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  • Why do programming languages allow shadowing/hiding of variables and functions?

    - by Simon
    Many of the most popular programming languges (such as C++, Java, Python etc.) have the concept of hiding / shadowing of variables or functions. When I've encountered hiding or shadowing they have been the cause of hard to find bugs and I've never seen a case where I found it necessary to use these features of the languages. To me it would seem better to disallow hiding and shadowing. Does anybody know of a good use of these concepts?

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  • Why shouldn't I be using public variables in my Java class?

    - by Omega
    In school, I've been told many times to stop using public for my variables. I haven't asked why yet. This question: Are Java's public fields just a tragic historical design flaw at this point? seems kinda related to this. However, they don't seem to discuss why is it "wrong", but instead focus on how can they use them instead. Look at this (unfinished) class: public class Reporte { public String rutaOriginal; public String rutaNueva; public int bytesOriginales; public int bytesFinales; public float ganancia; /** * Constructor para objetos de la clase Reporte */ public Reporte() { } } No need to understand Spanish. All this class does is hold some statistics (those public fields) and then do some operations with them (later). I will also need to be modifying those variables often. But well, since I've been told not to use public, this is what I ended up doing: public class Reporte { private String rutaOriginal; private String rutaNueva; private int bytesOriginales; private int bytesFinales; private float ganancia; /** * Constructor para objetos de la clase Reporte */ public Reporte() { } public String getRutaOriginal() { return rutaOriginal; } public String getRutaNueva() { return rutaNueva; } public int getBytesOriginales() { return bytesOriginales; } public int getBytesFinales() { return bytesFinales; } public float getGanancia() { return ganancia; } public void setRutaOriginal(String rutaOriginal) { this.rutaOriginal = rutaOriginal; } public void setRutaNueva(String rutaNueva) { this.rutaNueva = rutaNueva; } public void setBytesOriginales(int bytesOriginales) { this.bytesOriginales = bytesOriginales; } public void setBytesFinales(int bytesFinales) { this.bytesFinales = bytesFinales; } public void setGanancia(float ganancia) { this.ganancia = ganancia; } } Looks kinda pretty. But seems like a waste of time. Google searches about "When to use public in Java" and "Why shouldn't I use public in Java" seem to discuss about a concept of mutability, although I'm not really sure how to interpret such discussions. I do want my class to be mutable - all the time.

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  • Why do AWS spot-instance prices spike above the "on demand" pricing?

    - by Laykes
    Amazon Pricing on Spot Instance Inconsistencies This is something which will be best explained through screenshots of a historical chart of instance pricings. If you look at a lot of the instance prices for spot instances, you will notice regular patterns of spikes. See here: As you can see, the price for this compute medium instance, regularly spikes above the on demand price. A c1.medium instance (on demand), would only cost $0.186 per hour. But for a period of a few weeks, in zone B, the price would regularly spike to $1.20. This is some 6 times the actual on demand price. It's also not isolated. If you look at zone-b again for small instances, there is a similar, spike frequently. Which goes 4x the on demand pricing. Does anyone know why this happens? Here are a few suggestions Someone entered $1.2 instead of $0.12 (I would discount this since it happened 20 times over the space of 3 weeks). Amazon regularly artifically inflate their prices by bidding on their own instances to get the most bang for their buck. (I would discount this since it would be ridiculous and bad business) Some company launched 1000 servers at once, and wants to make sure that they all launch. (I would discount this since they would presumably launch them at a price which would be below the minimum on demand price. Why would you pay above on demand for a single server?). It's a bug in their reporting?

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  • How can I add GET variables to the end of the current page url using a form with php?

    - by zeckdude
    I have some database information that is being shown on a page. I am using a pagination class that uses the $_GET['page'] variable in the url. When you click on a different pagination anchor tag, it changes $_GET['page'] to a new number in the url and shows the corresponding results. I have sort and search features which uses the $_GET['searchby'] and $_GET['search_input'] variables. The user enters their search or sort criteria on a form that is using GET. The variables are then put into the url allowing for the correct results to be shown. The problem I am having is that whenever I click on a pagination link, it adds that to end of the url and erases the search or sort GET variables. The same thing happens when I submit the search/sort form. How can I add GET variables to the end of the current page url using the anchor tag and search/sort form?

