I have allocated thin provisioning of 15GB when i found 8GB as insufficient. Now debian guest is not able to recognize the change of size. root@debian7-x64:~# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/debian7-x64/root LV Name root VG Name debian7-x64 LV UUID EU6mg0-XTXC-ci3D-bQJi-7XN6-r8Hp-SYxcj0 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time debian7-x64, 2013-06-25 12:02:49 +0530 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 7.39 GiB Current LE 1892 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 254:0 --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/debian7-x64/swap_1 LV Name swap_1 VG Name debian7-x64 LV UUID xDNtoz-tJUq-M5D6-GGCN-gzcD-fwUv-fYYDR1 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time debian7-x64, 2013-06-25 12:02:49 +0530 LV Status available # open 2 LV Size 376.00 MiB Current LE 94 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 254:1 root@debian7-x64:~# pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda5 VG Name debian7-x64 PV Size 7.76 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB Allocatable yes (but full) PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 1986 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 1986 PV UUID SehkzH-Gq8Y-jI2f-27Tb-uv1Z-tR1R-5OnTxR root@debian7-x64:~# sfdisk -s /dev/sda: 15728640 /dev/mapper/debian7--x64-root: 7749632 /dev/mapper/debian7--x64-swap_1: 385024 total: 23863296 blocks Help me to extend this partition. No problem in rebooting. I dont have any live CD. Environment : debian 7, with lvm, on vsphere, ext4 partition. Can provide more details when needed.

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• DRBD as a block device for XEN VM (Centos 5.3)

  - by SaberTooth

  Hi all, I have setup a drbd resource between 2 server nodes - everything works correctly when doing sync tests between the two. (I want to create a HA cluster using drbd,xen and heartbeat) However, when I try and create a XEN VM with Centos as guest operating system, I get through to the partitioning screen on the install but when I select a partitioning type the next screen gives me the following error : "An error has occurred - no valid devices were found on which to create new file systems. Please check your hardware for the cause of this problem." This is the first time attempting create a setup like this and searching Google does not help much... my config files for DRBD and XEN.... DRBD (just the section that is pertinent) on xennode0 { device /dev/drbd0; disk /dev/sda5; address X.X.X.X:7788; flexible-meta-disk internal; } on xennode1 { device /dev/drbd0; disk /dev/sda5; address X.X.X.X:7788; meta-disk internal; } XEN kernel = "/boot/xeninstall/vmlinuz" ramdisk = "/boot/xeninstall/initrd.img" extra = "text" name = "VM" maxmem = 3000 memory = 3000 vcpus = 4 on_poweroff = "destroy" on_reboot = "restart" on_crash = "restart" vfb = [ ] disk = [ "phy:/dev/drbd0,sda1,w", "tap:aio:/srv/xen/xenswap.img,sda2,w" ] vif = [ "mac=00:16:3e:11:67:ae,bridge=xenbr0" ] root = "/dev/sda1 ro" Thanks in advance!

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• Extending partition on linux gparted but not more space in the vm

  - by Asken

  I have a vm test installation of a linux running a build server. Unfortunately I just pressed ok when adding the disk and ended up with an 8gb drive to play with. Well into the test the builds are consuming more and more space, of course. The vm drive was resized to 21gb and using gparted I expanded the drive partitions and that all worked fine but when I go back into the console and do df there's still only 8gb available. How can I claim the other 13gb I added? fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 21.0 GB, 20971520000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2549 cylinders, total 40960000 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0006d284 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda2 501758 40959999 20229121 5 Extended /dev/sda5 501760 40959999 20229120 8e Linux LVM vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name ct System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 4 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 19.29 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 4938 Alloc PE / Size 1977 / 7.72 GiB Free PE / Size 2961 / 11.57 GiB VG UUID MwiMAz-52e1-iGVf-eL4f-P5lq-FvRA-L73Sl3 lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/ct/root VG Name ct LV UUID Rfk9fh-kqdM-q7t5-ml6i-EjE8-nMtU-usBF0m LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 5.73 GiB Current LE 1466 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 252:0 --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/ct/swap_1 VG Name ct LV UUID BLFaa6-1f5T-4MM0-5goV-1aur-nzl9-sNLXIs LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 2 LV Size 2.00 GiB Current LE 511 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 252:1