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  • Cause of slow download speed on a particular EC2 instance?

    - by James
    I have a networking issue I'm trying to solve. I have two EC2 instances, same zone, same type. On one of the two EC2 instances (the 'bad' instance), the download speed is really poor (200k/s), while on the other (the 'good' instance), the download speed is fine, comfortable at 30M/s +). To clarify, I'm talking about downloading files to the EC2 instance while ssh'd into the server, e.g running wget with a large file. I've tried different files, including S3 objects and a large linux ISO from elsewhere. Running ethtool eth0 only returns 'Link detected: yes' for both. When running ifconfig, both return the same for most part, aside from how the good instance shows no error packets yet the bad instance shows many: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:168372370 errors:5075643 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:122116480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 Both servers are configured the same, at least were supposed to be. How can I go about diagnosing the cause for the slow download speed? Is there anything particular to EC2 instances that could cause this? Having trouble knowing where to start. Thanks for any help!

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  • SQL Server 2008 second instance times out when logging in -- but only the first time?

    - by Kromey
    This is a strange one that has plagued me for a while now. When logging in to the second instance of SQL Server 2008 on one of our database servers, we get a timeout error: Cannot connect to servername\mssqlserver2. Additional information: Timeout expired. The timeout period elapsed prior to completion of the operation or the server is not responding. (Microsoft SQL Server)") (This is the error message when trying to connect with Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio; other tools experience the same error, but of course say it in different ways.) Immediately re-attempting to log in works just fine, so whatever the cause it's ephemeral! This happens regardless of user or authentication type (both Windows and SQL Server authentication methods are supported on this instance). What's even weirder, though, is that the first instance on this server has never once demonstrated this problem. Server is a Windows Server 2008 R2 virtual server, hosted in Microsoft Hyper-V (host is likewise Server 2008 R2). The server has 2GB of RAM, and seems to regularly be using 90% of that -- could low memory be the cause of this issue? I could see this second instance -- which is not used very often yet -- being swapped out to disk, and then taking too long to load back into memory to respond in time to the connection request, but I'd rather have more than just my own hunch before I go scheduling a downtime for this server (the first instance is used regularly) and then just throwing extra resources at it in the blind hope that the problem goes away.

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  • Is it possible for a java.lang.Process to inherit the environement variables from another java.lang.

    - by Eric Leung
    I am trying to use groovy to do shell scripting on unix, but I am not having any luck having one process retain the environment variables changed by another process. For example, def p1 = ["bash", "-c", "source /some/setEnv.sh"].execute() Now, I would like a second process, p2, to inherit the environment variables that was set in p1. How can I do this? I don't see anything in java.lang.Process or its groovy extension that would spit out the environment variables after the process has executed.

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  • How would I go about sharing variables in a class with Lua?

    - by Nicholas Flynt
    I'm fairly new to Lua, I've been working on trying to implement Lua scripting for logic in a Game Engine I'm putting together. I've had no trouble so far getting Lua up and running through the engine, and I'm able to call Lua functions from C and C functions from Lua. The way the engine works now, each Object class contains a set of variables that the engine can quickly iterate over to draw or process for physics. While game objects all need to access and manipulate these variables in order for the Game Engine itself to see any changes, they are free to create their own variables, a Lua is exceedingly flexible about this so I don't forsee any issues. Anyway, currently the Game Engine side of things are sitting in C land, and I really want them to stay there for performance reasons. So in an ideal world, when spawning a new game object, I'd need to be able to give Lua read/write access to this standard set of variables as part of the Lua object's base class, which its game logic could then proceed to run wild with. So far, I'm keeping two separate tables of objects in place-- Lua spawns a new game object which adds itself to a numerically indexed global table of objects, and then proceeds to call a C++ function, which creates a new GameObject class and registers the Lua index (an int) with the class. So far so good, C++ functions can now see the Lua object and easily perform operations or call functions in Lua land using dostring. What I need to do now is take the C++ variables, part of the GameObject class, and expose them to Lua, and this is where google is failing me. I've encountered a very nice method here which details the process using tags, but I've read that this method is deprecated in favor of metatables. What is the ideal way to accomplish this? Is it worth the hassle of learning how to pass class definitions around using libBind or some equivalent method, or is there a simple way I can just register each variable (once, at spawn time) with the global lua object? What's the "current" best way to do this, as of Lua 5.1.4?

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  • Webwork actions, the lifecycle of variables declared in the action class.

    - by Sam
    Hi all, I'm using the webwork framework (JIRA plugin development) and was wondering about the lifecycle of the variables in the action class. I have a few private variables in the action class that are set when during the doDefault() method. These are used in the input view to set up jqGrid columns and then when the user has entered some data they click submit which puts the grid data into a hidden input. The next thing that happens is the doValidation() method is called before the doExecute(), which displays the input view if there are any errors. The problem is that the variables set up in the doDefault() method are now null. Can anyone explain to me how the lifecycle of variables works in the webwork actions? Cheers

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  • When clicking an irc:// link, a new instance of chatzilla opens instead of the existing one being used.

    - by WebDevHobo
    That is my problem in a nutshell. I'm running Win7 32-bit. I have chatzilla on XulRunner, so not as the Firefox add-on. When I clock any irc:// link, a new instance of Chatzilla will be started. I have a lot of startup-commands set, so all those will be executed. I stop the new instance before it takes off, but this is rather annoying. Firefox application setting just link to the path where the executable is, with no option to set any command-line stuff to make the existing instance be used. Is there any firefox or windows setting that I can manipulate, so that when firefox calls chatzilla.exe, the existing instance is used instead of a new one opened?

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  • jquery remove selected element and append to another

    - by KnockKnockWhosThere
    I'm trying to re-append a "removed option" to the appropriate select option menu. I have three select boxes: "Categories", "Variables", and "Target". "Categories" is a chained select, so when the user selects an option from it, the "Variables" select box is populated with options specific to the selected categories option. When the user chooses an option from the "Variables" select box, it's appended to the "Target" select box. I have a "remove selected" feature so that if a user "removes" a selected element from the "Target" select box, it's removed from "Target" and put back into the pool of "Variables" options. The problem I'm having is that it appends the option to the "Variables" items indiscriminately. That is, if the selected category is "Age" the "Variables" options all have a class of "age". But, if the removed option is an "income" item, it will display in the "Age Variables" option list. Here's the HTML markup: <select multiple="" id="categories" name="categories[]"> <option class="category" value="income">income</option> <option class="category" value="gender">gender</option> <option class="category" value="age">age</option> </select> <select multiple="multiple" id="variables" name="variables[]"> <option class="income" value="10">$90,000 - $99,999</option> <option class="income" value="11">$100,000 - $124,999</option> <option class="income" value="12">$125,000 - $149,999</option> <option class="income" value="13">Greater than $149,999</option> <option class="gender" value="14">Male</option> <option class="gender" value="15">Female</option> <option class="gender" value="16">Ungendered</option> <option class="age" value="17">Ages 18-24</option> <option class="age" value="18">Ages 25-34</option> <option class="age" value="19">Ages 35-44</option> </select> <select height="60" multiple="multiple" id="target" name="target[]"> </select> And, here's the js: /* This determines what options are display in the "Variables" select box */ var cat = $('#categories'); var el = $('#variables'); $('#categories option').click(function() { var class = $(this).val(); $('#variables option').each(function() { if($(this).hasClass(class)) { $(this).show(); } else { $(this).hide(); } }); }); /* This adds the option to the target select box if the user clicks "add" */ $('#add').click(function() { return !$('#variables option:selected').appendTo('#target'); }); /* This is the remove function in its current form, but doesn't append correctly */ $('#remove').click(function() { $('#target option:selected').each(function() { var class = $(this).attr('class'); if($('#variables option').hasClass(class)) { $(this).appendTo('#variables'); sortList('variables'); } }); });

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  • HTTP Redirect from www.mydomain.com to my amazon ec2 account (instance)?