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• Doesn't work Nginx + SSI

  - by boopidoopi

  I have some problems. Nginx doesn't work with SSI. Nginx listens 80 port (frontend), apache2 listens 81 port (backend). That is my nginx configurations: server { listen 80; server_name test.dev www.test.dev; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log debug; log_subrequest on; location / { ssi on; proxy_pass http://localhost:81; proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; client_max_body_size 15m; client_body_buffer_size 128k; } } SSI include in test.dev index.php: <!--# include virtual="http:test.dev/test.html" -- When I open test.dev/index.php I see clean page. In page source: <!--# include virtual="http:test.dev/test.html" -- So how to enable SSI in nginx? Can you help me?

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• When using software RAID and LVM on Linux, which IO scheduler and readahead settings are honored?

  - by andrew311

  In the case of multiple layers (physical drives - md - dm - lvm), how do the schedulers, readahead settings, and other disk settings interact? Imagine you have several disks (/dev/sda - /dev/sdd) all part of a software RAID device (/dev/md0) created with mdadm. Each device (including physical disks and /dev/md0) has its own setting for IO scheduler (changed like so) and readahead (changed using blockdev). When you throw in things like dm (crypto) and LVM you add even more layers with their own settings. For example, if the physical device has a read ahead of 128 blocks and the RAID has a readahead of 64 blocks, which is honored when I do a read from /dev/md0? Does the md driver attempt a 64 block read which the physical device driver then translates to a read of 128 blocks? Or does the RAID readahead "pass-through" to the underlying device, resulting in a 64 block read? The same kind of question holds for schedulers? Do I have to worry about multiple layers of IO schedulers and how they interact, or does the /dev/md0 effectively override underlying schedulers? In my attempts to answer this question, I've dug up some interesting data on schedulers and tools which might help figure this out: Linux Disk Scheduler Benchmarking from Google blktrace - generate traces of the i/o traffic on block devices Relevant Linux kernel mailing list thread

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• Optimize Apache performance

  - by Phliplip

  I'm looking for ways to optimize our current web server hosted in-house. I'm trying to supply as much relevant information below. Please let me know if you would require additional information in order to assist. Server is running 1 single website, which is an online pizza ordering platform built on Zend Framework (ver1). On traffic stats from the last month aprox 6.000 pageloads per day, concentrated mainly around dinnertime. Around 1500 loads/hour peaks in that period. We recently upgraded from a 2/2mbit aDSL-line to 100/100mbit fiber, and we still have performance issues at dinner time. We assumed the 2mbit was the issue. Website is pretty snappy in low-load periods. Hardware CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU 5160 @ 3.00GHz (3000.13-MHz K8-class CPU) Mem: 328M Active, 4427M Inact, 891M Wired, 244M Cache, 623M Buf, 33M Free Swap: 16G Total, 468K Used, 16G Free (6GB physical, 16GB swap) Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/ad7s1a ufs 4.8G 768M 3.7G 17% / devfs devfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /dev /dev/ad7s1g ufs 176G 5.2G 157G 3% /home /dev/ad7s1e ufs 4.8G 2.8M 4.5G 0% /tmp /dev/ad7s1f ufs 19G 3.5G 14G 19% /usr /dev/ad7s1d ufs 4.8G 550M 3.9G 12% /var Server OS FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE Software apache-2.2.17 php5-5.3.8 mysql-server-5.5 Apache footprint (example, taken from # top) 31140 www 1 45 0 377M 41588K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd 31122 www 1 44 0 375M 35416K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd 31109 www 1 44 0 375M 38188K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd 31113 www 1 44 0 375M 35188K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd Apache is using the prefork MPM, APC (Alternative PHP Cache). SSL module is loaded, but not utilized (as in don't really work, thus not used). There is a file containing settings for MPM modules, but as i see it's not included in the httpd.conf file, the include line is commented out. Thus i would guess that the prefork MPM is working of default values too. Here are some other Apache conf values that i found - which are included in https.conf Timeout 300 KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 KeepAliveTimeout 5 UseCanonicalName Off HostnameLookups Off

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