    - by fabius
    Hello! I have a domain, that is registered at a service provider but my site (wordpress blog) is hosted in a shared account with a friend in another other host service. I want to become seperate from this friend because I'm tired of boring him with my blog downtimes. Now, my problem is that I signed up to Amazon EC2 service and I created a instance (a virtual machine) to host my wordpress blog and now I'd like to redirect mydomain.com to this instance at Amazon EC2 and I don't know how to proceed in order to achieve that. The instance at Amazon EC2 is up and running (it's a 64bit linux machine) but I couldn't redirect mydomain.com to this instance at my host service webpanel. Could someone help me please???

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  • How would I go about sharing variables in a C++ class with Lua?

    - by Nicholas Flynt
    I'm fairly new to Lua, I've been working on trying to implement Lua scripting for logic in a Game Engine I'm putting together. I've had no trouble so far getting Lua up and running through the engine, and I'm able to call Lua functions from C and C functions from Lua. The way the engine works now, each Object class contains a set of variables that the engine can quickly iterate over to draw or process for physics. While game objects all need to access and manipulate these variables in order for the Game Engine itself to see any changes, they are free to create their own variables, a Lua is exceedingly flexible about this so I don't forsee any issues. Anyway, currently the Game Engine side of things are sitting in C land, and I really want them to stay there for performance reasons. So in an ideal world, when spawning a new game object, I'd need to be able to give Lua read/write access to this standard set of variables as part of the Lua object's base class, which its game logic could then proceed to run wild with. So far, I'm keeping two separate tables of objects in place-- Lua spawns a new game object which adds itself to a numerically indexed global table of objects, and then proceeds to call a C++ function, which creates a new GameObject class and registers the Lua index (an int) with the class. So far so good, C++ functions can now see the Lua object and easily perform operations or call functions in Lua land using dostring. What I need to do now is take the C++ variables, part of the GameObject class, and expose them to Lua, and this is where google is failing me. I've encountered a very nice method here which details the process using tags, but I've read that this method is deprecated in favor of metatables. What is the ideal way to accomplish this? Is it worth the hassle of learning how to pass class definitions around using libBind or some equivalent method, or is there a simple way I can just register each variable (once, at spawn time) with the global lua object? What's the "current" best way to do this, as of Lua 5.1.4?

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  • Can I associate my spare Elastic IP addresses to an Amazon EC2 instance started in an Autoscale group and Monitoring?

    - by undefined
    I want to know if I can reserve a number of Amazon Elastic IP addresses and assign them to instances started by Autoscale. So basically, when a new instance is started because a trigger has been triggered can I also set the API to look for a spare IP address and allocate it to the instance. I need to do this because the started instance will need to communicate to a server outside the cloud and get through a firewall which will only allow remote access from a predefined set of IP addresses. So i think i need to reserve some IPs, add them to my firewall settings then allocate them (automatically) when a new instance is started. Any ideas?

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  • How can multiple variables be passed to a function cleanly in C?

    - by aquanar
    I am working on an embedded system that has different output capabilities (digital out, serial, analog, etc). I am trying to figure out a clean way to pass many of the variables that will control those functions. I don't need to pass ALL of them too often, but I was hoping to have a function that would read the input data (in this case from a TCP network), and then parse the data (IE, the 3rd byte contains the states of 8 of the digital outputs (according to which bit in that byte is high or low)), and put that into a variable where I can then use elsewhere in the program. I wanted that function to be separate from the main() function, but to do so would require passing pointers to some 20 or so variables that it would be writing to. I know I could make the variables global, but I am trying to make it easier to debug by making it obvious when a function is allowed to edit that variable, by passing it to the function. My best idea was a struct, and just pass a pointer to it, but wasn't sure if there was a more efficient way, especially since there is only really 1 function that would need to access all of them at once, while most others only require parts of the information that will be stored in this bunch of state variables. So anyway, is there a clean way to send many variables between functions at once that need to be edited?

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  • PHP: Collect all variables passed to a function as array?

    - by Industrial
    Hi everybody, I was thinking about the possibility of accessing all the variables that are passed into an function, and merge them into an array. (Without passing variables into an array from the beginning) Pseudo-code: // Call function newFunction('one', 'two', 'three' ) ;// All values are interpreted as a one rray in some way // Function layout newFunction( ) { // $functionvariables = array( All passed variables) foreach ($functionvariable as $k => $v) { // Do stuff } }

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  • How to move a Windows instance to a different EC2 data centre?

    - by Darren Cook
    I've a Windows EC2 instance running in one region and need to move it to another region (Tokyo and Singapore in this case). Is that even possible? What potential problems do I need to watch out for? (I found http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2181849/ec2-instance-cloning which is describing how to do it, but appears to assume Linux instances, and to assume the same data centre. Is it possible to move my keys across to another region?) I tried something similar with a Windows instance a few months ago, just trying to clone it in the same data centre, but I couldn't get it working quickly, so I had to give up and just create a fresh instance at that time. This time I've got a bit of breathing space, and want to research how to do it properly! Root Device Type: ebs Block Devices: sda1 xvdf (both are ebs, "attached", and have Delete on termination set to "no"; sda1 is the root device) The AMI is described as "Unavailable" (then an ami number).

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  • How do I create new variables based on the size of a List?

    - by GK
    I have a List with say size n, and i have to dynamically create n variables ie i want to dynamically create the variables depending upon the size of the list. How can i achieve this? Say i have List as List year with n elements in it; then i have to create the n Integer variables from the above list. thanks.

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  • getting Cannot identify image file when trying to create thumbnail in django

    - by Mo J. Mughrabi
    Am trying to create a thumbnail in django, am trying to build a custom class specifically to be used for generating thumbnails. As following from StringIO import StringIO from PIL import Image class Thumbnail(object): source = '' size = (50, 50) output = '' def __init__(self): pass @staticmethod def load(src): self = Thumbnail() self.source = src return self def generate(self, size=(50, 50)): if not isinstance(size, tuple): raise Exception('Thumbnail class: The size parameter must be an instance of a tuple.') self.size = size # resize properties box = self.size factor = 1 fit = True image = Image.open(self.source) # Convert to RGB if necessary if image.mode not in ('L', 'RGB'): image = image.convert('RGB') while image.size[0]/factor > 2*box[0] and image.size[1]*2/factor > 2*box[1]: factor *=2 if factor > 1: image.thumbnail((image.size[0]/factor, image.size[1]/factor), Image.NEAREST) #calculate the cropping box and get the cropped part if fit: x1 = y1 = 0 x2, y2 = image.size wRatio = 1.0 * x2/box[0] hRatio = 1.0 * y2/box[1] if hRatio > wRatio: y1 = int(y2/2-box[1]*wRatio/2) y2 = int(y2/2+box[1]*wRatio/2) else: x1 = int(x2/2-box[0]*hRatio/2) x2 = int(x2/2+box[0]*hRatio/2) image = image.crop((x1,y1,x2,y2)) #Resize the image with best quality algorithm ANTI-ALIAS image.thumbnail(box, Image.ANTIALIAS) # save image to memory temp_handle = StringIO() image.save(temp_handle, 'png') temp_handle.seek(0) self.output = temp_handle return self def get_output(self): return self.output.read() the purpose of the class is so i can use it inside different locations to generate thumbnails on the fly. The class works perfectly, I've tested it directly under a view.. I've implemented the thumbnail class inside the save method of the forms to resize the original images on saving. in my design, I have two fields for thumbnails. I was able to generate one thumbnail, if I try to generate two it crashes and I've been stuck for hours not sure whats the problem. Here is my model class Image(models.Model): article = models.ForeignKey(Article) title = models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True) src = models.ImageField(upload_to='publication/image/') r128 = models.ImageField(upload_to='publication/image/128/', blank=True, null=True) r200 = models.ImageField(upload_to='publication/image/200/', blank=True, null=True) uploaded_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) Here is my forms class ImageForm(models.ModelForm): """ """ class Meta: model = Image fields = ('src',) def save(self, commit=True): instance = super(ImageForm, self).save(commit=True) file = Thumbnail.load(instance.src) instance.r128 = SimpleUploadedFile( instance.src.name, file.generate((128, 128)).get_output(), content_type='image/png' ) instance.r200 = SimpleUploadedFile( instance.src.name, file.generate((200, 200)).get_output(), content_type='image/png' ) if commit: instance.save() return instance the strange part is, when i remove the line which contains instance.r200 in the form save. It works fine, and it does the thumbnail and stores it successfully. Once I add the second thumbnail it fails.. Any ideas what am doing wrong here? Thanks Update: I tried earlier doing the following but I still got the same error class ImageForm(models.ModelForm): """ """ class Meta: model = Image fields = ('src',) def save(self, commit=True): instance = super(ImageForm, self).save(commit=True) instance.r128 = SimpleUploadedFile( instance.src.name, Thumbnail.load(instance.src).generate((128, 128)).get_output(), content_type='image/png' ) instance.r200 = SimpleUploadedFile( instance.src.name, Thumbnail.load(instance.src).generate((200, 200)).get_output(), content_type='image/png' ) if commit: instance.save() return instance

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  • How do I prevent skype from starting another instance when it's already running?

    - by con-f-use
    Just a little unnecessary annoyance to fix here: Suppose you have Skype for Ubuntu running. You accidentally click on the launcher again. The way it is now, Skype starts a second instance, which promptly tells you it can't log in. There is another instance already running. To make things worse: On the next regular start of Skype it you will have to re-enter your saved password, due to the "Sign in failure". I thought this would be fixed soon but neither Canonical nor Microsoft care enough. The annoyance continues to exist for the last three updates at least. So in an approach to provide a workaround I will post what I've done to prevent this behaviour. Maybe it's useful for some of you. Maybe it will rise awareness and cause a fix. I'm happy for any better solution btw. and that's the real purpose of my question. Usually I don't answer them myself. So doesn anyone know of a better solution to fix dual instancing of Skype?

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  • Any language where every class instance is a class too?

    - by Dokkat
    Taking inspiration from Javascript prototypes, I had the idea of a language where every instance can be used as a class. Before I potentially reinvent the wheel, I would like to ask if there is a language already using this concept: //To declare a Class, extend the base class (in this case, Type) Type(Weapon,{price:0}); //Same syntax to inherit; simply extend the parent: Weapon(Sword,{price:3}); Weapon(Axe,{price:4}); Sword(Katana,{price:7}); Sword(Dagger,{price:3}); //And the same to create an instance: Katana(myKatana,{nickname:"Leon"}); myKatana.price; // 7 myKatana.nickname; // Leon // An operator to return children of a class; Sword_; // [Katana, Dagger] // An operator to return array of descendants; Sword__; // [Katana, Dagger, myKatana] // An operator to return array of parents; Sword^; // Weapon // Arrays can be used as elements Sword__.price += 1; //increases price of Sword's descendants by 1 mySword.price; //8 // And to access specific element (using its name instead of index) var name = "mySword" Katana_[name]; // [mySword] Katana_[name].nickname; // Leon Has this kind of approach been already studied/implemented?

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  • What is the best approach to solve a factory method problem which has to be an instance?

    - by Iago
    I have to add new funcionality in a web service legacy project and I'm thinking what is the best approach for a concrete situation. The web service is simple: It receives a XML file, unmarshalling, generates response's objects, marshalling and finally it sends the response as a XML file. For every XML files received, the web service always responds with the same XML structure. What I have to do is to generate a different XML file according to the XML received. So I have a controller class which has all marshalling/unmarshalling operations, but this controller class has to be an instance. Depending on XML received I need some marshalling methods or others. Trying to make few changes on legacy source, what is the best approach? My first approach was to do a factory method pattern with the controller class, but this class has to be an instance. I want to keep, as far as it goes, this structure: classController.doMarshalling(); I think this one is a bit smelly: if(XMLReceived.isTypeOne()) classController.doMarshallingOne(); else if(XMLReceived.isTypeTwo()) classController.doMarshallingTwo(); else if(XMLReceived.isTypeThree()) classController.doMarshallingThree(); else if ... I hope my question is well understood

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